Modeling of Stress Concentration Factors in CFRP-Reinforced Circular Hollow Section KT-Joints Under Axial Compression †
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Rabi, M.; Ferreira, F.P.V.; Abarkan, I.; Limbachiya, V.; Shamass, R. Prediction of the cross-sectional capacity of cold-formed CHS using numerical modelling and machine learning. Results Eng. 2023, 17, 100902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iqbal, M.; Karuppanan, S.; Perumal, V.; Ovinis, M.; Iqbal, M.; Rasul, A. Optimization of fibre orientation for composite reinforcement of circular hollow section KT-joints. Int. J. Struct. Integr. 2024, 15, 717–730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nichols, N.W.; Khan, R. Structural integrity management system (SIMS) implementation within PETRONAS’ operations. J. Mar. Eng. Technol. 2015, 14, 61–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vieira Ávila, B.; Correia, J.; Carvalho, H.; Fantuzzi, N.; De Jesus, A.; Berto, F. Numerical analysis and discussion on the hot-spot stress concept applied to welded tubular KT joints. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2022, 135, 106092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vinet, L.; Zhedanov, A. A “missing” family of classical orthogonal polynomials. J. Phys. A Math. Theor. 2011, 44, 085201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dier, A.F. Background to new design manual for platform strengthening, modification and repair. In Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, USA, 6–9 May 1996; Volume 2, pp. 457–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, P.; Guo, J.; Zhu, Z.; Liu, Y.; Zhu, Q. Finite Element Analysis of Corrosion Tubular T-Joint Repaired with Grouted Clamp. Adv. Civ. Eng. 2023, 2023, 6634023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Souza, M.; Bayazitoglu, Y.; Lu, L.S.; Valdes, V.; Vazquez, R. Repairs of hurricane damaged platforms in the Bay of Campeche. In Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, USA, 4–7 May 1997; Volume 3, pp. 107–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ASME PCC-2; Repair of Pressure Equipment and Piping. ASME: New York, NY, USA, 2011.
- ISO 24817; Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas Industries—Composite Repairs for Pipework—Qualification and Design, Installation, Testing and Inspection. International Standard Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2015.
- Perrut, V.A.; Meniconi, L.C.d.M.; Sampaio, E.M.; Rohem, N.R.F.; da Costa, M.F. Fatigue and quasi-static analysis of a new type of surface preparation used for the CFRP repair of steel offshore structures. J. Adhes. 2019, 95, 849–873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Barros, S.; Banea, M.D.; Budhe, S.; De Siqueira, C.E.R.; Lobão, B.S.P.; Souza, L.F.G. Experimental analysis of metal-composite repair of floating offshore units (FPSO). J. Adhes. 2017, 93, 147–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iqbal, M.; Karuppanan, S.; Perumal, V.; Ovinis, M.; Nouman, H. Empirical modeling of stress concentration factors using finite element analysis and artificial neural networks for the fatigue design of tubular KT-joints under combined loading. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 2023, 46, 4333–4349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadat Hosseini, A.; Bahaari, M.R.; Lesani, M. Stress concentration factors in FRP-strengthened offshore steel tubular T-joints under various brace loadings. Structures 2019, 20, 779–793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tong, L.; Xu, G.; Zhao, X.L.; Zhou, H.; Xu, F. Experimental and theoretical studies on reducing hot spot stress on CHS gap K-joints with CFRP strengthening. Eng. Struct. 2019, 201, 296–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, G.; Tong, L.; Zhao, X.L.; Zhou, H.; Xu, F. Numerical analysis and formulae for SCF reduction coefficients of CFRP-strengthened CHS gap K-joints. Eng. Struct. 2020, 210, 369–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadat Hosseini, A.; Bahaari, M.R.; Lesani, M. Experimental and parametric studies of SCFs in FRP strengthened tubular T-joints under axially loaded brace. Eng. Struct. 2020, 213, 110548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nassiraei, H.; Rezadoost, P. Stress concentration factors in tubular T/Y-joints strengthened with FRP subjected to compressive load in offshore structures. Int. J. Fatigue 2020, 140, 105719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hosseini, A.S.; Bahaari, M.R.; Lesani, M. SCF distribution in FRP-strengthened tubular T-joints under brace axial loading. Sci. Iran. 2020, 27, 1113–1129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadat Hosseini, A.; Zavvar, E.; Ahmadi, H. Stress concentration factors in FRP-strengthened steel tubular KT-joints. Appl. Ocean Res. 2021, 108, 1187–1221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nassiraei, H.; Rezadoost, P. Development of a probability distribution model for the SCFs in tubular X-connections retrofitted with FRP. Structures 2022, 36, 233–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, X.; Shao, Y.; Gao, X.; Mohamed, H.S. Stress concentration factor (SCF) of CHS gap TT-joints reinforced with CFRP. Ocean Eng. 2022, 247, 110722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohamed, H.S.; Zhang, L.; Shao, Y.B.; Yang, X.S.; Shaheen, M.A.; Suleiman, M.F. Stress concentration factors of CFRP-reinforced tubular K-joints via Zero Point Structural Stress Approach. Mar. Struct. 2022, 84, 103239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohamed, H.S.; Yang, X.S.; Shao, Y.B.; Shaheen, M.A.; Suleiman, M.F.; Zhang, L.; Hossian, A. Stress concentration factors (SCF) of CFRP-reinforced T/Y-joints via ZPSS approach. Ocean Eng. 2022, 261, 112092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zavvar, E.; Henneberg, J.; Guedes Soares, C. Stress concentration factors in FRP-reinforced tubular DKT joints under axial loads. Mar. Struct. 2023, 90, 429–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zavvar, E.; Sousa, F.; Giannini, G.; Taveira-Pinto, F.; Santos, P.R. Probability of maximum values of stress concentration factors in tubular DKT-joints reinforced with FRP under axial loads. Structures 2024, 66, 106809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iqbal, M.; Karuppanan, S.; Perumal, V.; Ovinis, M.; Khan, A. Stress Concentration Factors in CFRP-Reinforced KT-Joints under Multiplanar Bending Loads: Experimental and Numerical Investigation. Results Eng. 2025, 25, 103745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smedley, P.; Fisher, P. Stress Concentration Factors for Simple Tubular Joints; Offshore Technology Report; Health and Safety Executive: London, UK, 1991. [Google Scholar]
- ARSEM. Design Guides for Offshore Structures—Welded Tubular Joints; Technip: Paris, France, 1987; Volume 1. [Google Scholar]
- American Petroleum Institute (API). Recommended Practice for Planning D and CFOP-WSD. API RP 2A WSD, 22nd ed.; API Publishing Services: Washington, DC, USA, 2014; Volume 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Ahmadi, H.; Ziyaei Nejad, A. Stress Concentration Factors in Uniplanar Tubular KT-Joints of Jacket Structures Subjected to In-Plane Bending Loads. Int. J. Marit. Technol. 2016, 5, 27–39. [Google Scholar]
- Ahmadi, H. Probabilistic analysis of the DoB in axially-loaded tubular KT-joints of offshore structures. Appl. Ocean Res. 2019, 87, 64–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moffat, D.G.; Kruzelecki, J.; Blachut, J. The Effects of Chord Length and Boundary Conditions on the Static Strength of a Tubular T-Joint under Brace Compression Loading. Mar. Struct. 1996, 9, 935–947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, X.-L.; Packer, J.A. Fatigue Design Procedure for Welded Hollow Section Joints, 1st ed.; Abington Publishing: Cambridge, UK, 2000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, X.; Liu, Y. Finite Element Modeling and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zavvar, E.; Rosa-Santos, P.; Ghafoori, E.; Taveira-Pinto, F. Analysis of tubular joints in marine structures: A comprehensive review. Mar. Struct. 2025, 99, 103702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Zhang, K.; Zhao, H.; Xin, J.; Duan, M. Stress analysis of adhesive in a cracked steel plate repaired with CFRP. J. Constr. Steel Res. 2018, 145, 210–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- N’Diaye, A.; Hariri, S.; Pluvinage, G.; Azari, Z. Stress concentration factor analysis for notched welded tubular T-joints. Int. J. Fatigue 2007, 29, 1554–1570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iqbal, M.; Karuppanan, S.; Perumal, V.; Ovinis, M.; Iqbal, M. Design and Testing of a Test Rig for Tubular Joints Hot-Spot Stress Determination. Results Eng. 2025, 25, 103931. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Health & Safety Executive (HSE). Background to New Fatigue Guidance for Steel Joints and Connections in Offshore Structures; Health & Safety Executive: Sudbury, UK, 1999; pp. 1–123. [Google Scholar]
Reference | Joint Type | Nature of Investigation |
---|---|---|
Hosseini et al. [14] | T/Y | Numerical and experimental |
Tong et al. [15] | K | Experimental |
Xu et al. [16] | K | Numerical and experimental |
Hosseini et al. [17] | T/Y | Numerical and experimental |
Nassirian et al. [18] | T/Y | Numerical |
Hosseini et al. [19] | T/Y | Numerical |
Hosseini et al. [20] | KT | Numerical |
Nassiraei et al. [21] | X | Numerical |
Xu et al. [22] | TT | Numerical and experimental |
Mohamed et al. [23] | K | Numerical |
Mohamed et al. [24] | T/Y | Numerical |
Zavvar et al. [25] | DKT | Numerical |
Zavvar et al. [26] | DKT | Numerical |
Iqbal et al. [27] | KT | Numerical |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Iqbal, M.; Karuppanan, S.; Perumal, V.; Ovinis, M.; Iqbal, M.; Rasul, A. Modeling of Stress Concentration Factors in CFRP-Reinforced Circular Hollow Section KT-Joints Under Axial Compression. Eng. Proc. 2025, 87, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025087019
Iqbal M, Karuppanan S, Perumal V, Ovinis M, Iqbal M, Rasul A. Modeling of Stress Concentration Factors in CFRP-Reinforced Circular Hollow Section KT-Joints Under Axial Compression. Engineering Proceedings. 2025; 87(1):19. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025087019
Chicago/Turabian StyleIqbal, Mohsin, Saravanan Karuppanan, Veeradasan Perumal, Mark Ovinis, Muhammad Iqbal, and Adnan Rasul. 2025. "Modeling of Stress Concentration Factors in CFRP-Reinforced Circular Hollow Section KT-Joints Under Axial Compression" Engineering Proceedings 87, no. 1: 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025087019
APA StyleIqbal, M., Karuppanan, S., Perumal, V., Ovinis, M., Iqbal, M., & Rasul, A. (2025). Modeling of Stress Concentration Factors in CFRP-Reinforced Circular Hollow Section KT-Joints Under Axial Compression. Engineering Proceedings, 87(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025087019