Nrf2 Plays an Essential Role in Long-Term Brain Damage and Neuroprotection of Korean Red Ginseng in a Permanent Cerebral Ischemia Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Permanent Distal Cerebral Ischemia Mouse Model
2.3. Source of the Standardized Korean Red Ginseng Extract, Administration, and Animal Grouping
2.4. Evaluation of Cerebral Ischemic Infarct Volume
2.5. Immunohistochemistry and Image Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Loss of Nrf2 Exacerbated the Long-Term Cortical Lesion and Reduced Ginseng-Induced Neuroprotection after pdMCAO
3.2. Loss of Nrf2 Exacerbated the Long-Term Reactive Astrogliosis in the Peri-Infarct Cortex, Whereas Ginseng Attenuated Such Deteriorative Progression in an Nrf2-Dependent Manner
3.3. Nrf2 Deficiency Affected the Long-Term Expression Level of Aquaporin 4 in the Peri-Infarct Cortex, Whereas Ginseng Attenuated the Progression of This Water-Transporting Protein in an Nrf2-Dependent Manner
3.4. Nrf2 Deficiency Exacerbated the Long-Term Ischemic Reactive Microgliosis in the Peri-Infarct Cortex and Striatum, Whereas Ginseng Alleviated such Deteriorative Progression in an Nrf2-Dependent Manner
4. Discussion
4.1. Nrf2 in the Long-Term Recovery of Cerebral Ischemic Damage
4.2. The Nrf2-Dependent Long-Term Neuroprotection of Ginseng
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary File 1Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Liu, L.; Kelly, M.G.; Wierzbicki, E.L.; Escober-Nario, I.C.; Vollmer, M.K.; Doré, S. Nrf2 Plays an Essential Role in Long-Term Brain Damage and Neuroprotection of Korean Red Ginseng in a Permanent Cerebral Ischemia Model. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 273. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080273
Liu L, Kelly MG, Wierzbicki EL, Escober-Nario IC, Vollmer MK, Doré S. Nrf2 Plays an Essential Role in Long-Term Brain Damage and Neuroprotection of Korean Red Ginseng in a Permanent Cerebral Ischemia Model. Antioxidants. 2019; 8(8):273. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080273
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Lei, Marie G. Kelly, Erika L. Wierzbicki, Iana C. Escober-Nario, Mary K. Vollmer, and Sylvain Doré. 2019. "Nrf2 Plays an Essential Role in Long-Term Brain Damage and Neuroprotection of Korean Red Ginseng in a Permanent Cerebral Ischemia Model" Antioxidants 8, no. 8: 273. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080273