The Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2025 | Viewed by 1859

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a pressing global health concern, with the food chain presenting a significant conduit for the dissemination of resistant bacteria. Foodborne pathogens, including Campylobacter, Norovirus, Salmonella, Escherichia coli Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Clostridium species, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus, are known to cause gastrointestinal illnesses (e.g., abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting) and, in severe cases, respiratory difficulties and death. The transmission of disease-causing bacteria from food to consumers can occur through direct or indirect pathways. It is possible to trace the spread of infections through traditional epidemiological studies and molecular typing methods able to assess the structure (such as pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)) or sequence (like multilocus sequence typing (MLST)) of a microbe’s genetic material. These methods help determine the relationships between different isolates, establish whether they could be feasibly connected in the transmission of infections, and provide insights into the transmission dynamics of AMR within the food chain. Antimicrobial resistance is a natural process where microorganisms, which were once sensitive and could be treated with specific antibiotics, evolve to become resistant to these antibiotics. Food and food products can be tainted with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (AMRB) at any stage in the farm-to-table process. Microbes utilize various strategies to combat antimicrobial agents, including the breakdown of antibiotics and antibacterial agents by enzymes, alteration of the targets of antibiotics, changes in cell wall permeability, and initiating alternative pathways. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate the spread of AMR. This Special Issue collects research articles and reviews papers dealing with the occurrence and distribution of microbes responsible for food contamination, as well as the mechanisms involved in antibiotic resistance and strategic approaches.

In particular, the following topics are of interest:

  • The isolation and identification of AMRB in the food chain;
  • Antibiotic resistance genes;
  • Antimicrobial resistance profiles;
  • Antimicrobial strategies combatting foodborne pathogens.

Prof. Dr. Irene Dini
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • food safety
  • foodborne pathogens
  • pathways of antimicrobial resistance
  • antibiotic resistance
  • phenotypic analyses
  • molecular analyses
  • regulatory guidelines
  • food chemistry

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 3124 KiB  
Article
Prevalence and Characterization of the Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus in Ready-to-Eat (Meat, Chicken, and Tuna) Pizzas in Mansoura City, Egypt
by Sara Amgad Elsalkh, Amira Ibrahim Zakaria, Samir Mohammed Abd-Elghany, Kálmán Imre, Adriana Morar and Khalid Ibrahim Sallam
Antibiotics 2025, 14(8), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14080817 - 10 Aug 2025
Viewed by 345
Abstract
Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is a high-priority foodborne pathogen contributing to several food poisoning outbreaks. Methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA and VRSA), pose significant public health concerns due to their potential for serious illness, antibiotic resistance, and transmission within both healthcare and [...] Read more.
Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is a high-priority foodborne pathogen contributing to several food poisoning outbreaks. Methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA and VRSA), pose significant public health concerns due to their potential for serious illness, antibiotic resistance, and transmission within both healthcare and community settings. These bacteria can cause numerous infections, ranging from skin and soft tissue infections to life-threatening conditions like bloodstream infections, pneumonia, and endocarditis. Although several publications are concerned with Staphylococcus aureus contamination in ready-to-eat (RTE) food products, little published data is available about its prevalence in pizza, which is widely distributed and consumed worldwide. Methods: The current study is intended to determine the prevalence, virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. aureus in three hundred ready-to-eat pizza samples (100 each of meat, chicken, and canned tuna pizzas) collected from different restaurants in Mansoura City, Egypt. The typical colonies on Baird–Parker selective agar supplemented with egg yolk tellurite emulsion were counted and further confirmed based on Gram staining, coagulase testing, catalase testing, carbohydrate fermentation, and thermostable nuclease production. The genomic DNA of the confirmed coagulase-positive isolates was prepared and subjected to PCR analyses for detecting the nuc gene, mecA (methicillin resistance gene), and vancomycin resistance gene (vanA), as well as six selected S. aureus virulence genes: sea, seb, sec, sed, hla, and tsst. The antimicrobial resistance profile of the S. aureus isolates was determined against 16 antimicrobial agents belonging to six classes using the agar disc diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (CLSI), except for oxacillin and vancomycin, which were assessed using the MIC test. Results: The results revealed that 56% (56/100), 56% (56/100), and 40% (40/100) of chicken, meat, and canned tuna pizzas were positive for S. aureus, with an overall prevalence of 50.7% (152/300). All 560 isolates (100%) were verified as S. aureus based on molecular confirmation of the nuc gene. Interestingly, 48.6% (272/560) and 8.6% (48/560) of the isolates tested were identified as methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA and VRSA) through detection of mecA and vanA genes, respectively. Among the S. aureus isolates tested, the hla gene was detected in 87.1% (488/560), while the enterotoxin genes sea, seb, sec, and sed were identified in 50% (280/560), 78.6% (440/560), 9.8% (55/560), and 24.5% (137/560) of isolates, respectively. All recovered isolates (n = 560) were classified as multidrug-resistant and were resistant to penicillin, oxacillin, and ampicillin. Moreover, 77% (431/560), 24% (134/560), 8% (45/560), and 8.6% (48/560) of isolates were resistant to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and vancomycin, respectively. Conclusions: The current study emphasizes that ready-to-eat pizza is highly contaminated with multidrug-resistant S. aureus, highlighting the urgent need for rationalizing antibiotic use in both veterinary and human medicine to prevent the transmission of resistant bacteria through the food chain. Additionally, strict adherence to good hygienic practices throughout all stages of the food chain is essential to minimize overall contamination and enhance food safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain)
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12 pages, 585 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Resistance Profile and Biofilm Formation of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Meat
by Joana Paiva, Vanessa Silva, Patrícia Poeta and Cristina Saraiva
Antibiotics 2025, 14(5), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14050454 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1034
Abstract
Introduction: Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of listeriosis, a serious infectious disease with one of the highest case fatality rates among foodborne diseases affecting humans. Objectives: This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance pattern and biofilm production capacity of L. monocytogenes isolated [...] Read more.
Introduction: Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of listeriosis, a serious infectious disease with one of the highest case fatality rates among foodborne diseases affecting humans. Objectives: This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance pattern and biofilm production capacity of L. monocytogenes isolated in meats. Materials: A total of 75 samples were analyzed, including fresh meats and meat preparations, in Northern Portugal. Methods: The strains were identified using morphological and molecular methods. Antimicrobial resistance was determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, against a panel of 12 antibiotics and the presence of the respective antimicrobial resistance genes was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The ability to form biofilms was evaluated by the microtiter biofilm assay. Results: The overall prevalence of L. monocytogenes among screened samples was 17.33%. The isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (85.71%), ciprofloxacin (38.10%), meropenem (33.33%), tetracycline and erythromycin (28.57%), rifampicin (23.81%), and kanamycin (14.29%). Six isolates (28.57%) exhibited a multidrug-resistance profile. All strains showed positive result for the virulence gene specific to listeriolysin O (hlyA). In the genotypic resistance analysis of the strains, the genes identified were tetK (23.81%), aadA, tetL, blaOXA-48 (14.29%), ermC, and msr(A/B) (4.76%). All isolates had the ability to form biofilms, with no significant differences in biofilm biomass production at 24 h and 48 h. Some of these strains showed a high capacity for biofilm production. Conclusions: These findings raise public health concerns due to resistance to first-line antibiotics and the biofilm-forming capacity of these isolates, which pose risks to the food industry. Enhanced monitoring and surveillance are essential to guide public health strategies in order to mitigate the threat posed by L. monocytogenes in food. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain)
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