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Biomechanics, Volume 4, Issue 4 (December 2024) – 17 articles

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11 pages, 1581 KiB  
Article
Do Worn-In Tactical Boots Affect Lower-Extremity Biomechanics During Walking and Running?
by Tanner A. Thorsen, Paul T. Donahue, Shelby A. Peel, Lindsey G. Legg and Scott G. Piland
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 773-783; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040057 - 4 Dec 2024
Viewed by 403
Abstract
Background: Much of the research conducted on tactical-style boots has evaluated the biomechanical effect of boots in brand-new condition; however, the extent to which changes due to wear influence lower-extremity biomechanics remains uninvestigated. The purpose of this study was to compare lower-extremity biomechanics [...] Read more.
Background: Much of the research conducted on tactical-style boots has evaluated the biomechanical effect of boots in brand-new condition; however, the extent to which changes due to wear influence lower-extremity biomechanics remains uninvestigated. The purpose of this study was to compare lower-extremity biomechanics with worn-in boots and running shoes during both walking and running. Methods: Lower-extremity biomechanical parameters were evaluated during walking and running in 12 individuals with previous tactical experience. Participants were asked to complete one 5 min bout of walking and running at a self-selected pace in both self-selected athletic shoes and their own worn-in standard-issue tactical boots while lower-extremity spatiotemporal, joint kinematic, kinetic, and ground reaction force data were collected. Differences between conditions were evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: Spatiotemporal measures of gait, as well as ankle and hip kinematics, were different between shoes and boots during walking. During running, no spatiotemporal differences existed. However, significant differences were found for the ankle, knee, and hip kinematics between shoe and boot conditions during both walking and running. Conclusions: The worn-in boots in our sample performed similarly to running shoes during both walking and running tasks. Though there were several biomechanical differences between boots and shoes during both tasks, small mean differences suggest that these differences may not be large enough to create substantive or relevant changes in performance. This information could aid in developing future tactical boot design strategies to help aid in lower-extremity injury as well as allowing for optimal performance when wearing boots. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sports Biomechanics)
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8 pages, 1019 KiB  
Communication
Relationship Between the Anteroposterior Acceleration of Lower Lumbar Spine and Pelvic Tilt Movements During Running
by Yoshiaki Kubo, Koji Koyama and Taichi Kimura
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 765-772; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040056 - 2 Dec 2024
Viewed by 251
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Three-dimensional accelerometry data from the lower trunk during running is associated with intervertebral disc degeneration. The kinematic function known as the lumbo–pelvic–hip complex involves movements in the sagittal plane during running. If pelvic movement and acceleration in the anteroposterior direction are correlated, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Three-dimensional accelerometry data from the lower trunk during running is associated with intervertebral disc degeneration. The kinematic function known as the lumbo–pelvic–hip complex involves movements in the sagittal plane during running. If pelvic movement and acceleration in the anteroposterior direction are correlated, improving running mechanics may reduce the load on the intervertebral disc. This study investigated the relationship between the anteroposterior acceleration of the lower lumbar spine and pelvic tilt movements during running. Methods: Sixteen healthy male college students were enrolled and asked to run on a treadmill for 1 min at 16 km/h, and the acceleration data for their lower lumbar region and running motion in the sagittal plane were recorded. The pelvic tilt angle during running was calculated through two-dimensional motion analysis. Subsequently, a simple linear regression analysis was employed to clarify the relationship between the acceleration data of the lower lumbar region and the pelvic tilt angle during running. Results: The simple linear regression analysis indicated that the root mean squares of the anteroposterior acceleration of the lower lumbar spine were associated with the maximum pelvic tilt angle (r  =  0.32, p  =  0.003, adjusted R2 = 0.09) and its range (r  =  0.42, p  =  0.0001, adjusted R2 = 0.16). Conclusions: However, the adjusted R2 value was low, indicating that although the pelvic tilt angle during running may be related to acceleration in the anteroposterior direction, the effect is small. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Locomotion Biomechanics and Motor Control)
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15 pages, 4777 KiB  
Article
The Relationship Between Foot Anthropometrics, Lower-Extremity Kinematics, and Ground Reaction Force in Elite Female Basketball Players: An Exploratory Study Investigating Arch Height Index and Navicular Drop
by Catherine I. Cairns, Douglas W. Van Citters and Ryan M. Chapman
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 750-764; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040055 - 1 Dec 2024
Viewed by 472
Abstract
Static and dynamic foot function can be evaluated using easy-to-implement, low-cost measurements like arch height index (AHI) and navicular drop (ND). Connections between AHI/ND and lower-extremity kinematics/kinetics have largely focused on gait. Some studies exist evaluating basketball players; however, these predominantly focus on [...] Read more.
Static and dynamic foot function can be evaluated using easy-to-implement, low-cost measurements like arch height index (AHI) and navicular drop (ND). Connections between AHI/ND and lower-extremity kinematics/kinetics have largely focused on gait. Some studies exist evaluating basketball players; however, these predominantly focus on men. To our knowledge, few studies evaluate female athletes, and none have investigated connections between AHI/ND and lower-extremity biomechanics in elite female basketball players. Thus, we conducted an IRB-approved observational investigation of 10 female, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 basketball players, evaluating connections between AHI/ND and lower-extremity biomechanics during basketball activities. Participants completed one visit wherein bilateral AHI/ND measurements and kinematics/kinetics were captured via optical motion capture and force-instrumented treadmill during basketball activities (walking, running, vertical/horizontal jumping, side shuffles, 45° cuts). No connections existed between the AHI and any variable during any task. Contrastingly, ND was statistically significantly correlated with medial/lateral force maximum and range during left cutting. This implies that individuals with stiffer feet produced more side-to-side force than those with more foot mobility during cutting. This is the first report connecting ND to lower-extremity biomechanics in elite, female basketball players. This could inform novel interventions and technologies to improve frontal kinematics/kinetics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics in Sport, Exercise and Performance)
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12 pages, 17346 KiB  
Article
Do Elite Female Judokas Show Asymmetry in the Internal and External Rotators of the Shoulder? A One-Dimensional and Principal Component Approach
by Esteban Aedo-Muñoz, Pablo Merino Muñoz, Luciano Bernardes Leite, Pedro Forte, Bianca Miarka, Matias Gonzalez Valenzuela, Cristian Hernandez-Wimmer, David Arriagada-Tarifeño and Ciro José Brito
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 738-749; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040054 - 1 Dec 2024
Viewed by 384
Abstract
Background/Aims: Asymmetry of the internal (IR) and external (ER) shoulder rotators can increase the risk of injuries in judokas. Discrete analyses are usually performed in time series data, but they can have biases by removing trends, so other approaches have been proposed to [...] Read more.
Background/Aims: Asymmetry of the internal (IR) and external (ER) shoulder rotators can increase the risk of injuries in judokas. Discrete analyses are usually performed in time series data, but they can have biases by removing trends, so other approaches have been proposed to avoid these biases such as statistical parametric mapping (SPM) and principal component analysis (PCA). This study analyzed the asymmetry in the shoulder rotators in female judokas, comparing dominant (D) vs. non-dominant (ND) upper limbs. Methods: For this, 11 elite athletes (age: 20.1 ± 2.9 yrs.; experience: 4.0 ± 0.5 yrs.; body mass: 66.0 ± 14.6 kg; height: 1.6 ± 0.1 m; BMI: 24.8 ± 4.3 kg/m2), were evaluated in an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex® Humac/Norm Dynamometer CSMI, 502140, Stoughton, MA, USA). All participants performed the concentric (CON/CON) isokinetic evaluations of internal and external rotation of the shoulder in 60°/s and 180°/s angular velocities. Results: There was no significative asymmetry between IR vs. ER at 60°/s; similar results were observed at 180°/s when analyzed by PCA or SPM methods (p > 0.05 for all comparison). There was no difference between peak torque at 60°/s or 180°/s (p > 0.05 for all comparison). Conclusions: no asymmetry was observed in IR and ER in elite female athletes, regardless of the analysis method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics in Sport, Exercise and Performance)
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8 pages, 1400 KiB  
Communication
Augmented Reality and Computational Simulations for the Preprocedural Planning of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement After Previous Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement
by Roberta Scuoppo, Chiara Catalano, Eleonora Costagliola, Stefano Cannata, Salvatore Pasta and Caterina Gandolfo
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 730-737; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040053 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 382
Abstract
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become the preferred treatment for patients with aortic stenosis (AS) at high surgical risk. However, TAVR is challenging in patients with a pre-existing mitral valve prosthesis, such as a transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR), due to the [...] Read more.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become the preferred treatment for patients with aortic stenosis (AS) at high surgical risk. However, TAVR is challenging in patients with a pre-existing mitral valve prosthesis, such as a transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR), due to the likelihood of device interference. This study explores the feasibility and safety of performing TAVR in a patient with a pre-existing TMVR procedure using 3D printing, augmented reality (AR) and computational simulations to optimize preprocedural planning. Computational modeling allowed predictions of the spatial relationship between the TAVR and TMVR devices. The simulation output was therefore used as input for augmented visualization of the device interference. The 3D printing of an anatomical replica was used to physically simulate the procedure, ensuring that no significant interference would occur during heart function. The results demonstrated a safe distance of 6.4 mm between the TAVR and TMVR devices, and no functional interference was observed during simulated cardiac cycles. The use of AR in the operating room enhanced the understanding of device positioning, offering a new dimension of precision of the complex cardiovascular intervention. This study concludes that integrating AR, 3D printing, and computational simulations into preprocedural planning for high-risk structural intervention can significantly improve procedural outcomes by enhancing accuracy, safety, and operator confidence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Tissue and Vascular Biomechanics)
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10 pages, 1617 KiB  
Article
Retention and Transfer of Fractal Gait Training
by Logan J. Frame, Nikita A. Kuznetsov, Louisa D. Raisbeck and Christopher K. Rhea
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 720-729; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040052 - 15 Nov 2024
Viewed by 467
Abstract
Background/Purpose: Fractal gait patterns have been shown to be modifiable, but the extent to which they are retained and transferred to new contexts is relatively unknown. This study aimed to close those gaps by enrolling participants (N = 23) in a seven-day fractal [...] Read more.
Background/Purpose: Fractal gait patterns have been shown to be modifiable, but the extent to which they are retained and transferred to new contexts is relatively unknown. This study aimed to close those gaps by enrolling participants (N = 23) in a seven-day fractal gait training program. Methods: Building on related work, the fractal gait training occurred on a treadmill over a 10-min period. Before and after the treadmill training, each participant walked for 10 min overground without the fractal stimulus used during training. The daily post-test was used to examine immediate retention and transfer of the fractal gait patterns from the treadmill to overground. The pre-tests in days 2–7 were used to examine the extent to which the fractal gait patterns from the preceding day were retained 24 h later. Inertial measurement units were used to measure stride time so a consistent measurement method could be employed in the treadmill and overground phases of the study. Results: Our results showed that multiple days of treadmill training led to elevated fractal patterns, indicating a positive training effect. However, the positive training effect observed on the treadmill did not transfer to overground walking. Conclusions: Collectively, the data show that fractal patterns in gait are modifiable across multiple days of training, but the transferability of these patterns to new contexts needs to be further explored. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inertial Sensor Assessment of Human Movement)
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9 pages, 701 KiB  
Article
The Relationship Between Horizontal Jumping and Sprinting Ability Across Sexes in Young Active Adults
by Adam Kleeberger, Dana Agar-Newman, Ming-Chang Tsai and Marc Klimstra
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 711-719; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040051 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 495
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between horizontal jump distance, 10 m time, and 30–40 m time in multi-sport athletes separated by sex and sprint speed. Methods: A total of 1352 athletes (742 males and 610 females) performed [...] Read more.
Purpose: The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between horizontal jump distance, 10 m time, and 30–40 m time in multi-sport athletes separated by sex and sprint speed. Methods: A total of 1352 athletes (742 males and 610 females) performed 40 m sprints, standing broad jumps (SBJs), and standing triple jumps (STJs). Data were separated by sex and then grouped as fast, average, and slow using the K-Means algorithm in three conditions (acceleration, max speed, and combined). Results: Regression models explained 84.01% of the variance (F(7,757) = 574.5, p < 0.001) for the 10 m times with mass, speed group, and sex as significant predictors and 88.51% of the variance (F = (7,757 = 841.6, p < 0.001) for the 30–40 m times with SBJ, STJ, speed group, sex, and the interaction of sex and group as significant predictors. Conclusions: These results suggest that when examining general athlete physical performance, horizontal jump tests and max speed sprint times can be used equivalently to stratify athletes. However, it is important to group athletes by speed and sex before being able to predict sprint ability from horizontal jump tests. Further, athlete mass is a significant factor in the prediction of acceleration ability but not maximum speed, and horizontal jumps were significant factors in the prediction of max speed but not acceleration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics in Sport, Exercise and Performance)
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13 pages, 3501 KiB  
Article
Decreased Knee Extensor Torque During Single-Limb Stance: A Computer Simulation Study of Compensations and Consequences
by Sean P. Flanagan
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 698-710; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040050 - 12 Nov 2024
Viewed by 347
Abstract
Background/Objectives: For over 50 years, it has been suggested that the plantar flexors and hip extensors can compensate for weak knee extensors and prevent collapse of the leg during a single-limb stance. However, the effects of these compensations have not been studied thoroughly. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: For over 50 years, it has been suggested that the plantar flexors and hip extensors can compensate for weak knee extensors and prevent collapse of the leg during a single-limb stance. However, the effects of these compensations have not been studied thoroughly. The purpose of this computer simulation study was to determine, for a given posture, the hip and ankle net joint torque (NJT) required to prevent leg collapse due to systematic decreases in knee NJT and to determine the effect of these compensations on the horizontal ground reaction force. Methods: Single-limb stance was simulated using a static, multisegmented model in eight different postures. For each posture, the knee NJT was systematically decreased. The ankle and knee NJT necessary to prevent lower extremity collapse, along with any net horizontal ground reaction forces, were then calculated. Results: Decreases in knee NJT required linear increases in ankle and hip NJT to prevent the limb from collapsing. There were greater increases in ankle NJT compared to hip NJT, resulting in posteriorly-directed horizontal ground reaction forces. While the magnitudes were different, these findings applied to all postures simulated. Conclusions: For a given posture, ankle and hip NJTs can compensate for a decrease in knee NJT. However, this resulted in a horizontal ground reaction force, which was in the posterior direction for all the postures examined. This horizontal ground reaction force would induce an acceleration on the body’s center of mass that, if not accounted for, could have deleterious effects on achieving a task objective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Gait and Posture Biomechanics)
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13 pages, 3239 KiB  
Article
Morphological and Performance Biomechanics Profiles of Draft Preparation American-Style Football Players
by Monique Mokha, Maria Berrocales, Aidan Rohman, Andrew Schafer, Jack Stensland, Joseph Petruzzelli, Ahmad Nasri, Talia Thompson, Easa Taha and Pete Bommarito
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 685-697; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040049 - 10 Nov 2024
Viewed by 572
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Using advanced methodologies may enhance athlete profiling. This study profiled morphological and laboratory-derived performance biomechanics by position of American-style football players training for the draft. Methods: Fifty-five players were categorized into three groups: Big (e.g., lineman; n = 17), Big–skill (e.g., tight [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Using advanced methodologies may enhance athlete profiling. This study profiled morphological and laboratory-derived performance biomechanics by position of American-style football players training for the draft. Methods: Fifty-five players were categorized into three groups: Big (e.g., lineman; n = 17), Big–skill (e.g., tight end; n = 11), and Skill (e.g., receiver; n = 27). Body fat (BF%), lean body mass (LBM), and total body mass were measured using a bioelectrical impedance device. Running ground reaction force (GRF) and ground contact time (GCT) were obtained using an instrumented treadmill synchronized with a motion capture system. Dual uniaxial force plates captured countermovement jump height (CMJ-JH), normalized peak power (CMJ-NPP), and reactive strength. Asymmetry was calculated for running force, GCT, and CMJ eccentric and concentric impulse (IMP). MANOVA determined between-group differences, and radar plots for morphological and performance characteristics were created using Z-scores. Results: There was a between-group difference (F(26,80) = 5.70, p < 0.001; Wilk’s Λ = 0.123, partial η2 = 0.649). Fisher’s least squares difference post hoc analyses showed that participants in the Skill group had greater JH, CMJ-NPP, reactive strength, and running GRF values versus Big players but not Big–skill players (p < 0.05). Big athletes had greater BF%, LBM, total body mass, and GCT values than Skill and Big–skill athletes (p < 0.05). Big–skill players had greater GCT asymmetry than Skill and Big players (p < 0.05). Asymmetries in running forces, CMJ eccentric, and concentric IMP were not different (p > 0.05). Morphological and performance biomechanics differences are pronounced between Skill and Big players. Big–skill players possess characteristics from both groups. Laboratory-derived metrics offer precise values of running and jumping force strategies and body composition that can aid sports science researchers and practitioners in refining draft trainee profiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics in Sport, Exercise and Performance)
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21 pages, 3490 KiB  
Review
Mapping the Landscape of Biomechanics Research in Stroke Neurorehabilitation: A Bibliometric Perspective
by Anna Tsiakiri, Spyridon Plakias, Georgia Karakitsiou, Alexandrina Nikova, Foteini Christidi, Christos Kokkotis, Georgios Giarmatzis, Georgia Tsakni, Ioanna-Giannoula Katsouri, Sarris Dimitrios, Konstantinos Vadikolias, Nikolaos Aggelousis and Pinelopi Vlotinou
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 664-684; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040048 - 8 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1091
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The incorporation of biomechanics into stroke neurorehabilitation may serve to strengthen the effectiveness of rehabilitation strategies by increasing our understanding of human movement and recovery processes. The present bibliometric analysis of biomechanics research in stroke neurorehabilitation is conducted with the objectives of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The incorporation of biomechanics into stroke neurorehabilitation may serve to strengthen the effectiveness of rehabilitation strategies by increasing our understanding of human movement and recovery processes. The present bibliometric analysis of biomechanics research in stroke neurorehabilitation is conducted with the objectives of identifying influential studies, key trends, and emerging research areas that would inform future research and clinical practice. Methods: A comprehensive bibliometric analysis was performed using documents retrieved from the Scopus database on 6 August 2024. The analysis included performance metrics such as publication counts and citation analysis, as well as science mapping techniques, including co-authorship, bibliographic coupling, co-citation, and keyword co-occurrence analyses. Data visualization tools such as VOSviewer and Power BI were utilized to map the bibliometric networks and trends. Results: An overabundance of recent work has yielded substantial advancements in the application of brain–computer interfaces to electroencephalography and functional neuroimaging during stroke neurorehabilitation., which translate neural activity into control signals for external devices and provide critical insights into the biomechanics of motor recovery by enabling precise tracking and feedback of movement during rehabilitation. A sampling of the most impactful contributors and influential publications identified two leading countries of contribution: the United States and China. Three prominent research topic clusters were also noted: biomechanical evaluation and movement analysis, neurorehabilitation and robotics, and motor recovery and functional rehabilitation. Conclusions: The findings underscore the growing integration of advanced technologies such as robotics, neuroimaging, and virtual reality into neurorehabilitation practices. These innovations are poised to enhance the precision and effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Future research should focus on the long-term impacts of these technologies and the development of accessible, cost-effective tools for clinical use. The integration of multidisciplinary approaches will be crucial in optimizing patient outcomes and improving the quality of life for stroke survivors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Injury Biomechanics and Rehabilitation)
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11 pages, 2575 KiB  
Article
Load Modulation Affects Pediatric Lower Limb Joint Moments During a Step-Up Task
by Vatsala Goyal, Keith E. Gordon and Theresa Sukal-Moulton
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 653-663; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040047 - 6 Nov 2024
Viewed by 503
Abstract
Introduction: Performance in a single step has been suggested to be a sensitive measure of movement quality in pediatric clinical populations. Although there is less information available in children with typical development, researchers have postulated the importance of analyzing the effect of body [...] Read more.
Introduction: Performance in a single step has been suggested to be a sensitive measure of movement quality in pediatric clinical populations. Although there is less information available in children with typical development, researchers have postulated the importance of analyzing the effect of body weight modulation on the initiation of stair ascent, especially during single-limb stance where upright stability is most critical. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of load modulation from −20% to +15% of body weight on typical pediatric lower limb joint moments during a step-up task. Methods: Fourteen participants between 5 and 21 years who did not have any neurological or musculoskeletal concerns were recruited to perform multiple step-up trials. Peak extensor support and hip abduction moments were identified during the push-off and pull-up stance phases. Linear regressions were used to determine the relationship between peak moments and load. Mixed-effects models were used to estimate the effect of load on hip, knee, and ankle percent contributions to peak support moments. Results: There was a positive linear relationship between peak support moments and load in both stance phases, where these moments scaled with load. There was no relationship between peak hip abduction moments and load. While the ankle and knee were the primary contributors to the support moments, the hip contributed more than expected in the pull-up phase. Discussion: Clinicians can use these results to contextualize movement differences in pediatric clinical populations, including in those with cerebral palsy, and highlight potential target areas for rehabilitation for populations such as adolescent athletes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Biomechanics and Orthopedics of the Lower Extremity)
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11 pages, 453 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Discriminant Validity of the Modified Arm Care Screen (MACS), Designed for Overhead Athletes, in Detecting Musculoskeletal Risk Factors in the General Population
by Eleftherios Paraskevopoulos, Styliani Pentheroudaki and Maria Papandreou
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 642-652; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040046 - 28 Oct 2024
Viewed by 621
Abstract
Background: Shoulder pain is the third most common musculoskeletal issue in primary care, affecting up to 50% of patients six months post-consultation, leading to significant functional impairments and societal costs, especially due to sick leave. Shoulder injuries are particularly prevalent among ‘overhead athletes’ [...] Read more.
Background: Shoulder pain is the third most common musculoskeletal issue in primary care, affecting up to 50% of patients six months post-consultation, leading to significant functional impairments and societal costs, especially due to sick leave. Shoulder injuries are particularly prevalent among ‘overhead athletes’ in sports like swimming, volleyball, and handball, with high injury rates reported annually. Screening tools like the Arm Care Screen (ACS) have been used to effectively identify athletes at risk of shoulder injuries. However, their applicability to the general population is less understood. This study aimed to assess the discriminant validity of a modified ACS (MACS) in detecting musculoskeletal risk factors among non-athletes. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with 30 asymptomatic subjects over 18, excluding those with a history of shoulder injuries or surgeries. The MACS, comprising four tests, was administered, and its diagnostic performance was evaluated through sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios. Results: The results indicated low sensitivity (0–47.62%) and variable specificity (55.56–100%), suggesting that the MACS may not effectively identify risk factors in the general population. Positive and negative predictive values were inconsistent (ranging from 0 to 100), as well as positive and negative likelihood ratios (ranging from 0 to 3.47), highlighting the need for non-athlete-specific screening tools. Conclusion: While the MACS shows promise in athletes, its application in the general population requires further refinement. This study underscores the necessity for tailored screening methods to enhance the early detection and prevention of musculoskeletal issues in diverse populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Injury Biomechanics and Rehabilitation)
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9 pages, 1144 KiB  
Communication
Classifications Based on Dynamic Navicular Drop during Gait and Characteristics of Flat Foot Muscle Morphology
by Kengo Fukuda, Kazunori Okamura, Tomohiro Ikeda, Kohei Egawa and Shusaku Kanai
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 633-641; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040045 - 16 Oct 2024
Viewed by 563
Abstract
This study investigated the collapse of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) as a risk factor for medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), hypothesizing that overuse of extrinsic foot muscles to prevent MLA collapse can lead to disability. Twenty healthy adults (age: 20.8 ± 0.8, [...] Read more.
This study investigated the collapse of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) as a risk factor for medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), hypothesizing that overuse of extrinsic foot muscles to prevent MLA collapse can lead to disability. Twenty healthy adults (age: 20.8 ± 0.8, height: 162.2 ± 10.4, weight: 54.9 ± 9, BMI: 20.8 ± 1.7) (39 feet) with a foot posture index score below 6 and no recent lower extremity orthopedic history participated. Ultrasonography measured foot muscle cross-sectional areas, while three-dimensional motion analysis using VICON assessed foot kinematics during gait, focusing on navicular height at initial contact (ICNH) and dynamic navicular drop (DND) during the stance phase. Hierarchical cluster analysis based on ICNH and DND compared muscle cross-sectional areas between clusters using ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test. The analysis indicated that ICNH was lower in clusters 1 and 3 than in cluster 2, and DND was smaller in clusters 1 and 2 than in cluster 3. Although there was no significant difference in muscle cross-sectional area between the clusters, the flexor hallucis longus tended to be thicker in cluster 1 than in cluster 3 (p = 0.051). The findings suggest that flexor digitorum longus may help prevent MLA compression during loading, indicating that overuse of extrinsic foot muscles may contribute to MTSS development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Biomechanics and Orthopedics of the Lower Extremity)
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15 pages, 847 KiB  
Review
Movement Outcomes Acquired via Markerless Motion Capture Systems Compared with Marker-Based Systems for Adult Patient Populations: A Scoping Review
by Matthew Pardell, Naomi D. Dolgoy, Stéphanie Bernard, Kerry Bayless, Robert Hirsche, Liz Dennett and Puneeta Tandon
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 618-632; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040044 - 8 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1431
Abstract
Mobile motion capture is a promising technology for assessing physical movement; markerless motion capture systems (MLSs) offer great potential in rehabilitation settings, given their accessibility compared to marker-based motion capture systems (MBSs). This review explores the current literature on rehabilitation, for direct comparison [...] Read more.
Mobile motion capture is a promising technology for assessing physical movement; markerless motion capture systems (MLSs) offer great potential in rehabilitation settings, given their accessibility compared to marker-based motion capture systems (MBSs). This review explores the current literature on rehabilitation, for direct comparison of movement-related outcomes captured by MLSs to MBSs and for application of MLSs in movement measurements. Following a scoping review methodology, nine databases were searched (May to August 2023). Eligible articles had to present at least one estimate of the mean difference between a measure of a physical movement assessed by MLS and by MBS. Sixteen studies met the selection criteria and were included. For comparison of MLSs with MBSs, measures of mean joint range of motion (ROM) displacement were found to be similar, while peak joint angle outcomes were significantly different. Upper body movement outcomes were found to be comparable, while lower body movement outcomes were very different. Overall, nearly two-thirds of measurements identified statistical differences between MLS and MBS outcomes. Regarding application, no studies assessed the technology with patient populations. Further MLS-specific research with consideration of patient populations (e.g., intentional error testing, testing in less-than-ideal settings) would be beneficial for utilization of motion capture in rehabilitation contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Injury Biomechanics and Rehabilitation)
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13 pages, 1140 KiB  
Article
Triple Jump Performance Parameters and Inter-Limb Asymmetry in the Kinematic Parameters of the Approach Run in International and Paralympic-Level Class T46/T47 Male Athletes
by Adrián García-Fresneda, Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos, Mariana C. Kotzamanidou, Josep-Maria Padullés Riu, Miguel Angel Torralba Jordán, José Luís López-del Amo, Xavier Padullés, Petros Athanasakis, Timothy A. Exell and Apostolos S. Theodorou
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 605-617; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040043 - 2 Oct 2024
Viewed by 658
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The triple jump is included in the Paralympic Athletics competition. The aim of the research was to examine the relationship of the phase ratios and the inter-limb asymmetry in the spatiotemporal parameters of the approach run in Paralympic and international-level Class T46/T47 [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The triple jump is included in the Paralympic Athletics competition. The aim of the research was to examine the relationship of the phase ratios and the inter-limb asymmetry in the spatiotemporal parameters of the approach run in Paralympic and international-level Class T46/T47 triple jumpers. Methods: Eleven Class T46/T47 male athletes were recorded during the examined competitions. Step length (SL), frequency (SF), and average velocity (ASV) for the late approach run as well as the length and the percentage distribution of each jumping phase (hop, step, jump) were measured using a panning video analysis method. The inter-limb asymmetry was estimated using the symmetry angle. Results: No significant inter-limb asymmetry was found (p > 0.05). In addition, SL, SF, and ASV were not different (p > 0.05) between the steps initiated from the ipsilateral and the contralateral leg regarding the impaired arm. However, the direction of asymmetry for SF was towards the ipsilateral leg to the impaired arm in the majority of the examined athletes. The maximum speed of the approach was correlated with the triple jump distance and the magnitude of asymmetry for AVS was correlated with the vertical take-off velocity and angle for the step. Conclusions: Since the distance of the triple jump related with the peak approach speed added the negative correlation of peak approach speed with the magnitude of the symmetry angle for SL, it is suggested to minimize the asymmetries in the step characteristics during the approach run to improve triple jump performance in Class T46/T47 jumpers. Full article
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10 pages, 3594 KiB  
Article
Effects of Gait Speed and Sole Adjustment on Shoe–Floor Angles: Measurement Using Shoe-Type Sensor
by Yu Hashiguchi, Tsuguru Numabe and Ryosuke Goto
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 595-604; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040042 - 1 Oct 2024
Viewed by 512
Abstract
Background: Assessment of walking with shoes is important for understanding different types of walking in various environments. Methods: In this study, a shoe-type sensor was used to demonstrate the shoe–floor angle in fifteen participants who walked on a treadmill under varying gait speed [...] Read more.
Background: Assessment of walking with shoes is important for understanding different types of walking in various environments. Methods: In this study, a shoe-type sensor was used to demonstrate the shoe–floor angle in fifteen participants who walked on a treadmill under varying gait speed and sole adjustments, lifting one side of the sole. The shoe–floor angle in the sagittal; the angle of toe-up (θTup) and toe-down (θTdown) and frontal planes; and the angle of pronation (θPro) and supination (θSup) were calculated, and angles at the initial contact and maximum angles were extracted. Results: The results showed that most angles significantly increased with an increase in the gait speed (θTup and θTdown; p < 0.01 both, θPro and θSup; p < 0.02 and 0.04). Conversely, only the supination angle at the initial contact changed significantly, owing to the tilt of the sole (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Shoe movements were more strongly affected by gait speed than by sole adjustment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inertial Sensor Assessment of Human Movement)
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10 pages, 969 KiB  
Article
Use of the Modified Thomas Test for Hip Flexor Stretching: What Are the Acute and Prolonged Effects?
by Dalibor Kiseljak and Vatroslav Jelovica
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 585-594; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040041 - 28 Sep 2024
Viewed by 890
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The flexibility deficits of hip flexors have been identified as potential biomechanical risk factors for the lumbo–pelvic–hip complex, with postural repercussions on the trunk and lower limbs. The purpose of this study was to conduct a single gravity stretching experiment and to [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The flexibility deficits of hip flexors have been identified as potential biomechanical risk factors for the lumbo–pelvic–hip complex, with postural repercussions on the trunk and lower limbs. The purpose of this study was to conduct a single gravity stretching experiment and to monitor its acute and prolonged effects. Methods: The sample comprised 14 healthy participants (8 females and 6 males). Data were collected during two-day measurement sessions. These analyzed via Kinovea software. The single intervention (i.e., gravity stretching) was performed on the first day. A modified Thomas test was used at the same time in two ways, both as a measurement and as an intervention tool. Stretching was achieved by relaxing in a position to perform the modified Thomas test where, each participant lies completely relaxed for 3 min, allowing gravity to stretch the hip flexors of the examined limb. Results: After intervention, a significant acute increase in hip extension range of motion and a decrease in knee extension range of motion were found. We did not find any significant prolonged effects; moreover, after 48 h, the hip range of motion almost returned to the initial value. Conclusions: A single 3 min stretch is very effective in terms of achieving immediate changes in the range of motion, but insufficient for long-term improvements in flexibility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Biomechanics and Orthopedics of the Lower Extremity)
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