A Systematic Review: Is Porcine Kobuvirus Causing Gastrointestinal Disease in Young Pigs?
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
Reference | Country | Study Type | n | Exposure | Outcome(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[41] | Korea | Observational * | 119 | PKV, fecal sample, RT-PCR | Diarrhea † |
[42] | Sichuan Province, China | Observational * | 140 | PKV, fecal sample, RT-PCR | Diarrhea † |
[43] | Thailand | Observational * | 638 | PKV, fecal sample, RT-PCR | Diarrhea † |
[44] | Shanghai Province, China | Observational * | 135 | PKV, fecal or intestinal sample, RT-PCR | Diarrhea † |
[15] | Denmark | Case-control | 96 | PKV, mix of ilium content and tissue, RT-PCR (incl. viral load) | Diarrhea ‡ |
[26] | Slovakia | Observational * | 414 | PKV, fecal sample, RT-PCR | Diarrhea † |
[11,35] | Canada | Observational * | 130 | PKV, fecal sample, RT-PCR | Diarrhea † |
[23] | Korea | Observational * | 134 | PKV, fecal sample, RT-PCR | Diarrhea † |
[40] | Xinjiang Province, China | Experimental trial | 2 × 5 | Fecal sample inoculum containing PKV and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus vs. mock inoculum | PKV by RT-PCR, clinical signs, rectal temperature, body weight, intestinal histopathology, and immunohistochemistry |
[14] | Belgium | Cohort | 5 | PKV, fecal sample, RT-PCR | Diarrhea † |
[45] | Hungary | Observational * | 306 # | PKV, fecal sample, RT-PCR | Diarrhea † |
[29] | Dong Thap Province, Vietnam | Observational * | 393 | PKV, fecal sample, RT-PCR (incl. viral load) | Diarrhea † |
[46] | Shanghai Province, China | Observational * | 116 | PKV, fecal sample, RT-PCR | Diarrhea † |
[47] | Slovakia | Observational * | 20 | PKV, fecal sample, next generation sequencing technique | Diarrhea † |
[48] | United States of America | Observational * | 160 | PKV, fecal sample, RT-PCR | Diarrhea † |
[49] | China | Observational * | 1309 | PKV, fecal sample, RT-PCR (incl. viral load) | Diarrhea † |
[9] | Austria (n = 136), Germany (n = 44), Hungary (n = 50), Spain (n = 83), and Sweden (n = 106) $ | Observational * | 419 | PKV, fecal sample, RT-PCR (incl. viral load) | Diarrhea † |
4. Discussion
4.1. Poorly Defined Observational Studies
4.2. Other Studies
4.3. Is Porcine Kobuvirus Causing Gastroinstestinal Disease in Young Pigs?
4.4. Recommendations for Future Research
4.5. Recommendations for Pig Practitioners
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Definition |
---|---|
Population | Pigs less than 22 weeks of age living in commercial, intensified indoor pig productions. |
Intervention/exposure | Infection with porcine kobuvirus (PKV): inoculation or PKV detected with any diagnostic test in any sample material, including tissue, blood, and feces. |
Comparison | No infection with porcine kobuvirus (PKV): not inoculated or PKV was not detected with any diagnostic test in any sample material, including tissue, blood, and feces; for quantitative diagnostics, PKV detected at lower levels in any sample material, including tissue, blood, and feces. |
Outcome | Gastrointestinal disease: clinical signs, e.g., altered fecal consistency or color, fecal deposits such as blood or mucus, vomiting, anorexia, etc. Biochemical signs of gastrointestinal disease, e.g., blood electrolyte imbalances or alteration of biomarkers in the blood. Macroscopic or microscopic lesions present in the gastro-intestinal tract. |
Reference | Age (Weeks) | Diarrhea | Not Diarrhea | Diarrhea | Not Diarrhea | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PKV+ | PKV− | PKV+ | PKV− | PKV Risk | PKV Risk | ||
[41] | * | 28 | 58 | 15 | 18 | 32.6% | 45.5% |
[42] | <4 | 52 | 16 | 10 | 15 | 76.5% | 40.0% |
4 < 7 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 46.7% | 25% | |
7 < 23 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 30% | 14.3% | |
[43] | “Piglets” | 505 | 23 | 104 | 4 | 95.6% | 96.3% |
[44] | <6 | 34 | 61 | 0 | 40 | 35.8% | 0% |
[11,35] † | <1 | 9 | 30 | 4 | 8 | 23.1% | 33.3% |
<1 | † | † | 9 | 31 | † | 22.5% | |
1 < 3 | 20 | 2 | 8 | 3 | 90.9% | 72.7% | |
1 < 3 | † | † | 27 | 30 | † | 47.4% | |
[26] | <4 | 44 | 15 | 56 | 31 | 74.6% | 64.4% |
4 < 10 | 41 | 32 | 50 | 24 | 56.2% | 67.6% | |
>10 | 19 | 12 | 52 | 38 | 61.3% | 57.8% | |
[23] | <3 | 45 | 1 | 6 | 9 | 97.8% | 40.0% |
3 < 6 | 15 | 3 | 4 | 11 | 83.3% | 26.7% | |
6 < 22 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 25 | 44.4% | 13.8% | |
[47] | <4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 25% | 57.1% |
4 < 10 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 60% | 0% | |
[45] | 0-“weaners” | 59 | 180 | 49 | 96 | 24.7% | 33.8% |
[29] | <7 | 7 | 4 | 46 | 32 | 63.6% | 59% |
7 < 14 | 6 | 26 | 38 | 109 | 18.8% | 25.9% | |
15 < 23 | 2 | 6 | 19 | 98 | 25% | 16.2% | |
[48] | ‡ | 25 | 89 | 10 | 36 | 21.9% | 21.7% |
[46] | # | 30 | 19 | 15 | 52 | 61.2% | 22.4% |
[49] | 1 | 41 | 540 | 23 | 92 | 7.1% | 20% |
1 < 3 | 10 | 118 | 15 | 37 | 7.8% | 28.9% | |
3 < 10 | 24 | 75 | 24 | 23 | 24.2% | 51.1% | |
10 < 24 | 6 | 70 | 19 | 33 | 7.9% | 36.5% | |
[9] | 0 < 5 | 57 | 29 | 37 | 25 | 66.3% | 59.7% |
5 < 10 | 12 | 7 | 22 | 25 | 63.2% | 46.8% | |
11 < 18 | 21 | 17 | 2 | 2 | 55.3% | 50% |
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Eriksen, E.Ø. A Systematic Review: Is Porcine Kobuvirus Causing Gastrointestinal Disease in Young Pigs? Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10040286
Eriksen EØ. A Systematic Review: Is Porcine Kobuvirus Causing Gastrointestinal Disease in Young Pigs? Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(4):286. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10040286
Chicago/Turabian StyleEriksen, Esben Østergaard. 2023. "A Systematic Review: Is Porcine Kobuvirus Causing Gastrointestinal Disease in Young Pigs?" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 4: 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10040286