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Aquatic Animal Virus, Disease and Immunity
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Aquatic Animal Virus, Disease and Immunity

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Aquatic Animals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 April 2023) | Viewed by 12518

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Xiuzhen Sheng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
Interests: fish immunity; viruses; virus-host interactions; cellular receptor; viral attachment proteins; lymphocystis disease virus; FV3; mucosal immunity; IgM; polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR); mucin; mucous cells; microfold cells; diagnostic technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Li Lin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China
Interests: aquatic animal viruses; virus-host interactions; innate immunity; adaptive immunity; vaccine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viruses are important pathogens which can cause serious diseases of  aquatic animals. The result of the battle between host and virus will determine the occurrence of diseases. On one hand, to fight against viral infections, aquatic animals have evolved complex defense systems, including innate immunity and adaptive immunity. On the other hand, viruses also develop numerous strategies such as immune evasion to antagonize host antiviral responses. In recent years, significant advances have been made in understanding not only host immunities against viruses but also virus inferences. The fundamental knowledge is being applied to prevent viral disease outbreaks and improve aquatic animal health. This special issue comprises high quality original research articles and reviews, providing a comprehensive overview on the viral diseases and antiviral defenses of aquatic animals. Highlight topics include: host-virus interactions; cellular antiviral responses and signaling pathways; immune cells; cytokines and humoral factors; vaccination and disease resistance.

Prof. Dr. Xiuzhen Sheng
Prof. Dr. Li Lin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • aquatic animals
  • viruses
  • immunity
  • viral diseases
  • virus-host interactions
  • antiviral responses
  • immune cells
  • vaccine
  • antiviral defenses

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 5157 KiB  
Article
Transcriptomics in Rare Minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) towards Attenuated and Virulent Grass Carp Reovirus Genotype II Infection
by Jie Ma, Chen Xu, Nan Jiang, Yan Meng, Yong Zhou, Mingyang Xue, Wenzhi Liu, Yiqun Li and Yuding Fan
Animals 2023, 13(11), 1870; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13111870 - 04 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1158
Abstract
Grass carp reovirus genotype Ⅱ (GCRV Ⅱ) causes a variety of fish hemorrhagic disease, which seriously affects the sustainable development of grass carp aquaculture in China. Rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) is an ideal model fish to study the pathogenesis of GCRV [...] Read more.
Grass carp reovirus genotype Ⅱ (GCRV Ⅱ) causes a variety of fish hemorrhagic disease, which seriously affects the sustainable development of grass carp aquaculture in China. Rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) is an ideal model fish to study the pathogenesis of GCRV Ⅱ. To investigate the involved molecular responses against the GCRV Ⅱ infection, we performed comparative transcriptomic analysis in the spleen and liver of rare minnow injected with virulent strain DY197 and attenuated strain QJ205. Results showed that the virulent DY197 strain induced more differently expressed genes (DEGs) than the attenuated QJ205 strain, and tissue-specific responses were induced. In the spleen, the attenuated and virulent strains induced different DEGs; the attenuated QJ205 infection activated steroid synthesis pathway that involved in membrane formation; however, virulent DY197 infection activated innate immunity and apoptosis related pathways while suppressing cell proliferation and migration related pathways that are important for damage tissue repair, as well as hemorrhage related pathways. In the liver, the attenuated and virulent strains infection induced similar DEGs; both strains infection activated immunity and apoptosis related pathways but suppressed metabolism-related pathways; virulent DY197 infection especially activated protein digestion and absorption-related pathways and suppressed steroid synthesis pathway. To conclude, virulent strain infection especially induced tissue-specific alterations and caused severe suppression of hemorrhage-related pathways in spleen. Our findings will contribute to better understanding of the interactions between host and GCRV II. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Animal Virus, Disease and Immunity)
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18 pages, 5793 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Effect of Dietary Probiotics on Immune Response Mechanism in Southern Catfish (Silurus meridionalis) in Response to Plesiomonas shigelloides
by Rongrong Wang, Jiaming Qian, Da Ji, Xingyu Liu and Ranran Dong
Animals 2023, 13(3), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13030449 - 28 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1383
Abstract
To explore whether a probiotic complex composed of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus casei can prevent or inhibit the inflammatory response caused by the invasion of Plesiomonas shigelloides in the southern catfish, we screened differentially expressed genes and enriched inflammation-related [...] Read more.
To explore whether a probiotic complex composed of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus casei can prevent or inhibit the inflammatory response caused by the invasion of Plesiomonas shigelloides in the southern catfish, we screened differentially expressed genes and enriched inflammation-related pathways among a control and three experimental groups and conducted analysis by transcriptome sequencing after a 21-day breeding experiment. Compared with those in the PS (Plesiomonas shigelloides) group, southern catfish in the L-PS (Lactobacillus-Plesiomonas shigelloides) group had no obvious haemorrhages or ulcerations. The results also showed that inflammation-related genes, such as mmp9, cxcr4, nfkbia, socs3, il-8, pigr, tlr5, and tnfr1, were significantly upregulated in the PS group compared with those in the L-PS groups. In addition, we verified six DEGs (mmp9, cxcr4, nfkbia, socs3, rbp2, and calr) and three proteins (CXCR4, NFKBIA, and CALR) by qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Our results were consistent with the transcriptome data. Moreover, significantly downregulated genes (p < 0.05) were enriched in inflammation-related GO terms (lymphocyte chemotaxis and positive regulation of inflammatory response) and immune-related pathways (intestinal immune network for IgA production and IL-17 signalling pathway) in the L-PS vs. the PS group. Our results indicate that the infection of P. shigelloides can produce an inflammatory response, and probiotics could inhibit the inflammatory response caused by P. shigelloides to some extent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Animal Virus, Disease and Immunity)
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19 pages, 8276 KiB  
Article
Toll-like Receptor 3 in the Hybrid Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ♀ × P. vachelli ♂): Protein Structure, Evolution and Immune Response to Exogenous Aeromonas hydrophila and Poly (I:C) Stimuli
by Shengtao Guo, Mengsha Zeng, Wenxue Gao, Fan Li, Xiuying Wei, Qiong Shi, Zhengyong Wen and Zhaobin Song
Animals 2023, 13(2), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13020288 - 14 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2121
Abstract
As a major mediator of cellular response to viral infection in mammals, Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) was proved to respond to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). However, the molecular mechanism by which TLR3 functions in the viral infection response in teleosts remains to be investigated. [...] Read more.
As a major mediator of cellular response to viral infection in mammals, Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) was proved to respond to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). However, the molecular mechanism by which TLR3 functions in the viral infection response in teleosts remains to be investigated. In this study, the Toll-like receptor 3 gene of the hybrid yellow catfish was identified and characterized by comparative genomics. Furthermore, multiple sequence alignment, genomic synteny and phylogenetic analysis suggested that the homologous TLR3 genes were unique to teleosts. Gene structure analysis showed that five exons and four introns were common components of TLR3s in the 12 examined species, and interestingly the third exon in teleosts was the same length of 194 bp. Genomic synteny analysis indicated that TLR3s were highly conserved in various teleosts, with similar organizations of gene arrangement. De novo predictions showed that TLR3s were horseshoe-shaped in multiple taxa except for avian (with a round-shaped structure). Phylogenetic topology showed that the evolution of TLR3 was consistent with the evolution of the studied species. Selection analysis showed that the evolution rates of TLR3 proteins were usually higher than those of TLR3-TIR domains, indicating that the latter were more conserved. Tissue distribution analysis showed that TLR3s were widely distributed in the 12 tested tissues, with the highest transcriptions in liver and intestine. In addition, the transcription levels of TLR3 were significantly increased in immune-related tissues after infection of exogenous Aeromonas hydrophila and poly (I:C). Molecular docking showed that TLR3 in teleosts forms a complex with poly (I:C). In summary, our present results suggest that TLR3 is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) gene in the immune response to pathogen infections in hybrid yellow catfish. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Animal Virus, Disease and Immunity)
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16 pages, 2147 KiB  
Article
Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) Booster Vaccination Increases Senegalese Sole Survival and Enhances Immunoprotection
by Carmen López-Vázquez, Sandra Souto, José G. Olveira, Ana Riaza, Óscar González, Cristina Brea, Alejandro M. Labella, Dolores Castro and Isabel Bandín
Animals 2023, 13(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010051 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1542
Abstract
A re-immunization programme has been tested to improve the protective response elicited in sole by a previously developed BEI-inactivated betanodavirus vaccine. The vaccine was prepared using a reassortant RGNNV/SJNNV strain which is highly pathogenic for sole, and vaccination assays were performed by intraperitoneal [...] Read more.
A re-immunization programme has been tested to improve the protective response elicited in sole by a previously developed BEI-inactivated betanodavirus vaccine. The vaccine was prepared using a reassortant RGNNV/SJNNV strain which is highly pathogenic for sole, and vaccination assays were performed by intraperitoneal injection. Experimental design included a prime- and a booster-vaccination group, which consisted of individuals that received a second vaccine injection at 30 days post vaccination), and their respective controls. A month after prime/booster vaccination, fish were challenged by intramuscular injection with the homologous NNV strain. Samples were collected at different times post vaccination and post challenge to assess the immune response and viral replication. Booster dose enhanced the protection against NNV infection because a significant increase in survival was recorded when compared with prime-vaccinated individuals (relative percent survival 77 vs. 55). In addition, a clear decrease in viral replication in the brain of challenged sole was observed. During the immune induction period, no differences in IgM production were observed between prime- and booster-vaccinated fish, and the expression of the antigen presenting cells (APC)-related molecule MHC class II antigen was the only differential stimulation recorded in the re-immunized individuals. However, a significant upregulation of mhcII and the lymphocytes T helper (Th) marker cd4 was observed after the challenge in the booster-vaccinated group, suggesting these cells play a role in the protection conferred by the booster injection. In addition, after viral infection, re-immunized fish showed specific and neutralizing antibody production and overexpression of other immune-related genes putatively involved in the control of NNV replication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Animal Virus, Disease and Immunity)
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12 pages, 3260 KiB  
Article
Four Mx Genes Identified in Andrias davidianus and Characterization of Their Response to Chinese Giant Salamander Iridovirus Infection
by Yan Meng, Yuding Fan, Nan Jiang, Mingyang Xue, Yiqun Li, Wenzhi Liu, Lingbing Zeng and Yong Zhou
Animals 2022, 12(16), 2147; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12162147 - 21 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1357
Abstract
Amphibians, including Andrias davidianus, are declining worldwide partly due to infectious diseases. The Myxovirus resistance (Mx) gene is a typical interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene (ISG) involved in the antiviral immunity. Therefore, knowledge regarding the antiviral immunity of A. davidianus can [...] Read more.
Amphibians, including Andrias davidianus, are declining worldwide partly due to infectious diseases. The Myxovirus resistance (Mx) gene is a typical interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene (ISG) involved in the antiviral immunity. Therefore, knowledge regarding the antiviral immunity of A. davidianus can be used for improved reproduction in captivity and protection in the wild. In this study, we amplified and characterized four different A. davidianus Mx genes (adMx) and generated temporal mRNA expression profiles in healthy and Chinese giant salamander iridovirus (GSIV) infected A. davidianus by qualitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The four adMx genes ranged in length from 2008 to 2840 bp. The sequences revealed conserved protein domains including the dynamin superfamily signature motif and the tripartite guanosine-5-triphosphate (GTP)-binding motif. Gene and deduced amino acid sequence alignment revealed relatively high sequence identity with the Mx genes and proteins of other vertebrates. In phylogenetic analysis, the adMx genes clustered together, but also clustered closely with those of fish species. The four adMx genes were broadly expressed in healthy A. davidianus, but were differentially expressed in the spleen during the GSIV infection. Our results show that the adMx genes share major structural features with their homologs, suggesting similar functions to those in other species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Animal Virus, Disease and Immunity)
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15 pages, 3435 KiB  
Article
Microbial Diversity of the Chinese Tiger Frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) on Healthy versus Ulcerated Skin
by Hua-Li Hu, Jia-Meng Chen, Jing-Yi Chen, Rachel Wan Xin Seah and Guo-Hua Ding
Animals 2022, 12(10), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12101241 - 12 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2231
Abstract
The Chinese tiger frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) is extensively farmed in southern China. Due to cramped living conditions, skin diseases are prevalent among unhealthy tiger frogs which thereby affects their welfare. In this study, the differences in microbiota present on healthy versus [...] Read more.
The Chinese tiger frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) is extensively farmed in southern China. Due to cramped living conditions, skin diseases are prevalent among unhealthy tiger frogs which thereby affects their welfare. In this study, the differences in microbiota present on healthy versus ulcerated H. rugulosus skin were examined using 16S rRNA sequences. Proteobacteria were the dominant phylum on H. rugulosus skin, but their abundance was greater on the healthy skin than on the ulcerated skin. Rhodocyclaceae and Comamonadaceae were the most dominant families on the healthy skin, whereas Moraxellaceae was the most dominant family on the ulcerated skin. The abundance of these three families was different between the groups. Acidovorax was the most dominant genus on the healthy skin, whereas Acinetobacter was the most dominant genus on the ulcerated skin, and its abundance was greater on the ulcerated skin than on the healthy skin. Moreover, the genes related to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways of levels 2–3, especially those genes that are involved in cell motility, flagellar assembly, and bacterial chemotaxis in the skin microbiota, were found to be greater on the healthy skin than on the ulcerated skin, indicating that the function of skin microbiota was affected by ulceration. Overall, the composition, abundance, and function of skin microbial communities differed between the healthy and ulcerated H. rugulosus skin. Our results may assist in developing measures to combat diseases in H. rugulosus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Animal Virus, Disease and Immunity)
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9 pages, 940 KiB  
Brief Report
First Report of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei Infection in Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) Cultured in the Republic of Korea
by Gwang-Il Jang, Su-Mi Kim, Yun-Kyeong Oh, Soon-Jeong Lee, Sung-Youl Hong, Hyo-Eun Lee, Mun-Gyeong Kwon and Bo-Seong Kim
Animals 2022, 12(22), 3149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223149 - 15 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1589
Abstract
In the Republic of Korea, Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) was first isolated from Pacific whiteleg shrimp in April 2020; however, there are no existing reports of EHP infection in other shrimp or prawns. Here, we aimed to investigate EHP infection and its prevalence in [...] Read more.
In the Republic of Korea, Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) was first isolated from Pacific whiteleg shrimp in April 2020; however, there are no existing reports of EHP infection in other shrimp or prawns. Here, we aimed to investigate EHP infection and its prevalence in giant freshwater prawn farms in the Republic of Korea. We tested prawns from 22 farms for EHP infection, and samples from eight farms showed positive EHP infection results in 2021. In EHP-infected prawn farms, the prevalence ranged from 4.9% to 18.2%. The prevalence of EHP infection in the Republic of Korea, derived from the prevalence in prawn farms, was estimated to be 0.8% in 2021. The proliferation of EHP was observed within the hepatopancreatic epithelial cells of prawns using H&E and Giemsa staining. Mature EHP was observed in the sinus between epithelial cells of the digestive tubules. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a clade distinct from the previously reported EHP in Pacific whiteleg shrimps. This is the first report of EHP infection in a giant freshwater prawn in the Republic of Korea, where the prevalence of EHP infection is not high, but it is recognized as an emerging disease that requires periodic monitoring and quarantine management in giant freshwater prawns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Animal Virus, Disease and Immunity)
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