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Visualization of Coastal Carbonate Lithosomes: Color-Intensity Patterns and Georadar Imaging of a Semi-Lithified Strandplain, Eleuthera Island, The Bahamas
A Proposal for Alternative Navigation Routes Following the Development of Offshore Wind Farms in the Waters of the Republic of Korea
Sea Ice as a Driver of Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) 20 Hz Acoustic Presence in Eastern Antarctic Waters
Surf and Swash Zone Dynamics from High-Frequency Observations at a Microtidal Low-Energy Dissipative Beach
The Challenges of Cyber Resilience in the Maritime Sector: Addressing the Weak Awareness of the Dangers Caused by Cyber Threats

Journal Description

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on marine science and engineering, published monthly online by MDPI. The Australia New Zealand Marine Biotechnology Society (ANZMBS) is affiliated with JMSE and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed with Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, GeoRef, Inspec, AGRIS, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Marine) / CiteScore - Q2 (Ocean Engineering)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 15.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 1.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Journal Clusters of Water Resources: Water, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, Hydrology, Resources, Oceans, Limnological Review, Coasts.

Impact Factor: 2.8 (2024); 5-Year Impact Factor: 2.8 (2024)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2077-1312

Latest Articles

22 pages, 2337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Misunderstanding to Safety: Insights into COLREGs Rule 10 (TSS) Crossing Problem

by Ivan Vilić, Đani Mohović and Srđan Žuškin

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(8), 1383; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13081383 (registering DOI) - 22 Jul 2025

Despite navigation advancements in enhanced sensor utilization and increased focus on maritime training and education, most marine accidents still involve collisions with high human involvement. Furthermore, navigators’ knowledge and application of the most often misunderstood Rule 10 Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) according to [...] Read more.

Despite navigation advancements in enhanced sensor utilization and increased focus on maritime training and education, most marine accidents still involve collisions with high human involvement. Furthermore, navigators’ knowledge and application of the most often misunderstood Rule 10 Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) according to the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG) represents the first focus in this study. To provide insight into the level of understanding and knowledge regarding COLREG Rule 10, a customized, worldwide survey has been created and disseminated among marine industry professionals. The survey results reveal a notable knowledge gap in Rule 10, where we initially assumed that more than half of the respondents know COLREG regulations well. According to the probability calculation and chi-square test results, all three categories (OOW, Master, and others) have significant rule misunderstanding. In response to the COLREG misunderstanding, together with the increasing density of maritime traffic, the implementation of Decision Support Systems (DSS) in navigation has become crucial for ensuring compliance with regulatory frameworks and enhancing navigational safety in general. This study presents a structural approach to vessel prioritization and decision-making within a DSS framework, focusing on the classification and response of the own vessel (OV) to bow-crossing scenarios within the TSS. Through the real-time integration of AIS navigational status data, the proposed DSS Architecture offers a structured, rule-compliant architecture to enhance navigational safety and the decision-making process within the TSS. Furthermore, implementing a Fall-Back Strategy (FBS) represents the key innovation factor, which ensures system resilience by directing operator response if opposing vessels disobey COLREG rules. Based on the vessel’s dynamic context and COLREG hierarchy, the proposed DSS Architecture identifies and informs the navigator regarding stand-on or give-way obligations among vessels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Navigability and Mooring (2nd Edition))

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25 pages, 6994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Interactions Between Full-Scale Counter-Rotating Vertical-Axis Tidal Turbines Using Actuator Lines

by Mikaël Grondeau and Sylvain S. Guillou

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(8), 1382; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13081382 - 22 Jul 2025

As with wind turbines, marine tidal turbines are expected to be deployed in arrays of multiple turbines. To optimize these arrays, a more profound understanding of the interactions between turbines is necessary. This paper employs the Actuator Line Method alongside the Lattice Boltzmann [...] Read more.

As with wind turbines, marine tidal turbines are expected to be deployed in arrays of multiple turbines. To optimize these arrays, a more profound understanding of the interactions between turbines is necessary. This paper employs the Actuator Line Method alongside the Lattice Boltzmann Method and Large Eddy Simulation to develop a numerical model of tidal turbine arrays. It studies a vertical-axis turbine manufactured by HydroQuest/CMN that is equipped with two counter-rotating columns, each comprising two rotors. The ambient turbulence and upstream velocity profiles correspond to the characteristics of a tidal site such as the Alderney Race. Six turbine layouts are modeled: three aligned layouts with three turbines and three staggered layouts with four turbines. The spacing between turbines varies depending on the layout. This study yields several observations regarding array configuration. A minimum distance of 300 m, or

12 D_{e q}

, between aligned turbines is necessary for full wake recovery. At shorter distances, the accumulation of velocity deficits significantly decreases the efficiency of the third turbine in the array. Pairs of counter-rotating vortices are observed in the wake of turbines. The evolution of these vortices and their influence on the wake depend greatly on the array configuration. An optimal configuration is observed in which the overall averaged power is not impaired by the interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Energy)

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15 pages, 1757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Design Formula for Estimating the Residual Strength of Corroded Stiffened Cylindrical Structures

by Sang-Hyun Park, Byoungjae Park, Sang-Rai Cho, Sung-Ju Park and Kookhyun Kim

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1381; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071381 - 21 Jul 2025

This paper develops a novel design formula to estimate the residual strength of corroded stiffened cylindrical structures. It extends a previously established ultimate strength formulation for intact cylinders by introducing a corrosion-induced strength reduction factor. The foundational formula considers failure mode interactions like [...] Read more.

This paper develops a novel design formula to estimate the residual strength of corroded stiffened cylindrical structures. It extends a previously established ultimate strength formulation for intact cylinders by introducing a corrosion-induced strength reduction factor. The foundational formula considers failure mode interactions like yielding, local buckling, overall buckling, and stiffener tripping. This research utilizes recent experimental and numerical investigations on corroded ring-stiffened cylinder models. Experimental results validate the numerical analysis method, showing good agreement in collapse pressures (2–4% difference) and shapes. The validated numerical method is then subject to an extensive parametric study, systematically varying corrosion characteristics. Results indicate a clear relationship between corrosion volume and strength reduction, with overall buckling being more sensitive. Based on these comprehensive results, a new empirical strength reduction factor (

ρ_{c}

) is derived as a function of the corrosion volume ratio (

V_{n o n}

). This factor is integrated into the existing ultimate strength formula, allowing direct residual strength estimation for corroded structures. The proposed formula is rigorously verified against experimental and numerical data, showing excellent agreement (mean 1.00, COV 5.86%). This research provides a practical, accurate design tool for assessing the integrity and service life of corroded stiffened cylindrical structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing the Ultimate Strength of Offshore Structures for Sustainable and Resilient Marine Energy Systems)

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10 pages, 3839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sound Production Characteristics of the Chorus Produced by Small Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) in Coastal Cage Aquaculture

by Young Geul Yoon, Hansoo Kim, Sungho Cho, Sunhyo Kim, Yun-Hwan Jung and Donhyug Kang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1380; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071380 - 21 Jul 2025

Recent advances in passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) have markedly improved the ability to study marine soundscapes by enabling long-term, non-invasive monitoring of biological sounds across large spatial and temporal scales. Among aquatic organisms, fish are primary contributors to biophony, producing sounds associated with [...] Read more.

Recent advances in passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) have markedly improved the ability to study marine soundscapes by enabling long-term, non-invasive monitoring of biological sounds across large spatial and temporal scales. Among aquatic organisms, fish are primary contributors to biophony, producing sounds associated with feeding, reproduction, and social behavior. However, the majority of previous research has focused on individual vocalizations, with limited attention to collective acoustic phenomena such as fish choruses. This study quantitatively analyzes choruses produced by the small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis), an ecologically and commercially important species in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Using power spectral density (PSD) analysis, we examined long-term underwater recordings from a sea cage containing approximately 2000 adult small yellow croakers. The choruses were centered around ~600 Hz and exhibited sound pressure levels 15–20 dB higher at night than during the day. These findings highlight the ecological relevance of fish choruses and support their potential use as indicators of biological activity. This study lays the foundation for incorporating fish choruses into soundscape-based PAM frameworks to enhance biodiversity and habitat monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Marine Environmental and Fisheries Acoustics)

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16 pages, 2549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Engine Load Monitoring Approach for Quantifying Yearly Methane Slip Emissions from an LNG-Powered RoPax Vessel

by Benoit Sagot, Raphael Defossez, Ridha Mahi, Audrey Villot and Aurélie Joubert

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1379; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071379 - 21 Jul 2025

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is increasingly used as a marine fuel due to its capacity to significantly reduce emissions of particulate matter, sulfur oxides (SO_x), and nitrogen oxides (NO_x), compared to conventional fuels. In addition, LNG combustion produces less [...] Read more.

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is increasingly used as a marine fuel due to its capacity to significantly reduce emissions of particulate matter, sulfur oxides (SO_x), and nitrogen oxides (NO_x), compared to conventional fuels. In addition, LNG combustion produces less carbon dioxide (CO₂) than conventional marine fuels, and the use of non-fossil LNG offers further potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, this benefit can be partially offset by methane slip—the release of unburned methane in engine exhaust—which has a much higher global warming potential than CO₂. This study presents an experimental evaluation of methane emissions from a RoPax vessel powered by low-pressure dual-fuel four-stroke engines with a direct mechanical propulsion system. Methane slip was measured directly during onboard testing and combined with a year-long analysis of engine operation using an Engine Load Monitoring (ELM) method. The yearly average methane slip coefficient (C_slip) obtained was 1.57%, slightly lower than values reported in previous studies on cruise ships (1.7%), and significantly lower than the default values specified by the FuelEU (3.1%) Maritime regulation and IMO (3.5%) LCA guidelines. This result reflects the ship’s operational profile, characterized by long crossings at high and stable engine loads. This study provides results that could support more representative emission assessments and can contribute to ongoing regulatory discussions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance and Emission Characteristics of Marine Engines)

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25 pages, 17002 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Hydrodynamic and Cavitation Characteristics of Two-Element Hydrofoil Systems for Fully Submerged Hydrofoil Craft: Influence Analysis of Key Geometric Parameters

by Meishen Yu, Hongyu Li, Yu Zhang, Qunhong Tian, Shaobo Yang, Zongsheng Wang and Weizhuang Ma

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1378; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071378 - 20 Jul 2025

This study investigates the effects of key geometric parameters on the hydrodynamic and cavitation characteristics of two-element hydrofoil systems for fully submerged unmanned hydrofoil craft, aiming to solve their active stabilization problems. Using STARCCM+ software, the RANS method, and the SST k-ω turbulence [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effects of key geometric parameters on the hydrodynamic and cavitation characteristics of two-element hydrofoil systems for fully submerged unmanned hydrofoil craft, aiming to solve their active stabilization problems. Using STARCCM+ software, the RANS method, and the SST k-ω turbulence model, the research analyzes the impacts of flap deflection angle (α), main wing-to-flap chord ratio (c1/c2), and spacing (g). Results show that when the spacing is fixed, increasing the chord ratio reduces the lift and drag coefficients. When the chord ratio is fixed, increasing the spacing causes the lift and drag coefficients to first rise and then fall. With increasing flap deflection angle (α), cavitation intensifies, but it can be suppressed by increasing the chord ratio, reaching a minimum at g = 2.4%c1. The optimal configuration is c1/c2 = 1.5 and g = 2.4%c1, which can balance the lift–drag performance and anti-cavitation capability. This study provides a scientific basis for solving the active stabilization problems of fully submerged unmanned hydrofoil craft and insights for enhancing their seakeeping performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Ship and Offshore Hydrodynamics 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 1216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Power Assessment and Performance Comparison of Wind Turbines Driven by Multivariate Environmental Factors

by Bubin Wang, Bin Zhou, Denghao Zhu, Mingheng Zou, Zhao Rao, Haoxuan Luo and Weihao Ji

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1377; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071377 - 20 Jul 2025

The increasing deployment of turbines installed offshore is critical for sustainable energy development, yet accurate performance assessment remains challenging due to complex environmental influences, diverse turbine control strategies, and issues with data quality. Traditional performance metrics and power curve models often fail to [...] Read more.

The increasing deployment of turbines installed offshore is critical for sustainable energy development, yet accurate performance assessment remains challenging due to complex environmental influences, diverse turbine control strategies, and issues with data quality. Traditional performance metrics and power curve models often fail to provide reliable cross-turbine comparisons because they neglect multivariate environmental factors and turbine-specific biases. To address these limitations, this study develops a novel multivariate environmental factor-driven power assessment framework employing segmented long short-term memory (LSTM) models. A hybrid data cleaning method, combining bidirectional quartile analysis with the power curtailment detection, is proposed to effectively identify outliers, including subtle anomalies within typical data ranges. Samples are segmented based on rated wind speed to reflect differences in control strategies, and turbine-specific operational parameters are excluded to ensure unbiased comparisons among turbines. The proposed method achieves substantial improvements in predictive accuracy, with decreases of 9.39% in mean absolute error (MAE) and 11.75% in root mean square error (RMSE), compared to conventional binning approaches. When applied to three 5.5 MW offshore wind turbines, the proposed method reveals significant differences among the units. Turbine A demonstrates the highest performance, while turbines B and C exhibit reductions of 14.35% and 8.29%, respectively. Operational state analysis shows that turbine B experiences substantially longer maintenance durations, indicating severe faults that adversely affect its operational reliability and power output. These findings provide valuable insights for maintenance prioritization and performance benchmarking among wind turbines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy Technologies in China)

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14 pages, 1681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential of Bioinspired Artificial Vaginas to Improve Semen Quality in Dolphins

by Jacquline Rich, Guillermo J. Sánchez-Contreras, Jonathan R. Cowart and Dara N. Orbach

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1376; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071376 - 19 Jul 2025

Semen collection is an important component of conservation and animal husbandry. Semen quality is generally improved using voluntary collection methods, particularly artificial vaginas (AVs). Most commercially available AVs are tube-shaped with few species-specific design augmentations. As genitalia are highly variable across taxa, incorporating [...] Read more.

Semen collection is an important component of conservation and animal husbandry. Semen quality is generally improved using voluntary collection methods, particularly artificial vaginas (AVs). Most commercially available AVs are tube-shaped with few species-specific design augmentations. As genitalia are highly variable across taxa, incorporating species-specific genital morphologies into AV designs may enhance collected semen quality. We compared dolphin semen quality using: (1) silicone bioinspired artificial vaginas (BAVs) that reflect the internal shape of dolphin vaginas, and (2) manual stimulation. Sperm motility and kinematic parameters of five bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) were assessed using computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA). Sperm collected using BAVs showed non-significant increases in median progressive and rapid motility, and increases in median and mean linear motility, supporting a sexual selection functional hypothesis for the biodiverse vaginal folds unique to whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Sperm concentration decreased with BAV collection, while no consistent trends were detected in volume, pH, velocity, or plasma membrane integrity. Modifications to AVs for other species that incorporate genital morphologies may also optimize collected semen quality for application to artificial insemination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Biology)

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31 pages, 5988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Upstream Channel of a Ship Lift on the Hydrodynamic Performance of a Fleet Entry Chamber and Design of Traction Scheme

by Haichao Chang, Qiang Zheng, Zuyuan Liu, Yu Yao, Xide Cheng, Baiwei Feng and Chengsheng Zhan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1375; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071375 - 18 Jul 2025

This study investigates the hydrodynamic performance of ships entering a ship lift compartment that is under the influence of upstream channel geometry and proposes a mechanical traction scheme to enhance operational safety and efficiency. Utilizing a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) [...] Read more.

This study investigates the hydrodynamic performance of ships entering a ship lift compartment that is under the influence of upstream channel geometry and proposes a mechanical traction scheme to enhance operational safety and efficiency. Utilizing a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach with overlapping grid technology, numerical simulations were conducted for both single and grouped ships navigating through varying water depths, speeds, and shore distances. The results revealed significant transverse force oscillations near the floating navigation wall due to unilateral shore effects, posing risks of deviation. The cargo ship experienced drastic resistance fluctuations in shallow-to-very-shallow-water transitions, while tugboats were notably affected by hydrodynamic interactions during group entry. A mechanical traction system with a four-link robotic arm was designed and analyzed kinematically and statically, demonstrating structural feasibility under converted real-ship traction forces (55.1 kN). The key findings emphasize the need for collision avoidance measures in wall sections and validate the proposed traction scheme for safe and efficient ship entry/exit. This research provides critical insights for optimizing ship lift operations in restricted waters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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20 pages, 3986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sentinel-2 Satellite-Derived Bathymetry with Data-Efficient Domain Adaptation

by Christos G. E. Anagnostopoulos, Vassilios Papaioannou, Konstantinos Vlachos, Anastasia Moumtzidou, Ilias Gialampoukidis, Stefanos Vrochidis and Ioannis Kompatsiaris

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1374; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071374 - 18 Jul 2025

Satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB) enables the efficient mapping of shallow waters such as coastal zones but typically requires extensive local ground truth data to achieve high accuracy. This study evaluates the effectiveness of transfer learning in reducing this requirement while keeping estimation accuracy at [...] Read more.

Satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB) enables the efficient mapping of shallow waters such as coastal zones but typically requires extensive local ground truth data to achieve high accuracy. This study evaluates the effectiveness of transfer learning in reducing this requirement while keeping estimation accuracy at acceptable levels by adapting a deep learning model pretrained on data from Puck Lagoon (Poland) to a new coastal site in Agia Napa (Cyprus). Leveraging the open MagicBathyNet benchmark dataset and a lightweight U-Net architecture, three scenarios were studied and compared: direct inference to Cyprus, site-specific training in Cyprus, and fine-tuning from Poland to Cyprus with incrementally larger subsets of training data. Results demonstrate that fine-tuning with 15 samples reduces RMSE by over 50% relative to the direct inference baseline. In addition, the domain adaptation approach using 15 samples shows comparable performance to the site-specific model trained on all available data in Cyprus. Depth-stratified error analysis and paired statistical tests confirm that around 15 samples represent a practical lower bound for stable SDB, according to the MagicBathyNet benchmark. The findings of this work provide quantitative evidence on the effectiveness of deploying data-efficient SDB pipelines in settings of limited in situ surveys, as well as a practical lower bound for clear and shallow coastal waters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)

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20 pages, 20152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of the Internal and External Flow Field of a Semi-Submersible Aquaculture Platform with Multiple Net Cage Configuration

by Bo Hu, Jiawen Li, Juncheng Ruan, Jiawei Hao and Ji Huang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1373; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071373 - 18 Jul 2025

To achieve efficient and sustainable marine aquaculture, STAR-CCM+ was used to simulate the internal and external field characteristics of a semi-submersible aquaculture platform based on a porous media model, focusing on the influence of incoming flow velocity and net solidity ratio. The results [...] Read more.

To achieve efficient and sustainable marine aquaculture, STAR-CCM+ was used to simulate the internal and external field characteristics of a semi-submersible aquaculture platform based on a porous media model, focusing on the influence of incoming flow velocity and net solidity ratio. The results indicate that the flow field distribution around the platform exhibits no significant regularity and that low-velocity vortex regions are primarily concentrated near the pillars and nets. After velocity attenuation, the velocity reduction coefficients at the centers of the three cages are 90.26%, 63.65%, and 52.56%, respectively. Furthermore, the velocity attenuation inside the cages is minimally influenced by incoming flow velocity, with a maximum difference of 3.10%. In contrast, differences in net solidity ratio significantly affect velocity attenuation, particularly in downstream regions. The velocity reduction coefficient in the third cage varies by up to 43.25% depending on the net solidity ratio. These findings provide practical insights for the engineering design and application of aquaculture platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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26 pages, 4382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Biological Fouling on the Dynamic Responses of Integrated Foundation Structure of Floating Wind Turbine and Net Cage

by Yu Hu, Hao Liu, Yingyao Cheng, Jichao Lei and Junxin Liu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1372; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071372 - 18 Jul 2025

This paper proposes a novel integrated foundation structure of floating wind turbine and net cage by combining large capacity semi-submersible wind turbines with aquaculture cages. The research mainly focuses on the effect of biological fouling on net cage structures and safety performance of [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a novel integrated foundation structure of floating wind turbine and net cage by combining large capacity semi-submersible wind turbines with aquaculture cages. The research mainly focuses on the effect of biological fouling on net cage structures and safety performance of mooring systems. The study firstly validates the simplified model of net cage through comparing with results of existing scaled experimental models. Then, a hydrodynamic analysis is conducted on the net cage model to obtain the RAOs of motion response of the structure under frequency-domain analysis, and damping correction is also carried out on the structure. Finally, time-domain analyses under irregular wave conditions are conducted to evaluate the effects of biofouling fouling on motion responses of net cage foundation and tensions of mooring lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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33 pages, 6970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wake Characteristics and Thermal Properties of Underwater Vehicle Based on DDES Numerical Simulation

by Yu Lu, Jiacheng Cui, Bing Liu, Shuai Shi and Wu Shao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1371; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071371 - 18 Jul 2025

Investigating the coupled hydrodynamic and thermal wakes induced by underwater vehicles is vital for non-acoustic detection and environmental monitoring. Here, the standard SUBOFF model is simulated under eight operating conditions—speeds of 10, 15, and 20 kn; depths of 10, 20, and 30 m; [...] Read more.

Investigating the coupled hydrodynamic and thermal wakes induced by underwater vehicles is vital for non-acoustic detection and environmental monitoring. Here, the standard SUBOFF model is simulated under eight operating conditions—speeds of 10, 15, and 20 kn; depths of 10, 20, and 30 m; and both with and without thermal discharge—using Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) coupled with the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. Results indicate that, under heat emission conditions, higher speeds accelerate wake temperature decay, making the thermal wake difficult to detect downstream; without heat emission, turbulent mixing dominates the temperature field, and speed effects are minor. With increased speed, wake vorticity at a fixed location grows by about 30%, free-surface wave height rises from 0.05 to 0.15 m, and wavelength remains around 1.8 m, all positively correlated with speed. Dive depth is negatively correlated with wave height, decreasing from 0.15 to 0.04 m as depth increases from 5 to 20 m, while wavelength remains largely unchanged. At a 10 m submergence depth, the thermal wake is clearly detectable on the surface but becomes hard to detect beyond 20 m, indicating a pronounced depth effect on its visibility. These results not only confirm the positive correlation between vessel speed and wake vorticity reported in earlier studies but also extend those findings by providing the first quantitative evaluation of how submergence depth critically limits thermal wake visibility beyond 20 m. This research provides quantitative evaluations of wake characteristics under varying speeds, depths, and heat emissions, offering valuable insights for stealth navigation and detection technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Ship Fluid Mechanics)

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18 pages, 9419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

STNet: Prediction of Underwater Sound Speed Profiles with an Advanced Semi-Transformer Neural Network

by Wei Huang, Junpeng Lu, Jiajun Lu, Yanan Wu, Hao Zhang and Tianhe Xu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1370; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071370 - 18 Jul 2025

The real-time acquisition of an accurate underwater sound velocity profile (SSP) is crucial for tracking the propagation trajectory of underwater acoustic signals, making it play a key role in ocean communication positioning. SSPs can be directly measured by instruments or inverted leveraging sound [...] Read more.

The real-time acquisition of an accurate underwater sound velocity profile (SSP) is crucial for tracking the propagation trajectory of underwater acoustic signals, making it play a key role in ocean communication positioning. SSPs can be directly measured by instruments or inverted leveraging sound field data. Although measurement techniques provide a good accuracy, they are constrained by limited spatial coverage and require a substantial time investment. The inversion method based on the real-time measurement of acoustic field data improves operational efficiency but loses the accuracy of SSP estimation and suffers from limited spatial applicability due to its stringent requirements for ocean observation infrastructures. To achieve accurate long-term ocean SSP estimation independent of real-time underwater data measurements, we propose a semi-transformer neural network (STNet) specifically designed for simulating sound velocity distribution patterns from the perspective of time series prediction. The proposed network architecture incorporates an optimized self-attention mechanism to effectively capture long-range temporal dependencies within historical sound velocity time-series data, facilitating an accurate estimation of current SSPs or prediction of future SSPs. Through the architectural optimization of the transformer framework and integration of a time encoding mechanism, STNet could effectively improve computational efficiency. For long-term forecasting (using the Pacific Ocean as a case study), STNet achieved an annual average RMSE of 0.5811 m/s, outperforming the best baseline model, H-LSTM, by 26%. In short-term forecasting for the South China Sea, STNet further reduced the RMSE to 0.1385 m/s, demonstrating a 51% improvement over H-LSTM. Comparative experimental results revealed that STNet outperformed state-of-the-art models in predictive accuracy and maintained good computational efficiency, demonstrating its potential for enabling accurate long-term full-depth ocean SSP forecasting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ocean Climate: Deep Learning, Statistical Methods and Dynamical Modeling)

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28 pages, 3717 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Innovative Strategies for the Coverage Problem: Path Planning, Search Optimization, and Applications in Underwater Robotics

by Ahmed Ibrahim, Francisco F. C. Rego and Éric Busvelle

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1369; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071369 - 18 Jul 2025

In many applications, including underwater robotics, the coverage problem requires an autonomous vehicle to systematically explore a defined area while minimizing redundancy and avoiding obstacles. This paper investigates coverage path-planning strategies to enhance the efficiency of underwater gliders particularly in maximizing the probability [...] Read more.

In many applications, including underwater robotics, the coverage problem requires an autonomous vehicle to systematically explore a defined area while minimizing redundancy and avoiding obstacles. This paper investigates coverage path-planning strategies to enhance the efficiency of underwater gliders particularly in maximizing the probability of detecting a radioactive source while ensuring safe navigation. We evaluate three path-planning approaches: the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), Minimum Spanning Tree (MST), and the Optimal Control Problem (OCP). Simulations were conducted in MATLAB R2020a, comparing processing time, uncovered areas, path length, and traversal time. Results indicate that the OCP is preferable when traversal time is constrained, although it incurs significantly higher computational costs. Conversely, MST-based approaches provide faster but fewer optimal solutions. These findings offer insights into selecting appropriate algorithms based on mission priorities, balancing efficiency and computational feasbility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Underwater Robotic Software Systems)

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19 pages, 14823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatio-Temporal Variability in Coastal Sediment Texture in the Vicinity of Hydrotechnical Structures Along a Sandy Coast: Southeastern Baltic Sea (Lithuania)

by Donatas Pupienis, Aira Dubikaltienė, Dovilė Karlonienė, Gintautas Žilinskas and Darius Jarmalavičius

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1368; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071368 - 18 Jul 2025

Hydrotechnical structures reshape sandy coasts by altering hydrodynamics and sediment transport, yet their long-term effects on sediment texture remain underexplored, particularly in the Baltic Sea. This study investigates the spatial and temporal variations in sediment grain size near two ports (Šventoji and Klaipėda) [...] Read more.

Hydrotechnical structures reshape sandy coasts by altering hydrodynamics and sediment transport, yet their long-term effects on sediment texture remain underexplored, particularly in the Baltic Sea. This study investigates the spatial and temporal variations in sediment grain size near two ports (Šventoji and Klaipėda) on the sandy Baltic Sea coast, considering the influence of jetties, nourishment, and geological framework. A total of 246 surface sand samples were collected from beach and foredune zones between 1993 and 2018. These samples were analyzed in relation to shoreline changes, hydrodynamic data, and geological context. The results show that sediment texture is most affected within 1–2 km downdrift and up to 4–5 km updrift of port structures. Downdrift areas tend to contain coarser, poorly sorted sediments because of erosion and the exposure of deeper strata, while updrift zones accumulate finer, well-sorted sands via longshore transport. In the long term, the geological framework controls sediment characteristics. In the medium term, introduced material that differs in grain size from natural beach sediments may alter the texture of the sediment, either coarsening or refining it. The latter slowly returns to its natural texture. Short-term changes are driven by storm events. These findings highlight the importance of integrating structural interventions, nourishment practices, and geological understanding for sustainable coastal management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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15 pages, 2932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization Study of the Line Array Layout of Slope–Pendulum Wave Energy Conversion Device

by Yue Zhao, Zhanhong Wan, Ze Li and Guiyu Cao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071367 - 18 Jul 2025

The development of wave energy is of great ecological and commercial value. This paper studies the linear vertical array arrangement of the slope–pendulum wave energy conversion device (S-PWEC). Based on the WEC-Sim open-source program, we build four wave energy-generating devices with linear vertical [...] Read more.

The development of wave energy is of great ecological and commercial value. This paper studies the linear vertical array arrangement of the slope–pendulum wave energy conversion device (S-PWEC). Based on the WEC-Sim open-source program, we build four wave energy-generating devices with linear vertical array distributions to study the power generation performance of the array platform and establish the factors influencing the array. S-PWEC is affected by radiation and a shading effect from neighboring devices in a linear vertical array configuration. The overall and individual power generation efficiencies are similar. An increase in the number of devices in the linear vertical array exacerbates the fluctuation of wave excitation moment and output power, indicating that there exists an optimal array configuration for maximizing the power generation efficiency. The performance of the array devices is significantly affected by the direction of incoming waves, and the spacing of the arrays should therefore be adjusted according to the periods of the sea state: increasing the spacing in small periods and decreasing the spacing in large periods can effectively improve the overall power generation. In the future, we will continue to study other array forms of S-PWEC to improve the conversion efficiency of array wave power generation devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Energy Maximizing Control Systems for Wave Energy Converters—3rd Edition)

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19 pages, 9601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Hour Sea Level Oscillations in Halifax Harbour

by Dan Kelley, Clark Richards, Ruby Yee, Alex Hay, Knut Klingbeil, Phillip MacAulay and Ruth Musgrave

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1366; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071366 - 17 Jul 2025

Halifax Harbour, a major seaport in Nova Scotia that is approximately 100 km southeast of the Bay of Fundy, comprises a deep inner region called Bedford Basin, connected to the adjacent ocean by a shallow channel called The Narrows. A study of sea [...] Read more.

Halifax Harbour, a major seaport in Nova Scotia that is approximately 100 km southeast of the Bay of Fundy, comprises a deep inner region called Bedford Basin, connected to the adjacent ocean by a shallow channel called The Narrows. A study of sea level and currents reveals the presence of episodic oscillations in The Narrows, with a period of approximately 2 h. The oscillation strength varies from day to day and, to some extent, through the seasons. The median amplitude of the associated sea level variation is

18 %

that of the de-tided signal, rising to

32 %

at the 95-th percentile. Values this large may be of concern for the transit of deep-draft vessels through shallow parts of the harbour and for the clearance of tall vessels under the two bridges that span The Narrows. Another concerning issue is the matter of oscillations being superimposed on storm surges. In addition to such direct effects of sea level variation, shear associated with the oscillations may increase the turbulent mixing in the region, affecting the overall state of this estuarine system. We explore the nature of the oscillations as a first step towards the improvement of prediction schemes for sea level and currents in the region. This involves an analysis of the oscillations in the context of seiche and Helmholtz resonance theories and the use of a 2D numerical model to handle realistic bathymetric conditions and other complications that the simpler theories cannot address. We conclude that the predictions of Helmholtz resonance theory are in reasonable agreement with both the observations and the predictions of the numerical model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Modelling and Environmental Statistics in Honor of Professor Keith Thompson)

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14 pages, 16969 KiB

Open AccessArticle

FTT: A Frequency-Aware Texture Matching Transformer for Digital Bathymetry Model Super-Resolution

by Peikun Xiao, Jianping Wu and Yingjie Wang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1365; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071365 - 17 Jul 2025

Deep learning has shown significant advantages over traditional spatial interpolation methods in single image super-resolution (SISR). Recently, many studies have applied super-resolution (SR) methods to generate high-resolution (HR) digital bathymetry models (DBMs), but substantial differences between DBM and natural images have been ignored, [...] Read more.

Deep learning has shown significant advantages over traditional spatial interpolation methods in single image super-resolution (SISR). Recently, many studies have applied super-resolution (SR) methods to generate high-resolution (HR) digital bathymetry models (DBMs), but substantial differences between DBM and natural images have been ignored, which leads to serious distortions and inaccuracies. Given the critical role of HR DBM in marine resource exploitation, economic development, and scientific innovation, we propose a frequency-aware texture matching transformer (FTT) for DBM SR, incorporating global terrain feature extraction (GTFE), high-frequency feature extraction (HFFE), and a terrain matching block (TMB). GTFE has the capability to perceive spatial heterogeneity and spatial locations, allowing it to accurately capture large-scale terrain features. HFFE can explicitly extract high-frequency priors beneficial for DBM SR and implicitly refine the representation of high-frequency information in the global terrain feature. TMB improves fidelity of generated HR DBM by generating position offsets to restore warped textures in deep features. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed FTT has superior performance in terms of elevation, slope, aspect, and fidelity of generated HR DBM. Notably, the root mean square error (RMSE) of elevation in steep terrain has been reduced by 4.89 m, which is a significant improvement in the accuracy and precision of the reconstruction. This research holds significant implications for improving the accuracy of DBM SR methods and the usefulness of HR bathymetry products for future marine research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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21 pages, 2832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Crossover Adjustment Method Considering the Beam Incident Angle for a Multibeam Bathymetric Survey Based on USV Swarms

by Qiang Yuan, Weiming Xu, Shaohua Jin and Tong Sun

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1364; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071364 - 17 Jul 2025

Multibeam echosounder systems (MBESs) are widely used in unmanned surface vehicle swarms (USVs) to perform various marine bathymetry surveys because of their excellent performance. To address the challenges of systematic error superposition and edge beam error propagation in multibeam bathymetry surveying, this study [...] Read more.

Multibeam echosounder systems (MBESs) are widely used in unmanned surface vehicle swarms (USVs) to perform various marine bathymetry surveys because of their excellent performance. To address the challenges of systematic error superposition and edge beam error propagation in multibeam bathymetry surveying, this study proposes a novel error adjustment method integrating crossover error density clustering and beam incident angle (BIA) compensation. Firstly, a bathymetry error detection model was developed based on adaptive Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN). By optimizing the neighborhood radius and minimum sample threshold through analyzing sliding-window curvature, the method achieved the automatic identification of outliers, reducing crossover discrepancies from ±150 m to ±50 m in the deep sea at a depth of approximately 5000 m. Secondly, an asymmetric quadratic surface correction model was established by incorporating the BIA as a key parameter. A dynamic weight matrix ω = 1/(1 + 0.5θ²) was introduced to suppress edge beam errors, combined with Tikhonov regularization to resolve ill-posed matrix issues. Experimental validation in the Western Pacific demonstrated that the RMSE of crossover points decreased by about 30.4% and the MAE was reduced by 57.3%. The proposed method effectively corrects residual systematic errors while maintaining topographic authenticity, providing a reference for improving the quality of multibeam bathymetric data obtained via USVs and enhancing measurement efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technical Applications and Latest Discoveries in Seafloor Mapping)

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