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Article

Numerical Simulation on Effect of Pulsed Water Mist on Temperature and Thermal Radiation in Long and Narrow Underground Space During Fire

by
Yanli Deng
1,
Beifang Gu
1,*,
Ruiqing Zhang
2,
Lielie Li
3,* and
Lihua Niu
3
1
School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
2
School of Safety Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
3
School of Civil and Communication, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fire 2025, 8(9), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8090350
Submission received: 21 June 2025 / Revised: 15 August 2025 / Accepted: 28 August 2025 / Published: 3 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Prevention and Control in Urban Infrastructure and Underground Space: 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

This study numerically investigated how varying pulse durations of water mist systems influence fire dynamics in long, narrow underground enclosures. A Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) model was built to represent a pulse-actuated, fine water mist test rig, and simulations of oil pan fires were performed to quantify the evolution of temperature and radiative heat flux. Results show that an 8 s spray followed by an 8 s pause yields the most effective suppression cycle. When spray and pause durations are equal, periodic momentum exchange resonates with the buoyant plume, intensifying the mixing of gas and enhancing cooling near the fire seat. Compared with continuous discharge, pulsed mist generates stronger buoyancy-driven disturbances and delivers superior performance in terms of local heat’s extraction and extinguishment. This study has, for the first time, determined the optimal pulse cycle (8 s spray/8 s stop) for oil pool fires in narrow and long underground spaces through FDS simulation, and revealed the enhancement effect of the gas disturbance resonance mechanism on fire suppression efficiency.
Keywords: pulse water mist; underground space; optimal pulse period; numerical simulation; spray time pulse water mist; underground space; optimal pulse period; numerical simulation; spray time

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MDPI and ACS Style

Deng, Y.; Gu, B.; Zhang, R.; Li, L.; Niu, L. Numerical Simulation on Effect of Pulsed Water Mist on Temperature and Thermal Radiation in Long and Narrow Underground Space During Fire. Fire 2025, 8, 350. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8090350

AMA Style

Deng Y, Gu B, Zhang R, Li L, Niu L. Numerical Simulation on Effect of Pulsed Water Mist on Temperature and Thermal Radiation in Long and Narrow Underground Space During Fire. Fire. 2025; 8(9):350. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8090350

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deng, Yanli, Beifang Gu, Ruiqing Zhang, Lielie Li, and Lihua Niu. 2025. "Numerical Simulation on Effect of Pulsed Water Mist on Temperature and Thermal Radiation in Long and Narrow Underground Space During Fire" Fire 8, no. 9: 350. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8090350

APA Style

Deng, Y., Gu, B., Zhang, R., Li, L., & Niu, L. (2025). Numerical Simulation on Effect of Pulsed Water Mist on Temperature and Thermal Radiation in Long and Narrow Underground Space During Fire. Fire, 8(9), 350. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8090350

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