Innovations in Plant-Based Antibiotic and Antiviral Agents

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant-Derived Antibiotics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2025 | Viewed by 1623

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
Interests: plant secondary metabolites; antimicrobial effects of phytochemical components; biochemistry and biotechnology; plant-derived antibiotics; plant responses to stresses phytoremediation
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Antibiotics and antivirals, which can be either naturally occurring or artificially created organic compounds, are drugs that can act against bacteria, fungi and viruses. However, in recent years, a severe threat to human health has arisen worldwide as many antibiotics and antivirals have become inactive due to resistance phenomena, and no new treatments have been developed. A natural alternative to synthetic antibiotics and antivirals involves the use of plants, plant extracts, or secondary metabolites isolated from the latter, with antimicrobial action. Alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, essential oils, and lectins are some examples of phytochemicals able to act against parasites. They can modulate antibiotic and antiviral susceptibility, attenuate bacterial virulence, and inhibit the microbial synthesis of the cell wall, physiology, and biofilm. Phytochemicals have the advantage of being more accepted by consumers who prefer using natural products and that they do not generate microbial resistance phenomena. Thus, antimicrobials and antivirals derived from plants, whether used independently or in conjunction with antibiotics, can contribute to addressing the current issue of antibiotic resistance. In particular, the following topics are of interest:

  • Isolation and identification of antimicrobial secondary metabolites from plants;
  • Isolation and identification of antiviral secondary metabolites from plants;
  • Validation of analytical methods used to detect phytochemicals;
  • Pharmacognosy studies (in vitro and in vivo assays);
  • Pharmacology studies (in vitro and in vivo assays);
  • Toxicity studies (in vitro and in vivo assays);
  • Antimicrobial activities;
  • Antiviral activities.

Dr. Margherita-Gabriella De Biasi
Dr. Irene Dini
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • secondary metabolites
  • phytochemicals
  • botanicals
  • analytical methods
  • toxicity

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 4961 KiB  
Article
Cranberry-Derived Phenolic Compounds Contribute to the Inhibition of FimH-Mediated Escherichia coli Hemagglutination
by Rosana Ribić, Vesna Petrović Peroković, Tomislav Meštrović, Marijana Neuberg and Nikola Bradić
Antibiotics 2025, 14(4), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14040418 - 21 Apr 2025
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: FimH adhesin, located at the tips of type 1 pili in Escherichia coli (E. coli), plays a crucial role in bacterial adhesion to the surface urothelial cells—a key step in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Given the rising [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: FimH adhesin, located at the tips of type 1 pili in Escherichia coli (E. coli), plays a crucial role in bacterial adhesion to the surface urothelial cells—a key step in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Given the rising concern over antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and considering that E. coli is one of the pathogens with the largest AMR burdens on a global scale, alternative strategies targeting bacterial adhesion are gaining increasing attention. Products that contain D-mannose and cranberry-derived phenolic compounds have shown promise in preventing E. coli colonization and infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiadhesive effects of cranberry-related phenolic compounds on FimH-mediated E. coli adhesion using a cellular hemagglutination inhibition assay, as well as to assess the synergistic effects of mannose and phenolic compounds on biofilm formation. Methods: A range of phenolic acids (benzoic, chlorogenic, hippuric, p-coumaric, ferulic and caffeic), resveratrol, (+)-catechin and procyanidin A, as well as a Vaccinium macrocarpon extract, were evaluated for their ability to inhibit FimH-mediated adhesion. A binocular microscope was used to observe agglutination, and we also evaluated the biofilm inhibition potential of the phenolic compounds in the presence of D-mannose. Results: Our results demonstrated that these compounds significantly reduced hemagglutination, with benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and resveratrol exhibiting strong inhibitory effects at concentrations as low as 0.25 mM. Furthermore, the addition of 1 mM solutions of these phenolic compounds to D-mannose resulted in a twofold reduction in the inhibition titer, suggesting synergistic interactions. In addition to their antiadhesive properties, the tested phenolic compounds contributed slightly to the inhibition of FimH-mediated biofilm formation, further supporting their potential roles in UTI prevention. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of cranberry-derived phenolics as natural antiadhesive agents against E. coli and warrant further investigation into their mechanisms of action and possible applications in infection control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Plant-Based Antibiotic and Antiviral Agents)
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20 pages, 4288 KiB  
Article
Eisenia bicyclis-Mediated Gold Nanoparticles Exhibit Antibiofilm and Antivirulence Activities Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus
by Do Kyung Oh, Du-Min Jo, Nam-Gyun Kim, Kyung-Jin Cho, Geum-Jae Jeong, Nazia Tabassum, Won-Kyo Jung, Fazlurrahman Khan and Young-Mog Kim
Antibiotics 2025, 14(2), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14020182 - 11 Feb 2025
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: Brown algae, particularly Eisenia bicyclis, produce various bioactive chemicals with significant application potential in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence properties of the ethyl acetate fraction (EA) of E. bicyclis and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Brown algae, particularly Eisenia bicyclis, produce various bioactive chemicals with significant application potential in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence properties of the ethyl acetate fraction (EA) of E. bicyclis and its synthesized gold nanoparticles (EA-AuNPs), with a focus on their potential applications against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Methods: The bioactive component in the ethyl acetate fraction was identified using a gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) device and a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) system. The crystal violet method was utilized to evaluate the biofilm inhibition experiments. Several instruments, including dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, field emission transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy, were employed to completely characterize the produced EA-AuNPs. The cytotoxicity of the EA-AuNPs was determined using the MTT assay, and the expression of genes linked with biofilm and virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Various bioactive compounds were identified from the EA using GC-MS and LC-MS, including fatty acids and phlorotannins such as eckol, dieckol, 6,6’-bieckol, and phlorofucofuroeckol in high amounts, highlighting EA as a phlorotannin-rich fraction. The EA also demonstrated significant antibiofilm activity, with 79.86% inhibition at 512 μg/mL against P. aeruginosa and 87.00% at 64 μg/mL against S. aureus. EA was then used in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to improve their stability and safety. The synthesized EA-AuNPs were determined to have an average size of 165.04 nm, with a zeta potential of −29.86 mV, indicating good stability. In antibiofilm activity assays, EA-AuNPs demonstrated 45.76% inhibition against P. aeruginosa at 1024 μg/mL and 44.64% inhibition against S. aureus at 128 μg/mL. At sub-MIC levels, EA-AuNPs significantly inhibited biofilm formation and virulence factors, including the motility of P. aeruginosa and staphyloxanthin synthesis in S. aureus. The RT-PCR analysis revealed the downregulation of key genes involved in biofilm formation and virulence in P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of E. bicyclis solvent-soluble extracts and EA-AuNPs as effective antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence agents, with significant application potential in the pharmaceutical and food industries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of antibiofilm activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using EA-AuNPs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Plant-Based Antibiotic and Antiviral Agents)
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