Animal Breeds and Muscle Growth Potential: Opportunities for Sustainable Farming

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Products".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2026 | Viewed by 5473

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
Interests: muscle development in animals; structure and morphological function of the porcine digestive tract; tissues of interest in orthopaedics in the veterinary field

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Guest Editor
Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
Interests: bioactive molecules; gut health; animal welfare; muscle fiber; muscle morphology; sustainable livestock farming; breeding systems; meat quality; animal performance

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Understanding myogenesis and the muscle growth potential of various animal breeds is of major importance for implementing sustainable farming practices. Different livestock breeds, ranging from cattle, sheep, and swine to poultry, show significant variability in their muscle growth rates, feed efficiency, and adaptation to farming conditions. Highly selected breeds tend to have higher muscle growth, leading to optimized meat production while requiring fewer land resources. However, these breeds often need high-quality feed, water, and veterinary care to maintain a high productivity level, while causing negative consequences on the surrounding environment such as waste production and greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast, certain breeds, comprising autochthonous or local breeds, are naturally resilient to regional diseases and climate stress factors, reducing the need for antibiotics and other sanitary interventions. More focus should be placed on breeds that present high muscle growth potential and that, at the same time, show high adaptability to their environment. Understanding myogenesis and the muscle growth potential of specific breeds can help farmers meet growing high-quality meat demands while promoting a resilient and sustainable agricultural system that preserves the environment and allows for a high level of meat production.

While meat production is highly important, the mechanisms that regulate muscle growth and development are still not well understood. The conventional approach to assessing muscle growth and quality focuses on evaluating the physical and chemical properties of muscle. Recently, these methodologies have been complemented by morphological and imaging assessments to better understand how muscle microstructure relates to growth and its physicochemical properties and, ultimately, to the overall quality of meat.

Therefore, the aim of this Special Issue is focused on original research articles or reviews that investigate the mechanisms of muscle growth in different animal breeds and their relationships with the surrounding environment. Areas of interest include the effects of the animal breed on muscle growth potential and meat quality and its structure.

We invite you to share your recent findings in this Special Issue and we look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Maria Lucia Matela da Silva Aidos
Dr. Maria Chiara Di Meo
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • farm animals
  • muscle growth
  • muscle development
  • meat production
  • meat quality
  • sustainability
  • breeding systems

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2885 KB  
Article
Birth Season and Breed Effects on Newborn Longissimus Thoracis and Semimembranosus Muscles: Insights from the Nero Di Lomellina Piglets
by Margherita Pallaoro, Giorgio Mirra, Lucia Aidos, Mirko Sergio, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Raffaella Rossi, Annamaria Costa, Eleonora Buoio, Silvia Michela Mazzola, Silvia Clotilde Modina and Alessia Di Giancamillo
Animals 2026, 16(4), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040655 - 18 Feb 2026
Viewed by 366
Abstract
Background: Understanding the factors influencing muscle development is essential for the livestock industry. This study aims to evaluate the effect of birth season and breed on the muscles Longissimus thoracis (LT) and Semimembranosus (SM) from newborn piglets of the local Italian breed [...] Read more.
Background: Understanding the factors influencing muscle development is essential for the livestock industry. This study aims to evaluate the effect of birth season and breed on the muscles Longissimus thoracis (LT) and Semimembranosus (SM) from newborn piglets of the local Italian breed Nero di Lomellina (NL) and the Commercial Hybrid Large WhitexDuroc (CH), born in winter (W) and summer (S). Methods: Muscles’ morphological features were evaluated, and the expression of Myogenic Regulatory Factors (MRFs: MYF5, MYOD, MYOG, MYF6) and heat and cold shock proteins (HSP27, HSP70, HSP90, CIRBP, RMB3) was assessed by quantitative PCR. Results: Both muscles showed a larger fiber cross-sectional area (LT: NL/S > NL/W, p = 0.035. SM: NL/S > NL/W, p = 0.035; CH/S > CH/W, p = 0.05) and a lower total number of fibers in summer piglets (LT: NL/S < NL/W, p = 0.05. SM: NL/S < NL/W, p = 0.033). In LT, MYF6 was higher, mainly in NL, in S (NL/S > NL/W, p < 0.0001; NL/S > CH/S, p = 0.0002), as well as HSP27 (NL/S > NL/W, p = 0.0001; NL/S > CH/S, p = 0.0018), HSP70 (NL/S > NL/W, p = 0.044. CH/S > CH/W, p = 0.0018), HSP90 (NL/S > NL/W, p < 0.0001; NL/S > CH/S, p = 0.023; CH/S > CH/W, p = 0.027), CIRBP NL/S > NL/W, p = 0.003; CH/S > CH/W, p = 0.0008), and RBM3 (NL/S > NL/W, p = 0.01; NL/S > CH/S, p = 0.036). In SM, MYF5 was higher in W in both breeds (NL/W > NL/S, p = 0.008; CH/W > CH/S, p < 0.0001; CH/W > NL/S, p = 0.012). Similarly, MYOD (NL/W > NL/S, p = 0.045), MYOG (NL/W > NL/S, p = 0.002; CH/W > CH/S, p = 0.025), and CIRBP (NL/W > NL/S, p = 0.003; NL/W > CH/W, p = 0.004) were mainly expressed in winter, while HSP90 was expressed in summer in CH. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that muscle development in piglets at birth can vary between breeds and along different birth seasons, with an enhanced development observed mainly in summer newborns. These results could be helpful for improvement programs for NL and other local breeds by linking muscle development at birth to seasonal adaptation. Full article
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23 pages, 1359 KB  
Article
Proteomic, Fatty Acid and Mineral Profiles of PDO Arouquesa and Commercial Crossbred Beefs: A Tool for Certification
by Laura Sacarrão-Birrento, Sarah Schlosser, Karin Hummel, Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli, Cátia F. Martins, Miguel P. Mourato, José A. Silva, Severiano R. Silva, Susana P. Alves, Carlos A. Venâncio, Ingrid Miller and André M. de Almeida
Animals 2026, 16(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010005 - 19 Dec 2025
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Abstract
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) beef products are recognized for their higher quality, although the native breeds used often show lower productivity compared to commercial crosses. This study aimed to compare the proteome profiles of Arouquesa and crossbred beef using 2D-DIGE, and evaluating [...] Read more.
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) beef products are recognized for their higher quality, although the native breeds used often show lower productivity compared to commercial crosses. This study aimed to compare the proteome profiles of Arouquesa and crossbred beef using 2D-DIGE, and evaluating crude protein, energy, and fatty acid composition. Arouquesa beef had higher energy values (p < 0.05), whereas crossbred samples showed greater protein content (p < 0.05). Moreover, Arouquesa beef had higher proportions of microminerals, namely zinc, iron, and manganese (p < 0.05). The Arouquesa breed also presented higher proportions of most fatty acids, including saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated. Proteomic analysis identified 34 differentially abundant proteoforms from 23 proteins. In Arouquesa, proteins associated with muscle contraction (MYLPF, TNNT1), glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (TPI1, GPD1), oxygen transport (HBB, HBA), and heat shock response (CRYAB, HSPB1) were more abundant or had altered spot patterns, suggesting their roles in meat tenderness, color, and fat-related characteristics. Conversely, crossbred beef showed elevated levels of glycolytic enzymes (PGM1, ENO3, and some proteoforms of TPI1 and GPI) and structural proteins (MYL1), related with higher muscle growth and different fiber composition. The identified proteins provide possible molecular markers that distinguish Arouquesa from commercial breeds. These validated proteins in the future can support breed characterization and verification of PDO certification specifications. Full article
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17 pages, 39955 KB  
Article
Screening and Functional Transformation Analysis of Genes Related to Skeletal Muscle Development in Supplemental-Fed Oula Sheep
by Yumeng Li, Yanhao Wang, Mingyi Yan, Sen Wu, Meng Liu and Rajwali Khan
Animals 2025, 15(20), 3040; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15203040 - 20 Oct 2025
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Abstract
To investigate the gene regulatory mechanisms underlying muscle development in Oula sheep at different growth stages, under supplementary feeding, particularly the shift in core regulatory mechanisms governing muscle development from the fetal stage to the postnatal period, we conducted transcriptomic sequencing and comparative [...] Read more.
To investigate the gene regulatory mechanisms underlying muscle development in Oula sheep at different growth stages, under supplementary feeding, particularly the shift in core regulatory mechanisms governing muscle development from the fetal stage to the postnatal period, we conducted transcriptomic sequencing and comparative analysis of the longissimus dorsi muscle collected during the embryonic, lamb, and adult stages. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) potentially associated with muscle growth and development were identified across various age phases. Furthermore, Short Time-series Expression Miner (STEM) analysis was employed to decipher the temporal expression patterns of these DEGs. The results indicated that metabolic processes related to carbohydrates, energy, and amino acids were enhanced with increasing age in Oula sheep muscle. Comparative analysis between different growth stages revealed that the functional enrichment of DEGs was directly associated with changes in skeletal muscle development, with significant enrichment in biological pathways such as ECM–receptor interaction, PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, and protein digestion and absorption. Additionally, we observed that PTPRC, IL10, NDUFAB1, BUB1, BUB1B, CDK1, ITGB3, and ITGB2 may play pivotal roles in the regulation of muscle growth and development across different stages in Oula sheep. These findings provide theoretical support for the understanding of the genetic regulatory mechanisms underlying muscle development in Oula sheep. Full article
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17 pages, 9712 KB  
Article
Super-Enhancer Drives THBS3 Expression to Regulate the Proliferation and Differentiation of Bovine Muscle Stem Cells
by Han Huang, Yongwang Zhang, Kehe Cen, Chaoxia Zou, Leyi Wang, Jiaqi Lu, Haiming Mai, Jinquan Ding, Junbo Pan, Zeyang Zhao, Junming Li, Yanfei Deng, Jingwei Wei, Deshun Shi, Yingming Wei and Ruimen Zhang
Animals 2025, 15(17), 2615; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15172615 - 6 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1497
Abstract
Skeletal muscle, the primary meat-producing tissue in bovines, is regulated by a complex transcriptional network during development. The role of Thrombospondin 3 (THBS3) and its associated super-enhancer (SE) in this process remains largely unknown. Here, by integrating multi-omics data, we identified [...] Read more.
Skeletal muscle, the primary meat-producing tissue in bovines, is regulated by a complex transcriptional network during development. The role of Thrombospondin 3 (THBS3) and its associated super-enhancer (SE) in this process remains largely unknown. Here, by integrating multi-omics data, we identified THBS3 as a novel core regulator of myogenesis, orchestrated by a cognate super-enhancer (THBS3-SE). Functional assays demonstrated that THBS3 knockdown significantly promoted the proliferation and myogenic differentiation of bovine muscle stem cells (MuSCs) and accelerated their commitment to a fast-twitch fiber fate. Transcriptomic analysis linked THBS3 function to key signaling pathways controlling muscle growth, especially the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Mechanistically, we found that distal enhancers within the THBS3-SE loop to the THBS3 promoter drive its transcription, and CRISPR-based interference of these enhancers recapitulated the pro-myogenic effects of THBS3 knockdown. Collectively, our findings unveiled a THBS3-SE-mediated regulatory axis that critically governed bovine MuSCs’ fate. Targeting this axis may offer a novel strategy for improving beef production efficiency. Full article
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11 pages, 258 KB  
Article
Effect of Freezing for up to 120 Days on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Hamburgers Made from Botucatu Rabbit Does Slaughtered at Different Ages
by Erick Alonso Villegas-Cayllahua, Daniel Rodrigues Dutra, Ana Veronica Lino Dias, Thamiris Daiane Domenici, Leandro Dalcin Castilha and Hirasilva Borba
Animals 2025, 15(12), 1805; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15121805 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 914
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of freezing for up to 120 days on the physicochemical and technological properties of hamburgers made from Botucatu rabbit does slaughtered at 3, 12, and 24 months of age. The parameters were evaluated as follows: surface color ( [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the effect of freezing for up to 120 days on the physicochemical and technological properties of hamburgers made from Botucatu rabbit does slaughtered at 3, 12, and 24 months of age. The parameters were evaluated as follows: surface color (L*, a*, b*), pH using an insertion pH meter, cooking loss using a grill, storage loss based on weight differences, shear force in cooked samples using a texture analyzer, shrinkage percentage, chemical composition (moisture, protein, lipids, and ash), and lipid oxidation, determined by measuring the concentration of malondialdehyde in the burgers at different storage intervals (0, 60, and 120 days) under freezing conditions (−18 °C). The results indicated that increased storage time and animal age reduced tenderness and increased lipid content (p < 0.05). Burgers made from younger does showed higher levels of lipid oxidation. Age also influenced color (greater redness and lower lightness in older animals) and chemical composition, with older does producing burgers with higher protein and lower moisture and mineral content. However, all samples remained within the limits established by Brazilian legislation. This study recommends using meat from does of different ages for hamburger production, as all variations met the required legal standards. Full article
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