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Antibiotics
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Antibiotics as Major Disruptors of Gut Microbiota
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Antibiotics as Major Disruptors of Gut Microbiota

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 9288

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Gábor Ternák

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Medicine, Dept. of Migration Health, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
Interests: infectious diseases; tropical diseases; antibiotics; antibiotic consumption; microbiome; microbiome and diseases; antibiotic-consumption related non-contagious diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The term human microbiome refers to the complete set of genes contained in the entire collection of microorganisms that live in the human body. The abundance, diversity, and features of microorganisms’ genes are collectively known as the human microbiome, which is considered a “new organ” regarding its numerous roles in health and diseases. The human microbiome is comprised of almost 40 trillion bacterial cells and about 30 trillion human ones, revising the notion of the ratio closer to 1:1. Most microbes belong to five major phyla: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. The human gut microbiota has received considerable interest in recent years and our knowledge of the inhabitant species and their potential applications is increased particularly after the development of metagenomic studies.

Antibiotics are considered the most important and widely used agents influencing the composition of the gut microbiome entering humans either as therapeutics or from the environment. The modification in the composition and function of the gut microbiota can change intestinal permeability, digestion and metabolism as well as immune responses. The pro-inflammatory state caused by the alternation of gut microbiota balance led to the onset of many diseases ranging from gastrointestinal and metabolic conditions to immunological and neuropsychiatric diseases. The impact of antimicrobial agents used therapeutically or as prophylaxis on normal gastrointestinal microbiota causes disturbances in the ecosystem’s equilibrium. In all cases, disequilibrium and alterations in the microbiota ecology depend on the involved drug and its pharmacokinetic profile. The effect of antibiotic drugs on the human microbiome is complex and bi-directional. Except for direct effects, antibiotics can also indirectly affect human microbiota. The gut microbiota dysbiosis following exposure to antimicrobial agents may cause the dysregulation of immune responses as well.

When we consider discussing the antibiotic’s effect on the gut microbiome, we must keep in our mind that different classes of antibiotics produce different dysbiosis and hence different consequences might be expected. Recent publications indicated that the dominant consumption patterns in different European countries are associated with the higher prevalence/incidence of different metabolic, neurodegenerative and malignant diseases.

The Special Issue of Antibiotics intends to receive manuscripts exploring this area of association.

Prof. Dr. Gábor Ternák
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antibiotics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • microbiome
  • gut flora
  • development of gut flora
  • dysbiosis
  • antibiotics
  • antibiotic classes
  • antibiotic consumption
  • gut–brain axis
  • short-chain fatty acids
  • metabolom
  • mediator molecules
  • composition of gut flora

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1112 KiB  
Article
Down-Syndrome-Related Maternal Dysbiosis Might Be Triggered by Certain Classes of Antibiotics: A New Insight into the Possible Pathomechanisms
by Gábor Ternák, Gergely Márovics, Katalin Sümegi, Zsolt Bánfai, Gergely Büki, Lili Magyari, András Szabó and Béla Melegh
Antibiotics 2023, 12(6), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12061029 - 08 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1107
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a leading human genomic abnormality resulting from the trisomy of chromosome 21. The genomic base of the aneuploidy behind this disease is complex, and this complexity poses formidable challenges to understanding the underlying molecular basis. In the spectrum of [...] Read more.
Down syndrome (DS) is a leading human genomic abnormality resulting from the trisomy of chromosome 21. The genomic base of the aneuploidy behind this disease is complex, and this complexity poses formidable challenges to understanding the underlying molecular basis. In the spectrum of the classic DS risk factor associations, the role of nutrients, vitamins, and, in general, the foodborne-associated background, as part of the events ultimately leading to chromosome nondisjunction, has long been recognized as a well-established clinical association. The integrity of the microbiome is a basic condition in these events, and the dysbiosis may be associated with secondary health outcomes. The possible association of DS development with maternal gut microbiota should therefore require more attention. We have hypothesized that different classes of antibiotics might promote or inhibit the proliferation of different microbial taxa; and hence, we might find associations between the use of the different classes of antibiotics and the prevalence of DS through the modification of the microbiome. As antibiotics are considered major disruptors of the microbiome, it could be hypothesized that the consumption/exposure of certain classes of antibiotics might be associated with the prevalence of DS in European countries (N = 30). By utilizing three different statistical methods, comparisons have been made between the average yearly antibiotic consumption (1997–2020) and the estimated prevalence of people living with DS for the year 2019 as a percentage of the population in European countries. We have found strong statistical correlations between the consumption of tetracycline (J01A) and the narrow-spectrum, beta-lactamase-resistant penicillin (J01CF) and the prevalence of DS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics as Major Disruptors of Gut Microbiota)
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15 pages, 1497 KiB  
Article
Antibiotic Treatment Induces Long-Lasting Effects on Gut Microbiota and the Enteric Nervous System in Mice
by Giulia Bernabè, Mahmoud Elsayed Mosaad Shalata, Veronica Zatta, Massimo Bellato, Andrea Porzionato, Ignazio Castagliuolo and Paola Brun
Antibiotics 2023, 12(6), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12061000 - 01 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1657
Abstract
The side effects of antibiotic treatment directly correlate with intestinal dysbiosis. However, a balanced gut microbiota supports the integrity of the enteric nervous system (ENS), which controls gastrointestinal neuromuscular functions. In this study, we investigated the long-term effects of antibiotic-induced microbial dysbiosis on [...] Read more.
The side effects of antibiotic treatment directly correlate with intestinal dysbiosis. However, a balanced gut microbiota supports the integrity of the enteric nervous system (ENS), which controls gastrointestinal neuromuscular functions. In this study, we investigated the long-term effects of antibiotic-induced microbial dysbiosis on the ENS and the impact of the spontaneous re-establishment of the gut microbiota on gastrointestinal functions. C57BL/6J mice were treated daily for two weeks with antibiotics. After 0–6 weeks of antibiotics wash-out, we determined (a) gut microbiota composition, (b) gastrointestinal motility, (c) integrity of the ENS, (d) neurochemical code, and (e) inflammation. Two weeks of antibiotic treatment significantly altered gut microbial composition; the genera Clostridium, Lachnoclostridium, and Akkermansia did not regain their relative abundance following six weeks of antibiotic discontinuation. Mice treated with antibiotics experienced delayed gastrointestinal transit and altered expression of neuronal markers. The anomalies of the ENS persisted for up to 4 weeks after the antibiotic interruption; the expression of neuronal HuC/D, glial-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf), and nerve growth factor (Ngf) mRNA transcripts did not recover. In this study, we strengthened the idea that antibiotic-induced gastrointestinal dysmotility directly correlates with gut dysbiosis as well as structural and functional damage to the ENS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics as Major Disruptors of Gut Microbiota)
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14 pages, 1218 KiB  
Article
“Growth-Promoting Effect” of Antibiotic Use Could Explain the Global Obesity Pandemic: A European Survey
by Gábor Ternák, Márton Németh, Martin Rozanovic, Gergely Márovics and Lajos Bogár
Antibiotics 2022, 11(10), 1321; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101321 - 28 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1379
Abstract
Clinical observations indicated a higher rate of obesity among children who received antibiotics at early ages. Experimental studies supported the role of the modified gut microbiome in the development of obesity as well. For identifying antibiotic classes that might promote or inhibit obesity-related [...] Read more.
Clinical observations indicated a higher rate of obesity among children who received antibiotics at early ages. Experimental studies supported the role of the modified gut microbiome in the development of obesity as well. For identifying antibiotic classes that might promote or inhibit obesity-related dysbiosis, a database of the average yearly antibiotic consumption (2008–2018) has been developed using the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) yearly reports of antibiotic consumption in the community for the major antibiotic classes in 30 European countries, which were compared to the childhood and adult obesity prevalence featured in the Obesity Atlas. Pearson’s chi-square test was applied to estimate positive/negative correlations between antibiotic consumption and obesity. One-way ANOVA has been applied to test the differences in antibiotic consumption between groups, and logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the odds ratios (OR) of antibiotic consumption for obesity. Strong, positive associations were estimated between childhood obesity and the total consumption of systemic antibiotics, broad-spectrum, beta-lactamase-resistant penicillin, cephalosporin, and quinolone, and a negative correlation was found with the consumption of tetracycline, broad-spectrum, beta-lactamase-sensitive penicillin, and narrow-spectrum, beta-lactamase-sensitive penicillin. Our observation indicated that the “growth-promoting effect” of the consumption of certain antibiotic classes might be identified as a possible etiology in the development of obesity and might be the explanation for the obesity “pandemic”. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics as Major Disruptors of Gut Microbiota)
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13 pages, 1434 KiB  
Article
Antibiotic Consumption Patterns in European Countries Are Associated with the Prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease; the Possible Augmenting Role of the Narrow-Spectrum Penicillin
by Gábor Ternák, Márton Németh, Martin Rozanovic, Gergely Márovics and Lajos Bogár
Antibiotics 2022, 11(9), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091145 - 23 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1709
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting at least 0.3% of the worldwide population and over 3% of those over 80 years old. According to recent research (2018), in 2016, 6.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 5.0–7.3) individuals [...] Read more.
Parkinson’s disease: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting at least 0.3% of the worldwide population and over 3% of those over 80 years old. According to recent research (2018), in 2016, 6.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 5.0–7.3) individuals had Parkinson’s disease globally, compared with 2.5 million (2.0–3.0) in 1990. The pandemic-like spreading of PD is considered a slow-moving disaster. Most recent studies indicated the possible role of an altered microbiome, dysbiosis, in the development of PD, which occurs long before the clinical diagnosis of PD. Antibiotics are considered as major disruptors of the intestinal flora and we have hypothesized that, as different classes of antibiotics might induce different dysbiosis, certain classes of antibiotics could trigger the PD-related dysbiosis as well. Comparative analyses were performed between the average yearly antibiotic consumption of 30 European countries (1997–2016) and the PD prevalence database (estimated for 2016). We divided the time frame of antibiotic consumption of 1997–2016 into four subsections to estimate the possible time lapse between antibiotic exposure and the prevalence, prevalence change, and PD-related death rates estimated for 2016. Our results indicated that countries with high consumption of narrow-spectrum penicillin experienced a higher increase in PD prevalence than the others. Countries reporting a decline in PD from 1990 to 2016 demonstrated a reduction in the consumption of narrow-spectrum penicillin in this period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics as Major Disruptors of Gut Microbiota)
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Review

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15 pages, 1441 KiB  
Review
Antibiotics in Chronic Liver Disease and Their Effects on Gut Microbiota
by Nahum Mendez-Sanchez, Carlos Esteban Coronel-Castillo, Jacqueline Cordova-Gallardo and Xingshun Qi
Antibiotics 2023, 12(10), 1475; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12101475 - 22 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2873
Abstract
Impairments in liver function lead to different complications. As chronic liver disease progresses (CLD), hypoalbuminemia and alterations in bile acid compositions lead to changes in gut microbiota and, therefore, in the host–microbiome interaction, leading to a proinflammatory state. Alterations in gut microbiota composition [...] Read more.
Impairments in liver function lead to different complications. As chronic liver disease progresses (CLD), hypoalbuminemia and alterations in bile acid compositions lead to changes in gut microbiota and, therefore, in the host–microbiome interaction, leading to a proinflammatory state. Alterations in gut microbiota composition and permeability, known as gut dysbiosis, have important implications in CLD; alterations in the gut–liver axis are a consequence of liver disease, but also a cause of CLD. Furthermore, gut dysbiosis plays an important role in the progression of liver cirrhosis and decompensation, particularly with complications such as hepatic encephalopathy and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. In relation to this, antibiotics play an important role in treating CLD. While certain antibiotics have specific indications, others have been subjected to continued study to determine whether or not they have a modulatory effect on gut microbiota. In contrast, the rational use of antibiotics is important, not only because of their disrupting effects on gut microbiota, but also in the context of multidrug-resistant organisms. The aim of this review is to illustrate the role of gut microbiota alterations in CLD, the use and impact of antibiotics in liver cirrhosis, and their harmful and beneficial effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics as Major Disruptors of Gut Microbiota)
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