Natural Compounds as Antimicrobial Agents, 3rd Edition

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Novel Antimicrobial Agents".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2026 | Viewed by 3961

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
Interests: food safety; analytical chemistry; food microbiology; antimicrobial resistant bacteria; food-borne pathogens; transcriptomics; genotyping; chromatography; mass spectrometry; biofilms; antimicrobial detection; Microbiome
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We have published two successful volumes of the Special Issue “Natural Compounds as Antimicrobial Agents”, and this has encouraged us to open a third volume focused on the same topic.

As a continuation of the Special Issues published in 2019 and 2020, this third volume will further develop the use of these compounds for many different applications, from clinical aspects to their use in the food industry, or even in animal production. Researchers from different parts of the world are also aware of plant-derived substances specific to their latitudes for which there is sparse scientific research published in the literature, and this is a good opportunity to share that knowledge with the scientific community through the open access journal Antibiotics. All these natural compounds share the advantages of having soft legal regulations as well as better user perceptions regarding applications that are derived from a natural or traditional origin.

Thus, this Special Issue will cover, but is not limited to, the following topics:

  • New natural antimicrobial compounds;
  • Antimicrobial effects;
  • Clinical applications;
  • Animal production applications;
  • Antifungal properties;
  • Antiviral properties;
  • Food applications;
  • New formulations;
  • Antibacterial mechanisms;
  • Antifungal mechanisms;
  • MICs;
  • Activity as disinfectants;
  • Activity against biofilms;
  • Effects on transcriptomics;
  • Combination with other antimicrobials;
  • Global microbiome changes.

Prof. Dr. Carlos M. Franco
Guest Editor

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antibiotics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • new natural antimicrobial compounds
  • antimicrobial effects
  • clinical applications
  • animal production applications
  • antifungal properties
  • antiviral properties
  • food applications
  • new formulations
  • antibacterial mechanisms
  • antifungal mechanisms
  • MICs
  • activity as disinfectants
  • activity against biofilms
  • effects on transcriptomics
  • combination with other antimicrobials
  • global microbiome changes

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 5746 KB  
Article
Antibacterial Mechanism of Allicin E Against Aeromonas hydrophila and Therapeutic Effect in Carassius auratus gibelio
by Jinlong Li, Liushen Lu, Kai Chen, Ting Qin, Jun Xie, Ping Fang and Bingwen Xi
Antibiotics 2026, 15(4), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15040377 - 8 Apr 2026
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: The frequent use of antibiotics has led to increasing drug resistance in Aeromonas hydrophila; therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel antimicrobial agents to prevent and control bacterial diseases in aquaculture. Allicin E (ALE) is derived from garlic [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The frequent use of antibiotics has led to increasing drug resistance in Aeromonas hydrophila; therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel antimicrobial agents to prevent and control bacterial diseases in aquaculture. Allicin E (ALE) is derived from garlic (Allium sativum L.), a plant extensively used in traditional medicine for treating infections. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of ALE against A. hydrophila, a major aquaculture pathogen, by investigating its antibacterial efficacy, mechanisms of action, and in vivo protective effects. Methods: The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC) were determined by broth microdilution. Antibacterial mechanisms were investigated through ROS detection, electron microscopy, fluorescent staining, and content leakage measurement. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in Carassius auratus gibelio by monitoring survival rates and bacterial loads, analyzing immune and antioxidant biomarkers, and histopathological analysis after A. hydrophila challenge. Results: ALE exhibited potent antibacterial activity (MIC = MBC = 8 μg/mL), achieving complete bacterial elimination within 1 h and showing a low resistance propensity. Mechanistically, ALE induced ROS accumulation, causing oxidative damage that disrupted membrane integrity and facilitated the leakage of cellular contents. In vivo, ALE significantly enhanced fish survival, reduced bacterial loads, modulated inflammatory cytokines, boosted antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and CAT), and alleviated tissue damage. Conclusions: ALE possesses potent in vitro antibacterial activity and exerts an inhibitory effect on bacteria-induced inflammatory responses, effectively combating A. hydrophila through a multi-target mechanism and enhancing host resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds as Antimicrobial Agents, 3rd Edition)
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13 pages, 1975 KB  
Article
Optimization of Pyocyanin Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa OG1 Using RSM: In Vitro Evaluation of Its Antibacterial and Anticandidal Efficacy Against Some Pathogens
by Levent Dikbaş, Şeyma Alım, Sevda Uçar, Murat Özdal and Neslihan Dikbaş
Antibiotics 2026, 15(4), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15040330 - 25 Mar 2026
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Abstract
Background: The increasing antimicrobial resistance has led to a greater demand for alternative treatment options, which in turn has increased interest in naturally occurring biomolecules such as pyocyanin. Methods: In this study, a three-factor Box–Behnken Design (BBD)-based response surface methodology (RSM) was employed [...] Read more.
Background: The increasing antimicrobial resistance has led to a greater demand for alternative treatment options, which in turn has increased interest in naturally occurring biomolecules such as pyocyanin. Methods: In this study, a three-factor Box–Behnken Design (BBD)-based response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the effects of glycerol, peptone, and pH on pyocyanin production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa OG1. The antimicrobial efficacy of the optimized pyocyanin was subsequently evaluated in vitro against three Candida species and four clinically important bacterial pathogens using the disk diffusion method, with gentamicin and fluconazole used as positive controls. Results: The second-order polynomial model demonstrated excellent fit (F = 176.3, p < 0.0001) with a non-significant lack of fit, indicating adequate representation of the experimental data. The optimal conditions were determined to be glycerol at 1.11% (w/v), peptone at 17.86 g/L, and a pH of 7.27, yielding a predicted pyocyanin concentration of 25.92 mg/L. Antimicrobial testing revealed broad-spectrum, dose-dependent activity against all tested microorganisms. The highest efficacy was observed against Bacillus cereus (26.4 ± 1.3 mm at 40 µg/mL), followed by Candida glabrata (21.5 ± 1.6 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.6 ± 1.4 mm), Candida albicans (15.4 ± 1.8 mm), Candida parapsilosis (13.2 ± 1.9 mm), Proteus mirabilis (12.5 ± 1.3 mm), and MRSA Staphylococcus aureus (9.2 ± 1.1 mm). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that BBD-based RSM is a robust approach for optimizing pyocyanin production and that pyocyanin represents a promising dose-dependent antimicrobial agent against susceptible pathogens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds as Antimicrobial Agents, 3rd Edition)
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Review

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30 pages, 1140 KB  
Review
Fatty Acids as Prebiotics and Their Role in Antibiofilm Activity
by Filomena Nazzaro, Francesca Coppola, Florinda Fratianni and Raffaele Coppola
Antibiotics 2026, 15(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15010057 - 5 Jan 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1809
Abstract
Microbial biofilms pose significant medical and industrial challenges due to their resistance to conventional antimicrobials, accounting for 40–80% of bacteria in various environments. This resistance primarily results from the extracellular polymeric matrix, a protective network of sugars, proteins, and other molecules produced by [...] Read more.
Microbial biofilms pose significant medical and industrial challenges due to their resistance to conventional antimicrobials, accounting for 40–80% of bacteria in various environments. This resistance primarily results from the extracellular polymeric matrix, a protective network of sugars, proteins, and other molecules produced by bacteria. The matrix restricts antibiotic penetration, facilitates microbial communication, and retains nutrients. Consequently, novel strategies to counteract biofilms are under investigation. Fatty acids have emerged as promising prebiotic agents, defined as substances that stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria. These compounds can disrupt biofilm structure and increase microbial susceptibility to treatment. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids demonstrate direct antimicrobial activity and can alter microbial community composition, thereby inhibiting biofilm formation in several pathogens, including oral species. For instance, omega-3 fatty acids effectively inhibit Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms through membrane disruption and quorum sensing (QS) inhibition. Additionally, long-chain fatty acids, particularly omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, exhibit anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. This review synthesises current evidence on fatty acids as prebiotics, emphasising their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential against drug-resistant biofilm-associated infections. Given the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, unsaturated and essential fatty acids rep-resent promising candidates for innovative biofilm-control strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds as Antimicrobial Agents, 3rd Edition)
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