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Volume 6
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Article

A Methodology for Evaluating the Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen in Aquaculture Ponds: An Approach Based on In Situ Respirometry and Computational Fluid Dynamics

by
Aylin Trujillo-Rogel
1,
Iván Gallego-Alarcón
1,*,
Boris Miguel López-Rebollar
1,*,
David García-Mondragón
1,
Iván Cervantes-Zepeda
1,
Ricardo Arévalo-Mejía
1 and
Jesús Ramiro Félix-Félix
2
1
Inter-American Institute of Technology and Water Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Instituto Literario No. 100, Col. Centro, Toluca 50000, Mexico
2
Department of Basic Science and Engineering, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Col. El Panteón, Lerma de Villada 52005, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Aquac. J. 2026, 6(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/aquacj6010001
Submission received: 3 November 2025 / Revised: 5 December 2025 / Accepted: 17 December 2025 / Published: 19 December 2025
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Abstract

Inefficient management of dissolved oxygen (DO) in intensive aquaculture systems limits fish welfare and productivity by creating oxygen-deficient zones and promoting hydrodynamic conditions that hinder their dispersion. Because water movement directly influences how oxygen is transported and mixed within the culture unit, inadequate flow management can allow localized hypoxia to persist even when total oxygen input appears sufficient. To address this issue, this study proposes an integrated methodology that combines in situ respirometry measurements with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to evaluate the spatial distribution of DO and diagnose the operational performance of aquaculture systems. The methodology quantifies oxygen consumption using intermittent-flow respirometry, applies a three-dimensional two-phase CFD model (water–oxygen) incorporating experimental oxygen consumption rates as boundary conditions, and validates the model under real operating conditions, focusing on active metabolism as the most demanding physiological state. The model generates a spatial distribution of DO patterns that are significantly modified by pond geometry, water flow characteristics, the metabolism of the fish and fish positioning. The differences between experimental and simulated values ranged from 7.8% to 10.7%, confirming the accuracy of the proposed method. The integration of in situ metabolic measurements with CFD modeling provides a realistic representation of DO dynamics, enabling system optimization and promoting more efficient and sustainable aquaculture.
Keywords: aquaculture; dissolved oxygen; in situ respirometry; computational fluid dynamics (CFD); raceway systems; oxygen consumption aquaculture; dissolved oxygen; in situ respirometry; computational fluid dynamics (CFD); raceway systems; oxygen consumption

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MDPI and ACS Style

Trujillo-Rogel, A.; Gallego-Alarcón, I.; López-Rebollar, B.M.; García-Mondragón, D.; Cervantes-Zepeda, I.; Arévalo-Mejía, R.; Félix-Félix, J.R. A Methodology for Evaluating the Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen in Aquaculture Ponds: An Approach Based on In Situ Respirometry and Computational Fluid Dynamics. Aquac. J. 2026, 6, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/aquacj6010001

AMA Style

Trujillo-Rogel A, Gallego-Alarcón I, López-Rebollar BM, García-Mondragón D, Cervantes-Zepeda I, Arévalo-Mejía R, Félix-Félix JR. A Methodology for Evaluating the Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen in Aquaculture Ponds: An Approach Based on In Situ Respirometry and Computational Fluid Dynamics. Aquaculture Journal. 2026; 6(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/aquacj6010001

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trujillo-Rogel, Aylin, Iván Gallego-Alarcón, Boris Miguel López-Rebollar, David García-Mondragón, Iván Cervantes-Zepeda, Ricardo Arévalo-Mejía, and Jesús Ramiro Félix-Félix. 2026. "A Methodology for Evaluating the Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen in Aquaculture Ponds: An Approach Based on In Situ Respirometry and Computational Fluid Dynamics" Aquaculture Journal 6, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/aquacj6010001

APA Style

Trujillo-Rogel, A., Gallego-Alarcón, I., López-Rebollar, B. M., García-Mondragón, D., Cervantes-Zepeda, I., Arévalo-Mejía, R., & Félix-Félix, J. R. (2026). A Methodology for Evaluating the Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen in Aquaculture Ponds: An Approach Based on In Situ Respirometry and Computational Fluid Dynamics. Aquaculture Journal, 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/aquacj6010001

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