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Identification of Ship Maneuvering Behavior Using Singular Value Decomposition-Based Hydrodynamic Variations
Ship Design Optimization for the Effect of Wind Propulsion
Integration of a Subsea Radioactivity Sensor in the COSYNA Network
Baseline Assessment of Black Sea Food Web Integrity Using a Zooplankton-Based Approach Under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive
Textural, Mineralogical and Chromatic Characterisation of the Beach Sediments of Cuba: Management Implications

Journal Description

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on marine science and engineering, published monthly online by MDPI. The Australia New Zealand Marine Biotechnology Society (ANZMBS) is affiliated with JMSE and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed with Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, GeoRef, Inspec, AGRIS, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Engineering, Marine) / CiteScore - Q2 (Ocean Engineering)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.4 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.

Impact Factor: 2.7 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 2.8 (2023)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2077-1312

Latest Articles

15 pages, 2651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Creep Behavior and Quantitative Prediction of Marine Soft Clay Based on a Nonlinear Elasto-Plastic–Viscous Element Assembly Model

by Yajun Liu, Ning Fang, Yang Zheng, Ke Wu, Rong Chen, Haijun Lu and Vu Quoc Vuong

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1142; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061142 - 8 Jun 2025

Marine soft clay is characterized by a high water content and low strength, exhibiting pronounced creep deformation under long-term loading that threatens the serviceability and durability of coastal infrastructure. Accordingly, this study develops a creep constitutive model that combines elastic, plastic, and viscous [...] Read more.

Marine soft clay is characterized by a high water content and low strength, exhibiting pronounced creep deformation under long-term loading that threatens the serviceability and durability of coastal infrastructure. Accordingly, this study develops a creep constitutive model that combines elastic, plastic, and viscous effects and quantitatively evaluates time-dependent deformation under varying water contents and stress levels to provide reliable prediction tools for tunnel, excavation, and pile-foundation design. Cyclic creep tests were carried out on reconstituted marine soft clay with water contents of 40–60% and stress ratios of 0.4–1.2 using a pneumatic, fully digital, closed-loop triaxial apparatus. A “nonlinear spring–Bingham slider–dual viscous dashpot in parallel with a standard Kelvin dashpot” element assembly was proposed, and the complete stress–strain relationship was derived. Experimental data were fitted with Python to generate a creep-strain polynomial and verify the model accuracy. The predicted–measured creep difference remained within 10%, and the surface-fit coefficient of determination reached R² = 0.97, enabling rapid estimation of deformation for the given stress and time conditions. The findings offer an effective method for the precise long-term settlement prediction of marine soft clay and significantly enhance the reliability of the deformation assessments in coastal civil-engineering projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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32 pages, 27648 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Analysis of Marine Scaffold Under Coupled Environmental Loads

by Pengkai Wang, Gang Yao, Yang Yang and Haiyang Qin

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061141 - 8 Jun 2025

Structural instability in marine scaffold systems often causes serious economic losses and casualties. In this study, a multi-parameter coupled model was established based on the MIDAS GEN finite element analysis platform to investigate the influence mechanisms of key parameters on the overall stability [...] Read more.

Structural instability in marine scaffold systems often causes serious economic losses and casualties. In this study, a multi-parameter coupled model was established based on the MIDAS GEN finite element analysis platform to investigate the influence mechanisms of key parameters on the overall stability of marine scaffold systems. To quantify the impact levels of the key parameters, a sensitivity analysis framework was established using an orthogonal experimental design approach and the corresponding compliance detection index and instability early-warning mechanisms were proposed. The results indicate that the overall stability of the scaffold system initially increases and then decreases with the rise in the adjustable base height. Variations in the cantilever length of the adjustable bracket within the range of 100–650 mm have no significant effect on the system’s overall stability. The absence of diagonal brace at the bottom, top, and facade ends significantly reduces structural stability. Increased vertical offset markedly degrades stability, whereas horizontal offset within ±5 mm has a negligible effect. The key parameters affecting the structural stability, ranked in descending order of significance, are as follows: absence of diagonal braces, verticality offset of the vertical bar, height of the adjustable base, horizontality offset of the horizontal bar, and cantilever length of the adjustable bracket. Finally, an early-warning assessment system for the scaffold structure was established. The research findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing marine scaffold design, enhancing construction safety, and formulating relevant standards and specifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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30 pages, 2192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Ship Engine Fuel Consumption Prediction Algorithm Based on Adaptive Optimization Generative Network

by Defu Zhang, Yuxuan Song, Jianfeng Gao, Zhenyu Shen, Liangkuan Li and Anren Yao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1140; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061140 - 8 Jun 2025

With the long-term operation of ships, the performance of marine diesel engines gradually declines due to the wear of internal moving components, increasing the risk of potential failures. Fuel consumption is a critical indicator for assessing engine operating conditions, and accurately predicting baseline [...] Read more.

With the long-term operation of ships, the performance of marine diesel engines gradually declines due to the wear of internal moving components, increasing the risk of potential failures. Fuel consumption is a critical indicator for assessing engine operating conditions, and accurately predicting baseline fuel consumption under normal operating conditions is essential for evaluating ship energy efficiency and conducting fault diagnosis. To address common issues in marine engine operational data, such as noise pollution, missing values, inconsistent scales, and feature redundancy, a Diesel Engine Data Enhancement and Optimization Framework (DEOF) was developed to systematically improve data quality. Furthermore, to overcome the limitations of existing models, such as insufficient prediction accuracy and poor stability under complex operating conditions, a Meta-learning Diffusion Residual Attention Network (MD-RAN) is proposed. This approach leverages the strengths of diffusion models in nonlinear generative modeling, integrates meta-learning mechanisms to enhance task adaptation speed, employs multi-head attention modules to strengthen feature extraction, and incorporates dynamic residual connections to improve training stability and flexibility. The data used in this study were collected from real-world operations of ocean-going vessels, ensuring high representativeness. This paper systematically benchmarks the proposed model with the traditional learning model. The results are verified to be effective. The MD-RAN algorithm is significantly better than the original model in terms of prediction accuracy, stability, and nonlinear expression ability. The R² value can reach 0.9853, and the RMSE and MAE are as low as 1.5801 and 1.1879, respectively. Its feasibility will be further evaluated in practical applications in the future. This study not only provides a systematic data-driven modeling framework, offering technical insights for constructing high-quality datasets, but also establishes a novel generative modeling approach for marine diesel engine fuel consumption prediction, providing robust support for intelligent engine maintenance and energy efficiency optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

29 pages, 5107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Rip Current Occurrences at Featureless Beaches Using Boussinesq Modeling

by Yuli Liu, Changming Dong, Xiang Li and Fan Yang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1139; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061139 - 7 Jun 2025

Rip currents at featureless beaches (i.e., beaches lacking sandbars or channels) are often hydrodynamically controlled, exhibiting intermittent and unpredictable behaviors that pose significant risks to recreational beach users. This study assessed occurrences of rip currents under a range of idealized morphology configurations and [...] Read more.

Rip currents at featureless beaches (i.e., beaches lacking sandbars or channels) are often hydrodynamically controlled, exhibiting intermittent and unpredictable behaviors that pose significant risks to recreational beach users. This study assessed occurrences of rip currents under a range of idealized morphology configurations and hydrodynamic wave forcing parameters using a wave-resolving Boussinesq-type model. Numerical experiments revealed that rip currents with durations on the time scale of 10 min are generated in the forms of vortex pairs, intensified eddies, mega-rips, and eddies shedding from longshore currents. In general, the key conditions that promote rip current formation at featureless beaches include shoreline curvature, headlands, moderately mild beach slopes (e.g., 0.02–0.03), normal or near-normal wave incidence, and large wave heights. Most importantly, this study highlights inherent uncertainties in rip current occurrences, particularly under conditions usually perceived as low risk: low wave heights, short wave periods, oblique wave incidence, and straight shorelines. These conditions can lead to transient rip currents and pose an unexpected hazard that coastal communities should be aware of. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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28 pages, 11527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tracking of Fin Whales Using a Power Detector, Source Wavelet Extraction, and Cross-Correlation on Recordings Close to Triplets of Hydrophones

by Ronan Le Bras, Peter Nielsen and Paulina Bittner

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061138 - 7 Jun 2025

Whale signals originating in the vicinity of a triplet of underwater hydrophones, at a 2 km distance from each other, are recorded at the three sensors. They offer the opportunity to test simple models of propagation applied in the immediate neighborhood of the [...] Read more.

Whale signals originating in the vicinity of a triplet of underwater hydrophones, at a 2 km distance from each other, are recorded at the three sensors. They offer the opportunity to test simple models of propagation applied in the immediate neighborhood of the triplet, by comparing the arrival times and amplitudes of direct and reflected paths between the whale and the three hydrophones. Examples of recordings of individual fin whales passing by hydrophone triplets, based on the characteristics of their vocalizations around 20 Hz, are presented. Two types of calls are observed and their source wavelets extracted. Time segments are delimited around each call using a power detector. The time of arrival of the direct wave to the sensor and the Time Differences of Arrivals (TDOA) between sensors are obtained by correlation of the extracted source wavelets within the time segments. In addition to direct arrival, multiple reflections and the delays between the reflection and the direct arrival are automatically picked. A grid-search method of tracking the calls is presented based on the TDOA between three hydrophones and reflection delay times. Estimates of the depth of vocalization of the whale are made assuming a simple straight ray propagation model. The amplitude ratios between two hydrophones follow the spherical amplitude decay law of one over distance when the cetacean is in the immediate vicinity of the triplet, in a circle of radius 1.5 km sharing its center with the triplet’s center. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Underwater Acoustic Communication and Ocean Sensor Networks)

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39 pages, 4219 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bottom-Simulating Reflectors (BSRs) in Gas Hydrate Systems: A Comprehensive Review

by Shiyuan Shi, Linsen Zhan, Wenjiu Cai, Ran Yang and Hailong Lu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1137; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061137 - 6 Jun 2025

The bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) serves as an important seismic indicator for identifying gas hydrate-bearing sediments. This review synthesizes global BSR observations and demonstrates that spatial relationships among BSRs, free gas, and gas hydrates frequently deviate from one-to-one correspondence. Moreover, our analysis reveals that [...] Read more.

The bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) serves as an important seismic indicator for identifying gas hydrate-bearing sediments. This review synthesizes global BSR observations and demonstrates that spatial relationships among BSRs, free gas, and gas hydrates frequently deviate from one-to-one correspondence. Moreover, our analysis reveals that more than 35% of global BSRs occur shallower than the bases of gas hydrate stability zones, especially in deepwater regions, suggesting that the BSRs more accurately represent the interface between the gas hydrate occurrence zone and the underlying free gas zone. BSR morphology is influenced by geological settings, sediment properties, and seismic acquisition parameters. We find that ~70–80% of BSRs occur in fine-grained, grain-displacive sediments with hydrate lenses/nodules, while coarse-grained pore-filling sediments host <20%. BSR interpretation remains challenging due to limitations in traditional P-wave seismic profiles and conventional amplitude versus offset (AVO) analysis, which hinder accurate fluid identification. To address these gaps, future research should focus on frequency-dependent AVO inversion based on viscoelastic theory, multicomponent full-waveform inversion, improved anisotropy assessment, and quantitative links between rock microstructure and elastic properties. These innovations will shift BSR research from static feature mapping to dynamic process analysis, enhancing hydrate detection and our understanding of hydrate–environment interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Marine Gas Hydrates)

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18 pages, 4464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Convolution Kernels Construction Based on Unsupervised Learning for Underwater Acoustic Detection

by Hao Yin, Chao Li, Haibin Wang, Jun Wang, Fan Yin, Zili Qin and Chuxian Wang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061136 - 6 Jun 2025

In the field of Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation, due to the complexity of ocean noise and the limitations of using array apertures, the bearing time record (BTR) obtained by CBF typically exhibits low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and wide mainlobe width. To address [...] Read more.

In the field of Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation, due to the complexity of ocean noise and the limitations of using array apertures, the bearing time record (BTR) obtained by CBF typically exhibits low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and wide mainlobe width. To address this issue, we propose an adaptive 2D convolution kernel construction method that utilizes an improved k-means clustering algorithm to extract adaptive mainlobe visual patterns from historical BTR data as convolution kernels. Experimental results show that our method can effectively reduce noise levels within multiple target environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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24 pages, 3793 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization Control of Flexible Power Supply System Applied to Offshore Wind–Solar Coupled Hydrogen Production

by Lishan Ma, Rui Dong, Qiang Fu, Chunjie Wang and Xingmin Li

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1135; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061135 - 6 Jun 2025

The inherent randomness and intermittency of offshore renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, pose significant challenges to the stable and secure operation of the power grid. These fluctuations directly affect the performance of grid-connected systems, particularly in terms of harmonic [...] Read more.

The inherent randomness and intermittency of offshore renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, pose significant challenges to the stable and secure operation of the power grid. These fluctuations directly affect the performance of grid-connected systems, particularly in terms of harmonic distortion and load response. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a novel harmonic control strategy and load response optimization approach. An integrated three-winding transformer filter is designed to mitigate high-frequency harmonics, and a control strategy based on converter-side current feedback is implemented to enhance system stability. Furthermore, a hybrid PI-VPI control scheme, combined with feedback filtering, is employed to improve the system’s transient recovery capability under fluctuating load and generation conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed control algorithm, based on a transformer-oriented model, effectively suppresses low-order harmonic currents. In addition, the system exhibits strong anti-interference performance during sudden voltage and power variations, providing a reliable foundation for the modulation and optimization of offshore wind–solar coupled hydrogen production power supply systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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18 pages, 16697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Abnormal Sea Level Rise in Offshore Waters of Bohai Sea in 2024

by Song Pan, Lu Liu, Yuyi Hu, Jie Zhang, Yongjun Jia and Weizeng Shao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061134 - 5 Jun 2025

The primary contribution of this study lies in analyzing the dynamic drivers during two anomalous sea level rise events in the Bohai Sea through coupled numeric modeling using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) integrated [...] Read more.

The primary contribution of this study lies in analyzing the dynamic drivers during two anomalous sea level rise events in the Bohai Sea through coupled numeric modeling using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) integrated with the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) module (hereafter referred to as FVCOM-SWAVE). WRF-derived wind speeds (0.05° grid resolution) were validated against Haiyang-2 (HY-2) scatterometer observations, yielding a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.88 m/s and a correlation coefficient (Cor) of 0.85. Similarly, comparisons of significant wave height (SWH) simulated by FVCOM-SWAVE (0.05° triangular mesh) with HY-2 altimeter data showed an RMSE of 0.67 m and a Cor of 0.84. Four FVCOM sensitivity experiments were conducted to assess drivers of sea level rise, validated against tide gauge observations. The results identified tides as the primary driver of sea level rise, with wind stress and elevation forcing (e.g., storm surge) amplifying variability, while currents exhibited negligible influence. During the two events, i.e., 20–21 October and 25–26 August 2024, elevation forcing contributed to localized sea level rises of 0.6 m in the northern and southern Bohai Sea and 1.1 m in the southern Bohai Sea. A 1 m surge in the northern region correlated with intense Yellow Sea winds (20 m/s) and waves (5 m SWH), which drove water masses into the Bohai Sea. Stokes transport (wave-driven circulation) significantly amplified water levels during the 21 October and 26 August peak, underscoring critical wave–tide interactions. This study highlights the necessity of incorporating tides, wind, elevation forcing, and wave effects into coastal hydrodynamic models to improve predictions of extreme sea level rise events. In contrast, the role of imposed boundary current can be marginalized in such scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction between Atmospheric and Oceanic Dynamics at Mesoscale and Small Scale)

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26 pages, 7105 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Self-Purification Process of Nutrients Entering Coastal Water from Land-Based Sources in Tieshan Bay, China: Insights from Incubation Experiments

by Fang Xu, Peng Zhang, Yingxian He, Huizi Long, Jibiao Zhang, Dongliang Lu and Chaoxing Ren

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1133; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061133 - 5 Jun 2025

Nutrients function as essential biological substrates for coastal phytoplankton growth and serve as pivotal indicators in marine environmental monitoring. The intensification of land-based nutrient sources inputs has exacerbated eutrophication in Chinese coastal water, while mechanistic understanding of differential self-purification processes among distinct land-based [...] Read more.

Nutrients function as essential biological substrates for coastal phytoplankton growth and serve as pivotal indicators in marine environmental monitoring. The intensification of land-based nutrient sources inputs has exacerbated eutrophication in Chinese coastal water, while mechanistic understanding of differential self-purification processes among distinct land-based source nutrients (river source, domestic source, aquaculture source, and industrial source) remains limited, constraining accurate assessment of bay’s self-purification capacity. This study conducted incubation experiments in Tieshan Bay (TSB) during Summer (June 2023) and winter (January 2024), systematically analyzing the self-purification process of nutrients and associated environmental drivers. Distinct source-specific patterns emerged: river inputs exhibited maximal dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) 1.390 ± 0.74 mg/L, whereas industrial discharges showed peak dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) 4.88 ± 1.45 mg/L. Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentrations varied markedly across sources, ranging from 34.97 ± 23.37 μg/L (domestic source) to 86.63 ± 77.08 μg/L (river source). First-order kinetics demonstrated significant source differentiation (p < 0.05). River-derived DIN exhibited the highest attenuation coefficient (−0.3244 ± 0.17 d⁻¹), contrasting with industrial-sourced DIP showing maximum depletion (−0.4332 ± 0.20 d⁻¹). Correlation analysis indicated that summer was significantly associated with the impacts of three key control factors pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity on nutrient dynamics (p < 0.05), whereas winter exhibited a stronger dependence on salinity. These parameters collectively may modulate microbial degradation pathways and particulate matter adsorption capacities. These findings establish quantitative thresholds for coastal nutrient buffering mechanisms, highlighting the necessity for source-specific eutrophication mitigation frameworks. The differential self-purification efficiencies underscore the importance of calibrating pollution control strategies according to both anthropogenic discharge characteristics and regional hydrochemical resilience, which is of key importance for ensuring the traceability and control of land-based sources of pollution into the sea and the scientific utilization of the self-purification capacity of the bay water body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Environmental Science)

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19 pages, 9714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Shear Wave Attenuation Laws in Granular Sediments Based on Bender Element Test Simulations

by Jingyu Tan, Yong Wang, Xuewen Lei and Jingqiang Miao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1132; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061132 - 5 Jun 2025

The propagation characteristics of shear waves in granular sediments are usually used to assess the dynamic response and liquefaction potential of marine engineering foundations. However, the mesoscopic processes by which the excitation frequency influences the shear wave propagation and attenuation remain unclear. In [...] Read more.

The propagation characteristics of shear waves in granular sediments are usually used to assess the dynamic response and liquefaction potential of marine engineering foundations. However, the mesoscopic processes by which the excitation frequency influences the shear wave propagation and attenuation remain unclear. In this study, based on a triaxial bender element (BE) test model, the shear wave behavior in uniform spherical particles was simulated by the discrete element method (DEM). It revealed that the BE excites shear waves in a point source manner and that the propagation processes within a triaxial unit cell assembly follow exponential attenuation patterns. Near the vibration source (10–100 kHz), the attenuation law of spherical wave propagation is dominated by friction slip and geometric diffusion in particles. At 0.7–3.5 wavelengths, the shear waves progressively transition to plane waves, and the attenuation law is governed by boundary absorption and viscous damping. At 2.9–10 wavelengths, near-field effects diminish, and planar wave propagation stabilizes. Higher excitation frequencies enhance friction slip, boundary absorption, and viscous damping, leading to frequency-dependent attenuation. The granular system exhibits segmented filtering, with cutoff frequencies dependent on the receiver location but independent of the excitation frequency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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32 pages, 596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing a STAMP-Based Port Risk Control Structure to Understand Interorganizational Risk Management in Canadian Ports

by Elvira Meléndez and Floris Goerlandt

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1131; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061131 - 5 Jun 2025

Interorganizational risk management (IRM) in Canadian ports faces significant challenges due to the interconnected nature of operations and the interdependence of safety, security, environmental, organizational, and technological risks. Existing siloed risk management frameworks often fail to capture these dynamic interrelations, underscoring the need [...] Read more.

Interorganizational risk management (IRM) in Canadian ports faces significant challenges due to the interconnected nature of operations and the interdependence of safety, security, environmental, organizational, and technological risks. Existing siloed risk management frameworks often fail to capture these dynamic interrelations, underscoring the need for a more integrated, systemic approach. This study introduces a Port Risk Control Structure (PRCS) designed specifically for Canadian Port Authorities (CPAs), based on the Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP). The PRCS maps control actions, feedback loops, and stakeholder roles across international, national, and local levels to better reflect the layered nature of port governance. The model aims to clarify the roles of key actors, such as the International Maritime Organization, Transport Canada, and local port stakeholders, and is designed to facilitate more structured risk identification, communication, and coordination across organizational levels. Although the model has not yet been empirically validated, its design suggests strong potential for scalability and adaptability across diverse port contexts. This research contributes to IRM literature by illustrating how STAMP principles can be operationalized within port systems. Future research will focus on integrating a taxonomy of IRM challenges to refine control structures and feedback mechanisms in response to evolving risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Hazards)

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17 pages, 1202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Dissolution of Al- and Zn-Based Galvanic Anodes on the Composition of Calcareous Deposits

by Florent Batisse, Malo Duportal, Céline Rémazeilles, Alban Edouard, Ludovic Meuriot and Philippe Refait

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1130; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061130 - 5 Jun 2025

The possible incorporation of Al and Zn issuing from galvanic anodes in the calcareous deposit forming on carbon steel surfaces subjected to cathodic protection was studied via three methodological approaches. The calcareous deposits were analyzed by X-ray diffraction for phase composition and X-ray [...] Read more.

The possible incorporation of Al and Zn issuing from galvanic anodes in the calcareous deposit forming on carbon steel surfaces subjected to cathodic protection was studied via three methodological approaches. The calcareous deposits were analyzed by X-ray diffraction for phase composition and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for chemical composition. First, a calcareous deposit formed on the steel pile of a seaport installation, sampled far (2 m) from the closest galvanic anode, was found to incorporate a small amount of the pollutants present in the seawater (Zn, Ti, Cu). An in situ experiment performed at another seaport focused on the calcareous deposit formed on steel surfaces close to the anode. In this case, a small amount of Zn directly issuing from the anode was incorporated in the deposit. This amount remained low as it corresponded to Zn(II) species adsorbed on the surface of aragonite crystals. Finally, laboratory experiments were performed with Zn(II) and/or Al(III) chlorides (10⁻³ mol L⁻¹ each) added to seawater. With both Zn(II) and Al(III), a Zn(II)-Al(III) hydroxychloride precipitated in the bulk seawater. With only Al(III), and under a higher cathodic current density, Al(III) could be incorporated in a deposit mainly composed of brucite, but only in small amount. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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17 pages, 4761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Power Conversion and Control Technology of Ocean Buoy Tidal Energy Power Supply System

by Changpo Song, Fengyong Sun and Fan Yang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1129; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061129 - 5 Jun 2025

This paper proposes a Boost + LLC converter-based power controller for ocean buoy tidal energy systems. To optimize output power across a wide input voltage range (40–120 V) and achieve effective power tracking control, we introduce two key innovations as follows: (1) a [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a Boost + LLC converter-based power controller for ocean buoy tidal energy systems. To optimize output power across a wide input voltage range (40–120 V) and achieve effective power tracking control, we introduce two key innovations as follows: (1) a variable-mode inverter hybrid control strategy, combining smooth-mode switching with inverter control to enable wide gain range regulation. (2) An improved Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm, enhanced by integrating a PSO-based elite wolf search strategy preventing local optima and maximizing power capture. Saber and Matlab simulations demonstrate that the proposed approach yields faster power tracking response and increases output power by 5–10% compared to traditional methods. The combined controller and improved GWO algorithm provide a stable and efficient solution for small-scale ocean energy systems, offering practical insights for power regulation in other marine energy sources like wave, wind, and solar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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16 pages, 2648 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Geography of the Phytoplankton Associated to Bio-Optical Variability and HPLC-Pigments in the Central Southwestern Gulf of Mexico

by Eduardo Millán-Núñez and Martín Efraìn De la Cruz-Orozco

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061128 - 5 Jun 2025

An oceanographic cruise with 34 stations was conducted in the central-southwestern region of the Gulf of Mexico from February 19 to 10 March 2013. This study included the measurement of hydrographic and phytoplankton bio-optical parameters, and pigment samples were collected at two depth [...] Read more.

An oceanographic cruise with 34 stations was conducted in the central-southwestern region of the Gulf of Mexico from February 19 to 10 March 2013. This study included the measurement of hydrographic and phytoplankton bio-optical parameters, and pigment samples were collected at two depth levels (10 and 50 m). Our results showed a warm and nutrient-depleted water column associated with low chlorophyll a (<1 mg Chla m⁻³) and average values of a_ph440 (0.01 ± 0.008, m⁻¹) and a_d350 (0.04 ± 0.02, m⁻¹). In addition, nano-microphytoplankton abundance and pigments were analyzed using a light microscope and HPLC, respectively. Overall, the Gulf of Mexico exhibited oligotrophic characteristics, with Chla (0.17 ± 0.11 mg m⁻³) and NO₃⁻ (0.03 ± 0.001 µM), except at 50 m depth in some stations north of Yucatán and in Campeche Bay and at surface level off the Tamaulipas shelf. In these three regions, values of a_ph(440), a_d(350), (Chla) and phytoplankton abundance (>12 × 10³ cells L⁻¹) were observed near river mouths and under seasonal oceanographic forcings, which increased the growth and diversity of phytoplankton. The most relevant pigments found were DVchla (0.06 ± 0.13 mg m⁻³), Chlb (0.16 ± 0.21 mg m⁻³), Zea (0.06 ± 0.03 mg m⁻³), and Hex-fuco (0.02 ± 0.02 mg m⁻³); these are associated with the presence of Prochlorococcus, chlorophytes, Synechococcus, prymnesiophytes, and diatoms. Through the bio-optical variability, we determined the ecological geography of phytoplankton in four different spectral shapes, where M1 and M2 represent the group of cyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus) and M3 and M4 represent a mixture of diatoms, dinoflagellates, and chlorophytes. In conclusion, we consider that oceanographic processes such as cyclonic and anticyclonic structures and permanent rivers determine the favorable changes in phytoplankton (>nutrients, Chla, a_ph440) and an increment in the number of phytoplankton spectral shapes). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plankton Community in Marine Ecological Environment: Latest Advances and Prospects)

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16 pages, 3116 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Colloidal Silica-Stabilized Subgrade for Self-Sensing Vehicle Stress Affected by Unsaturation and Crack

by Shuaishuai Ruan, Weifeng Jin and Xiaohui Liao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1127; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061127 - 5 Jun 2025

Colloidal silica can seep through calcareous sand in the subgrade, forming colloidal-silica-cemented sand with self-sensing ability—that is, it is sensitive to stress changes caused by vehicle loading. Its self-sensing sensitivity is higher than that of traditional Portland-cement-based self-sensing materials. The self-sensing mechanism is [...] Read more.

Colloidal silica can seep through calcareous sand in the subgrade, forming colloidal-silica-cemented sand with self-sensing ability—that is, it is sensitive to stress changes caused by vehicle loading. Its self-sensing sensitivity is higher than that of traditional Portland-cement-based self-sensing materials. The self-sensing mechanism is attributed to the ionic conductive network formed by seawater. However, a change in tidal water level causes an unsaturated state, and foundation deformation leads to cracking of the roadbed. The effect of unsaturation and cracking on self-sensing remains unclear, and they have not been studied in the previous literature. The aim of this paper is to study the self-sensing ability of subgrades formed via colloidal-silica-cemented sand under unsaturated and cracked states, as well as to explore the underlying mechanisms. Specimens with different degrees of saturation and different levels of joint roughness in precracks were prepared; then, the self-sensing ability was tested using the four-electrode method for each specimen under cyclic stress loading. NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and an unsaturated triaxial apparatus were also used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. This paper discovers that (1) either unsaturation or crack alone can increase self-sensing, but their self-sensing sensitivities are on the same order; (2) under the coupled effect of unsaturation and cracking, the self-sensing sensitivity increases by one order of magnitude, which is higher than when only unsaturation or cracking exists; and (3) the joint roughness of precracks does not affect self-sensing in the saturated state, but it affects self-sensing dramatically in the unsaturated state. The NMR test demonstrated the conductive ionic water within nanopores, which forms the conductive network for self-sensing. Unsaturation causes suction-induced shrinkage based on the unsaturated triaxial apparatus, while unsaturation increases self-sensing sensitivity, indicating that shrinkage is accompanied by self-sensing improvement. This paper provides the effects of unsaturation and cracking on the self-sensing capabilities of colloidal-silica-cemented sand, and the findings can contribute to the knowledge of subgrades formed via colloidal-silica-cemented sand for stress-sensing under traffic loading. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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15 pages, 2152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stock Assessment of Marine Elasmobranchs (Sharks and Rays) in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

by Dwipika Gope, Md. Mostafa Shamsuzzaman, Md. Shahidul Islam, Tanni Sarkar, Alaka Shah Roy, Mohammad Mojibul Hoque Mozumder and Partho Protim Barman

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061126 - 4 Jun 2025

The Bay of Bengal (BoB) is a global hub for marine elasmobranchs, particularly sharks and rays. These apex predators maintain and structure the balanced marine ecosystem and food webs. Marine elasmobranchs in Bangladesh are under-researched and under-managed, and face threats such as habitat [...] Read more.

The Bay of Bengal (BoB) is a global hub for marine elasmobranchs, particularly sharks and rays. These apex predators maintain and structure the balanced marine ecosystem and food webs. Marine elasmobranchs in Bangladesh are under-researched and under-managed, and face threats such as habitat degradation, global warming, pollution, illegal fishing, and overexploitation. This study aimed to evaluate the stock status of marine elasmobranches in the Bay of Bengal (BoB), Bangladesh. This research used catch and effort (CE) data for a period of 21 years (2002–2022). Both the Monte Carlo CMSY and BSM models were applied to assess biomass, exploitation rates, and sustainable yields. The BSM estimated a maximum carrying capacity (k) of 134,000 mt, which is larger than the CMSY estimate of 119,000 mt. The estimated intrinsic annual growth (r) from CMSY was 0.282. The MSY values ranged from 5110 mt (BSM) to 8420 mt (CMSY), with BSM indicating overexploitation, as the 2022 catch (7017 mt) exceeded the BSM-derived MSY. Both models suggested depleted and overfishing stock conditions, with B/B_MSY ratios < 1.0 and F/F_MSY ratios > 1.0. Effective management is crucial to prevent overfishing and ensure sustainable practices. Elasmobranch catches must be kept below the BSM-estimated maximum sustainable yield (MSY) of 5110 metric tons with fishing pressure maintained at or below F/F_MSY = 1.0. It is vital to regulate illegal and unlicensed fishing activities. Because of the aggregation of CE data, the results should be interpreted cautiously and never serve as a substitute for species-level assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Biology)

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19 pages, 7600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on a Laterally Loaded Pile Under Scour Condition Using Particle Image Velocimetry Technology

by Feng Yu, Xiaofeng Yang, Zhaoming Yao and Yaoyao Meng

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1125; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061125 - 4 Jun 2025

The monopile foundation is a popular foundation type for offshore wind turbines; due to the harsh marine environment, there are lateral loads applied on the monopile foundation from winds and currents, and scouring also often occurs around the pile, reducing the bearing capacity [...] Read more.

The monopile foundation is a popular foundation type for offshore wind turbines; due to the harsh marine environment, there are lateral loads applied on the monopile foundation from winds and currents, and scouring also often occurs around the pile, reducing the bearing capacity and impacting the normal operation of offshore wind turbines. A series of 1 g model tests is conducted to investigate the lateral load response and scouring response of the monopile in sand. Based on the experimental results, the characteristics of the pile’s load-displacement curves, bending moments, and p-y curves under the effects of scour were analyzed. Particle Image Velocimetry technology was adopted to analyze the deformation development rules of soil particles around the pile. It is found that under the same lateral load, the maximum bending moment of the pile increases and the bearing capacity is reduced as the scour depth increases, the scour width increases, or the scour slope decreases. The effects of scour depth, slope, and width on pile bearing stability decrease successively. Soil displacements and strains in the passive zone in front of the pile develop gradually in both radial and vertical directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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13 pages, 1954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Copepod Diversity and Zooplankton Community Structure in a Coastal Special Area of Conservation (La Palma Island, Atlantic Ocean)

by Adrián Torres-Martínez and Inma Herrera

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1124; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061124 - 4 Jun 2025

This study presents the first species-level assessment of zooplankton communities within a designated Special Area of Conservation (SAC, ES7020122) in the coastal waters of an oceanic island in the Atlantic Ocean, conducted in a previously under-sampled protected coastal region. Copepods emerged as the [...] Read more.

This study presents the first species-level assessment of zooplankton communities within a designated Special Area of Conservation (SAC, ES7020122) in the coastal waters of an oceanic island in the Atlantic Ocean, conducted in a previously under-sampled protected coastal region. Copepods emerged as the predominant taxa, offering key insights into early-stage community structure and potential indicators of ecological dynamics in marine ecosystems. Zooplankton biomass and abundance were primarily driven by organisms in the 200–500 µm size fraction, with spatial variation observed across latitudinal transects. A total of 44 copepods species were identified, including dominant genera (Oncaea, Oithona, and Clausocalanus) characteristic of subtropical Atlantic ecosystems. Several indicator species (e.g., Candacia ethiopica and Oncaea scottodicarloi) showed spatial patterns. While no direct impacts from the recent 2021 volcanic eruption were detected, the dominance of opportunistic copepods and the observed diversity suggest a potential adaptive response and resilience of the pelagic community to periodic geological disturbances. These results provide a valuable ecological baseline for future long-term monitoring under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and underscore the importance of copepods as indicators of coastal ecosystem structure and variability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesozooplankton Ecology in Marine Environments)

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12 pages, 2409 KiB

Open AccessReview

Challenge at the Edge: Long-Term Sea Level Rise vs. Short-Term Extreme Events

by Gary B. Griggs

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1123; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061123 - 4 Jun 2025

California and most other coastlines around the nation and the world are being impacted by both long-term sea-level rise (SLR) and short-term extreme events. Global sea level over the last 10 years of satellite altimetry has averaged approximately 4.1 mm/yr. (~16 in./100 yrs.), [...] Read more.

California and most other coastlines around the nation and the world are being impacted by both long-term sea-level rise (SLR) and short-term extreme events. Global sea level over the last 10 years of satellite altimetry has averaged approximately 4.1 mm/yr. (~16 in./100 yrs.), although this rate is accelerating at about 1.2 mm/yr. per decade. Projections of future sea levels have now been developed by many different agencies, organizations, and committees, and cluster around 12 inches by 2050. Over the near term, however, until mid-century, and likely beyond, it will be the short-term extreme events such as hurricanes along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and the coincidence of very large waves and high astronomic tides along the U.S. Pacific coasts that will pose the major threat to both public infrastructure and private development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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