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Nanoparticles with Antioxidant Activity

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A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2024) | Viewed by 20352

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Sueli De Oliveira Silva Lautenschlager

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Guest Editor

Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa 5790, Brazil
Interests: photoprotection; nanotechnology; oxidative stress; chemotherapy of trypanosomatids; inflammation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Regina Gomes Daré

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Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (USP-ICB), São Paulo, Brazil
Interests: cell signaling; nanotechnology; oxidative stress; photoprotection; wound healing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Dear Colleagues,

Nanoscience and nanotechnology have been established as interdisciplinary fields in biology, chemistry, physics, materials science, and engineering. The unique chemical, physical, and biological properties of nanoparticles lead them to a broad range of applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Special attention has been given to nanoparticles with antioxidant properties, which have the potential to prevent and treat several diseases related to oxidative stress disorders. Oxidative stress results from an imbalance toward oxidant substances (e.g., reactive oxygen and nitrogen species) to the detriment of the antioxidant defense of cells. Halliwell and Gutteridge defined antioxidants as any substance that, when in low concentration to an oxidizable substrate, delays or prevents the oxidative damage of macromolecules, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Therefore, antioxidant compounds can reestablish cellular redox balance. However, difficulty in crossing cell membranes and degradation of antioxidants during delivery are genuine challenges associated with both natural and synthetic antioxidants that limit their bioavailability. To address this issue, nanoparticles with antioxidant properties, owing to their size, chemical properties, shape, stability, functionalization, and surface coating, present great potential in improving the pharmacokinetics of antioxidant compounds.

As the Guest Editor, I am pleased to invite you to contribute to the Special Issue on “Nanoparticles with Antioxidant Activity”. Original research reports and reviews will be published online in Antioxidants.

Prof. Dr. Sueli De Oliveira Silva Lautenschlager
Prof. Dr. Regina Gomes Daré
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

nanoscience
nanoparticles
antioxidant
reactive oxygen species
oxidative stress

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 2975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insight into the Antioxidant Activity of Ascorbic Acid-Containing Gelatin Nanoparticles in Simulated Chronic Wound Conditions

by María del Carmen Morán, Cristina Porredon and Coloma Gibert

Antioxidants 2024, 13(3), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13030299 - 28 Feb 2024

Viewed by 972

Abstract

Chronic wounds differ from acute wounds by remaining in the inflammatory phase for a long time. This chronic inflammation confers a high concentration of inflammatory cytokines, proteases, and ROS. Likewise, the pH environment of chronic wounds has been recorded within the range of 7.2–8.9 due to the alkaline by-products of bacterial proliferation. In this work, differences in pH between healthy skin and chronic cutaneous wounds have been used for the design and development of pH-responsive gelatin-based nanoparticles (NPs). Ascorbic acid (AA), as an antioxidant compound that can neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been the therapeutic model compound included in these NPs. The goal of the present work has been the preparation and characterization (physicochemical and biological properties) of NPs for the effective release of AA under simulated chronic wound conditions. In vitro experiments demonstrated total AA release at pH corresponding to the chronic wounds. The biocompatible character of these gelatin-based NPs based on their hemolytic and cytotoxicity responses has been highlighted under in vitro conditions. The reversible and protective antioxidant properties of the AA-including NPs in erythrocytes and skin cell lines, respectively, have been confirmed to be modulated by the gelatin A gel strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles with Antioxidant Activity)

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24 pages, 4641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Spherical and Rod-like Gold Nanoparticles on the Reactivity of Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes

by Patrycja Talarska, Paulina Błaszkiewicz, Artur Kostrzewa, Przemysław Wirstlein, Michał Cegłowski, Grzegorz Nowaczyk, Alina Dudkowiak, Beniamin Oskar Grabarek, Paulina Głowacka-Stalmach, Agnieszka Szarpak and Jakub Żurawski

Antioxidants 2024, 13(2), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13020157 - 26 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 942

Abstract

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are widely used in the technological and biomedical industries, which is a major driver of research on these nanoparticles. The main goal of this study was to determine the influence of GNPs (at 20, 100, and 200 μg/mL concentrations) on the reactivity of human peripheral blood leukocytes. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the respiratory burst activity and pyroptosis in monocytes and granulocytes following incubation with GNPs for 30 and 60 min. Furthermore, the concentration of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in human blood samples was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after their incubation with GNPs for 24 h. Under the conditions tested in the study, the GNPs did not significantly affect the production of reactive oxygen species in the granulocytes and monocytes that were not stimulated using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in comparison to the samples exposed to PMA (p < 0.05). Compared to the control sample, the greatest significant increase in the mean fluorescence intensity of the granulocytes occurred in the samples incubated with CGNPs = 100 and 200 µg/mL for tinc = 30 and 60 min (p < 0.05). From our results, we conclude that the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles, chemical composition, and the type of nanoparticles used in the unit, along with the unit and incubation time, influence the induced toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles with Antioxidant Activity)

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16 pages, 5425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effects of Nanoceria against Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertrophy in H9c2 Cardiomyoblasts

by Rukhsana Gul, Mushtaq A. Dar, Shahid Nawaz and Assim A. Alfadda

Antioxidants 2023, 12(4), 877; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040877 - 04 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1690

Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction triggered by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is involved in the pathogenesis and development of cardiac hypertrophy. Nanoceria (cerium oxide nanoparticle) has powerful ROS-scavenging properties and is considered a potential therapeutic option for curbing ROS-related disorders. Here, we explored the signaling mechanism underlying the protective effects of nanoceria against angiotensin (Ang) II-stimulated pathological response in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Our data revealed that pretreatment of H9c2 cardiomyoblasts with nanoceria significantly prevented Ang II-stimulated generation of intracellular ROS, aberrant expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and hypertrophy markers. Nanoceria pretreatment increased the mRNA levels of genes regulating the cellular antioxidant defense system (SOD2, MnSOD, CAT) in Ang II-treated cells. Furthermore, nanoceria restored mitochondrial function by decreasing mitochondrial ROS, increasing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and promoting the mRNA expression of genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α, TFAM, NRF1, and SIRT3) and mitochondrial fusion (MFN2, OPA1). Collectively, these findings demonstrate the protective effects of nanoceria against Ang II-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and pathological hypertrophy in H9c2 cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles with Antioxidant Activity)

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14 pages, 2848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neuroprotective Effects of Nano-Curcumin against Cypermethrin Associated Oxidative Stress and Up-Regulation of Apoptotic and Inflammatory Gene Expression in Rat Brains

by Mohammad Ashafaq, Sohail Hussain, Saeed Alshahrani, Rahimullah Siddiqui, Mohammad Intakhab Alam, Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha, Yosif Almoshari, Saad S. Alqahtani, Abdulmajeed M. Jali and Hashim M. Aljohani

Antioxidants 2023, 12(3), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030644 - 04 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1898

Abstract

Cypermethrin (CPM) is the most toxic synthetic pyrethroid that has established neurotoxicity through oxidative stress and neurochemical agitation in experimental rats. The toxic effects are supposed to be mediated by modifying the sodium channels, reducing Na-K ATPase, acetylcholine esterase (AchE), and monoamine oxidase (MAO). The use of curcumin nanoparticles (NC) that have potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties with improved bioavailability attenuates neurotoxicity in rat brains. To test this hypothesis, animals were divided into five groups, each having six animals. Group-I control received vehicle only, while Group-II was treated with 50 mg/kg CPM. Group-III and Group-IV received both CPM and NC 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, respectively. Group-V received 5 mg of NC alone. The CPM and NC were given by oral route. Afterwards, brain antioxidant status was measured by assessing lipid peroxidation (LPO), 4-HNE, glutathione reduced (GSH), antioxidant enzyme catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) along with neurotoxicity markers Na-K ATPase, AchE, and MAO. Inflammation and apoptosis indices were estimated by ELISA, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry, while morphologic changes were examined by histopathology. Observations from the study confirmed CPM-induced neurotoxicity by altering Na-K ATPase, AchE, and MAO, and by decreasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and GSH. Oxidative stress marker LPO and the level of inflammatory interleukins IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were notably high, and elevated expressions of Bax, NF-kB, and caspase-3 and -9 were reported in CPM group. However, NC treatment against CPM offers protection by improving antioxidant status and lowering LPO, inflammation, and apoptosis. The neurotoxicity marker’s enzyme successfully attenuated after NC treatment. Therefore, this study supports the administration of NC effectively ameliorated CPM-induced neurotoxicity in experimental rats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles with Antioxidant Activity)

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14 pages, 4924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Carboxymethyl Chitosan Carbon Dots with Calcium Doping Achieve Ultra-Low Calcium Concentration for Iron-Induced Osteoporosis Treatment by Effectively Enhancing Calcium Bioavailability in Zebrafish

by Lidong Yu, Xueting Li, Mingyue He, Qingchen Wang, Ce Chen, Fangshun Li, Bingsheng Li and Li Li

Antioxidants 2023, 12(3), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030583 - 26 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1626

Abstract

Iron overloads osteoporosis mainly occurs to postmenopausal women and people requiring repeated blood transfusions. Iron overload increases the activity of osteoclasts and decreases the activity of osteoblasts, leading to the occurrence of osteoporosis. Conventional treatment options include calcium supplements and iron chelators. However, simple calcium supplementation is not effective, and it does not have a good therapeutic effect. Oxidative stress is one of the triggers for osteoporosis. Therefore, the study focuses on the antioxidant aspect of osteoporosis treatment. The present work revealed that antioxidant carboxymethyl chitosan-based carbon dots (AOCDs) can effectively treat iron overload osteoporosis. More interestingly, the functional modification of AOCDs by doping calcium gluconate (AOCDs:Ca) is superior to the use of any single component. AOCDs:Ca have the dual function of antioxidant and calcium supplement. AOCDs:Ca effectively improve the bioavailability of calcium and achieve ultra-low concentration calcium supplement for the treatment of iron-induced osteoporosis in zebrafish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles with Antioxidant Activity)

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19 pages, 7523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Conjugated with Tannic Acid Prevent UVB-Induced Oxidative Stress in Fibroblasts: Evidence of a Promising Anti-Photodamage Agent

by Regina G. Daré, Elayaraja Kolanthai, Craig J. Neal, Yifei Fu, Sudipta Seal, Celso V. Nakamura and Sueli O. S. Lautenschlager

Antioxidants 2023, 12(1), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010190 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2560

Abstract

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation induces photodamage towards cellular macromolecules that can progress to photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. The topical administration of compounds that maintain the redox balance in cells presents an alternative approach to combat skin oxidative damage. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) can act as antioxidants due to their enzyme-like activity. In addition, a recent study from our group has demonstrated the photoprotective potential of tannic acid (TA). Therefore, this work aimed to synthesize CNPs associated with TA (CNP-TA) and investigate its photoprotective activity in L929 fibroblasts exposed to UVB radiation. CNP conjugation with TA was confirmed by UV–Vis spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Bare CNPs and CNP-TA exhibited particle sizes of ~5 and ~10 nm, superoxide dismutase activity of 3724 and 2021 unit/mg, and a zeta potential of 23 and −19 mV, respectively. CNP-TA showed lower cytotoxicity than free TA and the capacity to reduce the oxidative stress caused by UVB; supported by the scavenging of reactive oxygen species, the prevention of endogenous antioxidant system depletion, and the reduction in oxidative damage in lipids and DNA. Additionally, CNP-TA improved cell proliferation and decreased TGF-β, metalloproteinase-1, and cyclooxygenase-2. Based on these results, CNP-TA shows therapeutic potential for protection against photodamage, decreasing molecular markers of photoaging and UVB-induced inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles with Antioxidant Activity)

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12 pages, 2969 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Size-Controllable Prussian Blue Nanoparticles Using Pluronic Series for Improved Antioxidant Activity and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy

by Hyeryeon Oh, Jin Sil Lee, Daekyung Sung, Siyoung Yang and Won Il Choi

Antioxidants 2022, 11(12), 2392; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122392 - 02 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1692

Abstract

Prussian blue (PB) is a metal cluster nanoparticle (NP) of cyanide-bridged iron(II)–iron(III) and exhibits a characteristic blue color. Its peroxidase-, catalase-, and superoxide-dismutase-like activities effectively remove excess reactive oxygen species that induce inflammation and tumorigenesis. However, the dispersion of PB NPs is not sufficiently stable for their application in the biomedical field. In this study, we developed Pluronic-stabilized Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB/Plu NPs) using a series of Pluronic triblock copolymers as a template material for PB NPs. Considering the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) values of the Pluronic series, including F68, F127, L35, P123, and L81, the diameters of the PB/Plu NPs decreased from 294 to 112 nm with decreasing HLB values. The smallest PB NP stabilized with Pluronic P123 (PB/PP123 NP) showed the strongest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and wound-healing efficacy because of its large surface area. These results indicated that the spatial distribution of PB NPs in the micelles of Pluronic greatly improved the stability and reactive oxygen species scavenging activity of these NPs. Therefore, PB/Plu NPs using U.S.-FDA-approved Pluronic polymers show potential as biocompatible materials for various biomedical applications, including the treatment of inflammatory diseases in the clinic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles with Antioxidant Activity)

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Review

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25 pages, 4631 KiB

Open AccessReview

Potential of Nano-Antioxidants and Nanomedicine for Recovery from Neurological Disorders Linked to Long COVID Syndrome

by Thelma Akanchise and Angelina Angelova

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020393 - 06 Feb 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4096

Abstract

Long-term neurological complications, persisting in patients who cannot fully recover several months after severe SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection, are referred to as neurological sequelae of the long COVID syndrome. Among the numerous clinical post-acute COVID-19 symptoms, neurological and psychiatric manifestations comprise prolonged fatigue, “brain fog”, memory deficits, headache, ageusia, anosmia, myalgias, cognitive impairments, anxiety, and depression lasting several months. Considering that neurons are highly vulnerable to inflammatory and oxidative stress damages following the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), neuroinflammation and oxidative stress have been suggested to dominate the pathophysiological mechanisms of the long COVID syndrome. It is emphasized that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress damages are crucial for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Importantly, antioxidant therapies have the potential to slow down and prevent disease progression. However, many antioxidant compounds display low bioavailability, instability, and transport to targeted tissues, limiting their clinical applications. Various nanocarrier types, e.g., liposomes, cubosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, carbon-based nanostructures, nanoceria, and other inorganic nanoparticles, can be employed to enhance antioxidant bioavailability. Here, we highlight the potential of phytochemical antioxidants and other neuroprotective agents (curcumin, quercetin, vitamins C, E and D, melatonin, rosmarinic acid, N-acetylcysteine, and Ginkgo Biloba derivatives) in therapeutic strategies for neuroregeneration. A particular focus is given to the beneficial role of nanoparticle-mediated drug-delivery systems in addressing the challenges of antioxidants for managing and preventing neurological disorders as factors of long COVID sequelae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles with Antioxidant Activity)

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23 pages, 10505 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nanocarrier System: State-of-the-Art in Oral Delivery of Astaxanthin

by Nur Rafiqah Abdol Wahab, Meor Mohd Redzuan Meor Mohd Affandi, Sharida Fakurazi, Ekram Alias and Haniza Hassan

Antioxidants 2022, 11(9), 1676; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091676 - 27 Aug 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3517

Abstract

Astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-4,4′-diketo-β-β carotene), which belongs to the xanthophyll class, has shown potential biological activity in in vitro and in vivo models including as a potent antioxidant, anti-lipid peroxidation and cardiovascular disease prevention agent. It is mainly extracted from an alga, Haematococcus pluvialis. As a highly lipid-soluble carotenoid, astaxanthin has been shown to have poor oral bioavailability, which limits its clinical applications. Recently, there have been several suggestions and the development of various types of nano-formulation, loaded with astaxanthin to enhance their bioavailability. The employment of nanoemulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, chitosan-based and PLGA-based nanoparticles as delivery vehicles of astaxanthin for nutritional supplementation purposes has proven a higher oral bioavailability of astaxanthin. In this review, we highlight the pharmacological properties, pharmacokinetics profiles and current developments of the nano-formulations of astaxanthin for its oral delivery that are believed to be beneficial for future applications. The limitations and future recommendations are also discussed in this review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles with Antioxidant Activity)

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