An Investigation on Phenolic and Antioxidant Capacity of Under-utilized Food Legumes Consumed in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Legume Samples and Moisture Content Analysis
2.2. Chemicals and Reagents
2.3. Extraction of Legume Samples
2.4. Colorimetric Analysis of 23 Legumes
2.5. Determination of Color Values
2.6. HPLC Determination of 23 Legumes
2.7. Determination of Free Phenolic Acids
2.8. Determination of Flavonoids
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of Under-Utilized Food Legumes
3.2. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) of Under-Utilized Food Legumes
3.3. Condensed Tannin Content (CTC) of Under-Utilized Food Legumes
3.4. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (FRAP) of Under-Utilized Food Legumes
3.5. ABTS Free Radical Scavenging Activity (ABTS) of Under-Utilized Food Legumes
3.6. Color Value
3.7. Correlations between Phytochemicals, Antioxidant Capacities and Color Value of 23 Legumes
3.8. Free Phenolic Acids of Under-Utilized Food Legumes
3.9. Flavonoids of Under-Utilized Food Legumes
4. Discussion
4.1. Phenolic Compounds in Under-Utilized Food Legumes
4.2. Antioxidant Capacities of Under-Utilized Legumes
4.3. Color Values
4.4. Correlations between Phytochemicals, Antioxidant Capacities and Color Values of 23 Legumes
4.5. Free Phenolic Acids in Legume Samples
4.6. Flavonoids in Legume Samples
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ID | English Name | Scientific Name | TPC | TFC | CTC | FRAP | ABTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg GAE/g) | (mg CAE/g) | (mg CAE/g) | (mmol of Fe2+E/100 g) | (μmol TE/g) | |||
1 | Small adzuki bean | Vigna umbellata | 13.29 ± 0.21 c | 7.91 ± 0.04 c | 9.47 ± 0.05 c | 19.27 ± 0.68 c | 104.20 ± 3.08 d |
2 | Adzuki bean | Vigna angularis (Willd.) | 8.91 ± 0.16 fg | 5.85 ± 0.09 fgh | 7.03 ± 0.35 g | 11.81 ± 0.61 fg | 72.39 ± 1.12 j |
3 | Pinto bean | Phaseolus vulgaris | 8.97 ± 0.21 fg | 5.58 ± 0.01 h | 7.72 ± 0.33 f | 11.59 ± 0.67 gh | 70.96 ± 1.42 j |
4 | Red pinto bean | Phaseolus vulgaris | 8.22 ± 0.38 h | 5.28 ± 0.21 i | 6.92 ± 0.31 g | 10.38 ± 0.47 hi | 66.08 ± 1.43 k |
5 | Milky flower bean | Phaseolus vulgaris | 5.18 ± 0.17 k | 2.82 ± 0.06 m | 4.93 ± 0.26 i | 6.64 ± 0.16 j | 39.59 ± 1.64 n |
6 | Stone bean | Flemingia fluminalis C.B. Clarke | 13.27 ± 0.68 c | 6.40 ± 0.07 e | 12.95 ± 0.20 a | 23.23 ± 0.67 b | 122.66 ± 0.70 c |
7 | Light speckled bean | Phaseolus vulgaris | 2.37 ± 0.09 l | 2.66 ± 0.08 m | 3.02 ± 0.18 j | 2.99 ± 0.09 k | 17.36 ± 1.01 o |
8 | Spotted cowpea | Vigna unguiculata | 14.62 ± 0.45 b | 10.39 ± 0.39 b | 12.02 ± 0.55 b | 23.24 ± 0.57 b | 124.87 ± 2.08 c |
9 | Large zebra bean | Phaseolus coccineus Linn. | 6.79 ± 0.13 i | 4.74 ± 0.13 j | 5.72 ± 0.22 h | 9.53 ± 0.40 i | 58.69 ± 4.17 l |
10 | White flat bean | Dolichos lablab L. | 0.71 ± 0.06 m | 1.05 ± 0.01 p | 0.98 ± 0.02 m | 0.59 ± 0.01 l | 5.41 ± 0.12 p |
11 | Pinto kidney bean | Phaseolus vulgaris | 8.57 ± 0.35 gh | 5.65 ± 0.14 gh | 7.73 ± 0.28 f | 11.45 ± 0.43 gh | 77.04 ± 2.22 i |
12 | Red kidney | Phaseolus vulgaris | 9.18 ± 0.18 ef | 5.80 ± 0.08 fgh | 8.44 ± 0.28 e | 12.92 ± 0.11 f | 79.38 ± 1.10 hi |
13 | Large white kidney bean | Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. | 1.04 ± 0.02 m | 1.34 ± 0.06 o | 1.61 ± 0.07 l | 0.90 ± 0.01 l | 9.04 ± 0.15 p |
14 | Small round pinto bean | Phaseolus vulgaris | 6.17 ± 0.06 j | 4.39 ± 0.10 k | 5.81 ± 0.08 h | 9.66 ± 0.74 i | 53.95 ± 1.43 m |
15 | Small zebra bean | Phaseolus coccineus Linn. | 9.62 ± 0.40 e | 7.11 ± 0.26 d | 8.57 ± 0.41 de | 15.48 ± 0.36 e | 86.38 ± 3.60 f |
16 | Velvet bean | Mucuna cochinchinesis (Lour) Tang | 56.63 ± 0.88 a | 34.50 ± 0.48 a | 2.84 ± 0.02 j | 102.82 ± 3.07 a | 298.71 ± 3.09 a |
17 | Broad bean | Vicia faba L. | 9.56 ± 0.29 e | 4.09 ± 0.16 l | 8.82 ± 0.34 de | 18.83 ± 0.14 c | 140.55 ± 2.38 b |
18 | White kidney bean | Phaseolus vulgaris | 0.74 ± 0.03 m | 1.46 ± 0.04 o | 2.28 ± 0.06 k | 0.78 ± 0.03 l | 7.74 ± 0.39 p |
19 | Green adzuki bean | Vigna umbellata | 10.84 ± 0.16 d | 5.91 ± 0.14 fg | 8.96 ± 0.26 d | 17.38 ± 0.58 d | 96.88 ± 1.49 e |
20 | Black-eyed pea | Vigna unguiculata | 2.34 ± 0.11 l | 2.25 ± 0.05n | 2.68 ± 0.13 jk | 3.88 ± 0.05 k | 19.64 ± 1.31 o |
21 | Small white bean | Phaseolus vulgaris L. f.abla Alef | 0.74 ± 0.02 m | 1.27 ± 0.03op | 1.52 ± 0.07 l | 0.96 ± 0.04 l | 8.76 ± 0.29 p |
22 | Mosaic bean | Vigna unguiculata (Linn.) Walp | 11.16 ± 0.60 d | 7.29 ± 0.02d | 8.41 ± 0.25 e | 16.94 ± 0.37 d | 81.49 ± 4.85 gh |
23 | Small black bean | Phaseolus vulgaris | 12.79 ± 0.04 c | 6.03 ± 0.09f | 7.66 ± 0.11 f | 15.33 ± 0.46 e | 84.53 ± 3.53 fg |
ID Code | English Name | L | a | b |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Small adzuki bean | 81.28 u | 1.67 k | 3.66 n |
2 | Adzuki bean | 86.31 r | 2.32 g | 1.32 t |
3 | Pinto bean | 91.93 h | 3.74 a | 3.07 p |
4 | Red pinto bean | 88.71 p | 3.28 c | 1.35 s |
5 | Milky flower bean | 91.83 i | 1.92 i | 1.79 r |
6 | Stone bean | 83.90 t | 3.49 b | 0.90 v |
7 | Light speckled bean | 96.13 e | 0.73 n | 5.92 f |
8 | Spotted cowpea | 89.11 n | 1.70 j | 4.45 j |
9 | Large zebra bean | 86.08 s | 2.92 e | 3.99 l |
10 | White flat bean | 98.94 b | −1.29 u | 8.46 d |
11 | Pinto kidney bean | 91.49 l | 2.96 d | 1.34 s |
12 | Red kidney | 93.32 f | 1.96 h | 1.23 u |
13 | Large white kidney bean | 99.17 a | −1.02 t | 8.55 c |
14 | Small round pinto bean | 91.59 k | 2.73 f | 3.83 m |
15 | Small zebra bean | 89.42 m | 3.73 a | 2.96 q |
16 | Velvet bean | 87.52 q | 1.06 m | 7.73 e |
17 | Broad bean | 91.59 k | −0.35 s | 9.93 b |
18 | White kidney bean | 96.56 d | 0.39 o | 5.28 h |
19 | Green adzuki bean | 92.52 g | 0.18 r | 4.01 k |
20 | Black-eyed pea | 91.65 j | 0.27 p | 5.70 g |
21 | Small white bean | 97.11 c | 0.20 q | 3.32 o |
22 | Mosaic bean | 89.01 o | 1.17 l | 4.6 i |
23 | Small black bean | 79.67 v | −4.13 v | 15.75 a |
Variables | Correlation | TPC | TFC | CTC | FRAP | ABTS | L | a | b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TPC | Pearson Correlation | 1 | 0.990 b | 0.161 | 0.995 b | 0.944 b | -0.433a | 0.074 | 0.131 |
Sig.( 2-tailed) | 0 | 0.463 | 0 | 0 | 0.039 | 0.737 | 0.55 | ||
N | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | ||
TFC | Pearson Correlation | 1 | 0.104 | 0.987 b | 0.912 b | −0.363 | 0.105 | 0.104 | |
Sig.(2-tailed) | 0.636 | 0 | 0 | 0.088 | 0.633 | 0.638 | |||
N | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | |||
CTC | Pearson Correlation | 1 | 0.118 | 0.412 | −0.637 b | 0.395 | −0.286 | ||
Sig.(2-tailed) | 0.593 | 0.051 | 0.001 | 0.062 | 0.187 | ||||
N | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | ||||
FRAP | Pearson Correlation | 1 | 0.940 b | −0.371 | 0.069 | 0.134 | |||
Sig.(2-tailed) | 0 | 0.081 | 0.753 | 0.543 | |||||
N | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | |||||
ABTS | Pearson Correlation | 1 | −0.518 a | 0.144 | 0.089 | ||||
Sig.(2-tailed) | 0.011 | 0.512 | 0.685 | ||||||
N | 23 | 23 | 23 | ||||||
L | Pearson Correlation | 1 | −0.141 | −0.043 | |||||
Sig.(2-tailed) | 0.522 | 0.846 | |||||||
N | 23 | 23 | |||||||
a | Pearson Correlation | 1 | −0.870 b | ||||||
Sig.(2-tailed) | 0 | ||||||||
N | 23 | ||||||||
b | Pearson Correlation | 1 | |||||||
Sig.(2-tailed) | |||||||||
N |
Sample No. | English Name | GA | PA | TBA | PCD | HBA | GEA | CLA | VA | SA | VN | PCA | FA | SIA | SAA | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Small Adzuki bean | 10.53 ± 0.22def | ND | 2.64 ± 0.05c | 1.81 ± 0.11cd | 6.67 ± 0.03a | ND | ND | ND | 1.68 ± 0.14gh | 87.85 ± 7.06c | 1.89 ± 0.03cdef | ND | ND | ND | 113.07 |
2 | Adzuki bean | 9.74 ± 0.47ef | ND | 1.74 ± 0.15e | 1.86 ± 0.04cd | 0.59 ± 0.22ij | 5.22 ± 0.03e | 1.98 ± 0.09ef | 3.76 ± 0.1g | 0.57 ± 0.02i | 72.97 ± 2.04d | 2.26 ± 0.04cde | 1.48 ± 0.04c | ND | 0.59 ± 0.01d | 102.76 |
3 | Pinto bean | 8.47 ± 0.14ef | 0.25 ± 0d | 1.96 ± 0.02d | 7.84 ± 0.18b | 4.07 ± 0.16cd | ND | ND | 2.07 ± 0.05h | 1.38 ± 0.07h | ND | ND | ND | 0.64 ± 0.02def | ND | 26.68 |
4 | Red pinto bean | 7 ± 0.05f | 0.16 ± 0d | 1.91 ± 0.02d | ND | 4.24 ± 0.09c | ND | ND | 3.53 ± 0.18g | 5.53 ± 0.37b | ND | 2.2 ± 0.04cde | 4.23 ± 0.15c | 0.34 ± 0.01ef | ND | 29.14 |
5 | Milky flower bean | 9.24 ± 0.41ef | 1.85 ± 0.04bc | 1.72 ± 0.01e | 6.27 ± 0.1b | 2.11 ± 0.16f | ND | 0.5 ± 0.02ghi | 3.79 ± 0.2g | 2.42 ± 0.05ef | 3.06 ± 0.14hi | 2.13 ± 0.09cde | 2.16 ± 0.11c | 0.5 ± 0.03ef | ND | 35.75 |
6 | Stone bean | 11.95 ± 0.42de | 0.52 ± 0.01d | 1.74 ± 0e | 1.03 ± 0.08cd | 2.29 ± 0.21f | 0.81 ± 0.04i | 0.5 ± 0.02d | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.7 ± 0.09c | ND | ND | 21.54 |
7 | Light speckled bean | 12.39 ± 0.15de | ND | 2.01 ± 0.02d | ND | 1.36 ± 0.1g | 5.82 ± 0.17cd | ND | 4.69 ± 0.1f | ND | 5.46 ± 0.16ghi | 1.62 ± 0.05cdefg | 3.19 ± 0.04c | 0.21 ± 0.01f | ND | 36.75 |
8 | Spotted cowpea | 9.48 ± 0.16ef | ND | 2.76 ± 0.21c | 8.63 ± 0.39b | ND | 18.94 ± 0.34a | ND | ND | ND | 4.35 ± 0.36ghi | 1.44 ± 0.09defgh | ND | ND | ND | 45.6 |
9 | Large zebra bean | 7.25 ± 0.06f | 4.68 ± 0.07a | 1.58 ± 0.06f | 0.11 ± 0d | 3.89 ± 0.17d | 5.59 ± 0.22de | ND | 12.36 ± 0.11c | 3.48 ± 0.04d | 1.16 ± 0.02i | 1.71 ± 0.05cdefg | ND | 0.81 ± 0.06def | ND | 42.62 |
White flat beans | 8.98 ± 0.16ef | 1.09 ± 0.04bcd | ND | 1.02 ± 0.02cd | 0.21 ± 0.0kl | ND | 20.69 ± 0.04a | 14.85 ± 0.05a | ND | 23.94 ± 2.3f | 5.88 ± 0.29b | 2.2 ± 0.03c | 0.27 ± 0ef | ND | 79.13 | |
11 | Pinto kidney bean | 9.13 ± 0.14ef | ND | 1.67 ± 0.02ef | ND | 2.78 ± 0.07e | ND | 1.12 ± 0.11fgh | 5.44 ± 0.08e | ND | ND | 1.3 ± 0.04efgh | 2 ± 0.01c | 0.27 ± 0.01ef | ND | 23.71 |
12 | Red kidney | 12.26 ± 0.18de | 2.23 ± 0.16b | 1.7 ± 0.07ef | ND | 4.13 ± 0.16cd | 0.64 ± 0.02ij | ND | 5.48 ± 0.17e | ND | ND | 0.33 ± 0.02gh | 17.98 ± 0.21b | 0.38 ± 0.02ef | ND | 45.13 |
13 | Large kidney bean | 0.39 ± 0g | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.15 ± 0.17f | ND | 8.85 ± 0.06d | 6.08 ± 0.05a | 8.86 ± 0.09ghi | ND | ND | 1.36 ± 0.03cde | ND | 28.69 |
14 | Small round pinto bean | 1.99 ± 0.15g | 1.28 ± 0.03bcd | ND | ND | ND | 7.11 ± 0.41b | ND | 2.08 ± 0.08h | 3.67 ± 0.11d | 43.74 ± 0.21e | ND | 0.59 ± 0.04c | 1.94 ± 0.01c | 1.56 ± 0.11bc | 63.96 |
15 | Small zebra bean | ND | 1.04 ± 0.04bcd | ND | ND | 6.9 ± 0.48a | 2.21 ± 0.06g | ND | 2.18 ± 0.06h | 3.42 ± 0.09d | 23.97 ± 0.82f | ND | 1.76 ± 0.05c | ND | 12.55 ± 0.68a | 54.03 |
16 | Velvet bean | 479.26 ± 10.4a | ND | 6.13 ± 0.16a | 29.71 ± 0.96a | 5.69 ± 0.12b | 6.31 ± 0.01c | 2.45 ± 0.04e | 2.09 ± 0.02h | 0.32 ± 0.01i | 219.19 ± 7.8a | 3.01 ± 0.09c | ND | ND | 1.8 ± 0.04b | 755.96 |
17 | Broad bean | 24.55 ± 0.23c | 0.31 ± 0.02d | ND | 1.07 ± 0.05cd | 1.08 ± 0.05h | 0.11 ± 0.01jk | ND | 0.33 ± 0.02j | 2.46 ± 0.06ef | 161.63 ± 3.74b | ND | 3.13 ± 0.04c | ND | ND | 194.67 |
18 | White kidney bean | 10.1 ± 0.43ef | ND | ND | 1.07 ± 0.05cd | ND | 2.2 ± 0.14g | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.94 ± 0.2cd | 1.37 ± 0.01c | ND | ND | 17.68 |
19 | Green adzuki bean | 12.25 ± 0.21de | 0.78 ± 0.02cd | 5.81 ± 0.01b | 3.09 ± 0.11c | ND | 2.12 ± 0.02h | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.55 ± 0.11cdefg | 3.1 ± 0.1c | ND | ND | 28.7 |
20 | black-eyed pea | 12.17 ± 0.21de | ND | ND | 1.45 ± 0.07cd | 0.36 ± 0.01jk | 2.2 ± 0.05g | ND | 0.14 ± 0.01j | 0.2 ± 0.01i | ND | ND | 2.94 ± 0.24c | ND | ND | 19.46 |
21 | Small white bean | 14.52 ± 0.43d | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 14.52 |
22 | Mosaic bean | 11.07 ± 0.28def | 0.8 ± 0.04cd | ND | ND | ND | ND | 13.3 ± 0.09b | ND | ND | ND | 1.62 ± 0.08cdefg | ND | ND | ND | 26.79 |
23 | Small black bean | 28.64 ± 0.03b | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2 ± 0.08fg | ND | 6.53 ± 0.42b | ND | ND | ND | 37.17 |
Sample No. | English Name | Hesperitin | Naringin | Q1 | Myricetin | Morin | Q2 | Tangeritin | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Small adzuki bean | 34.23 ± 1.72 b | 76.79 ± 5.78 a | 21.69 ± 0.06 a | ND | 11.93 ± 0.38 b | ND | 5.22 ± 0.52 cd | 149.86 |
2 | Adzuki bean | 7.71 ± 0.58 ij | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7.71 |
3 | Pinto bean | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.62 ± 0.02 e | 3.62 |
4 | Red pinto bean | 18.38 ± 0.38 f | 13.88 ± 1.11 f | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.92 ± 0.28 d | 37.18 |
5 | Milky flower bean | 23.18 ± 0.16 e | 44.99 ± 1.35 c | 3.83 ± 0.26 h | ND | ND | ND | ND | 72 |
6 | Stone bean | 5.99 ± 0.43 jk | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.99 |
7 | Light speckled bean | 4.56 ± 0.54 k | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.56 |
8 | Spotted cowpea | 9.02 ± 0.63 i | ND | 11.51 ± 0.01 d | ND | ND | ND | ND | 20.53 |
9 | Large zebra bean | 14.87 ± 1.94 g | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 14.87 |
10 | White flat beans | 9.77 ± 0.11 i | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.12 ± 0.06 e | 13.89 |
11 | Pinto kidney bean | 13.71 ± 0.03 gh | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.26 ± 0.19 bcd | 18.97 |
12 | Red kidney | 27.92 ± 0.16 d | ND | 4.34 ± 0.02 g | ND | ND | ND | 5.63 ± 0.04 bc | 37.89 |
13 | Large kidney bean | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.71 ± 0.05 f | 2.71 |
14 | Small round pinto bean | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.69 ± 0.08 f | 2.69 |
15 | Small zebra bean | 24.22 ± 0.53 e | ND | 4.25 ± 0.4 gh | ND | ND | ND | ND | 28.47 |
16 | Velvet bean | 13.28 ± 0.94 gh | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 13.28 |
17 | Broad bean | 12.26 ± 0.65 h | 16.97 ± 0.36 e | 4.84 ± 0.07 f | ND | ND | ND | ND | 34.07 |
18 | White kidney bean | 4.81 ± 0.02 k | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.81 |
19 | Green adzuki bean | 28.59 ± 2.19 d | 22.02 ± 1.05 d | 7.73 ± 0.49 e | ND | ND | ND | ND | 58.34 |
20 | black-eyed pea | 32.1 ± 2.59 c | 57.42 ± 3.13 b | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 89.52 |
21 | Small white bean | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.8 ± 0.51 b | 5.8 |
22 | Mosaic bean | 26.97 ± 1.31 d | ND | 13.41 ± 0.01 c | 6.12 ± 0.2 b | ND | ND | ND | 46.5 |
23 | Small black bean | 38.1 ± 1.15 a | ND | 16.7 ± 0.81 b | 63.32 ± 2.2 a | 39.27 ± 2.26 a | 5.8 ± 0.4 a | 6.65 ± 0.91 a | 169.84 |
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Zhang, Y.; Meenu, M.; Yu, H.; Xu, B. An Investigation on Phenolic and Antioxidant Capacity of Under-utilized Food Legumes Consumed in China. Foods 2020, 9, 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040438
Zhang Y, Meenu M, Yu H, Xu B. An Investigation on Phenolic and Antioxidant Capacity of Under-utilized Food Legumes Consumed in China. Foods. 2020; 9(4):438. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040438
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yaqian, Maninder Meenu, Hansong Yu, and Baojun Xu. 2020. "An Investigation on Phenolic and Antioxidant Capacity of Under-utilized Food Legumes Consumed in China" Foods 9, no. 4: 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040438