Next Article in Journal
The Design and Development of a Foot-Detection Approach Based on Seven-Foot Dimensions: A Case Study of a Virtual Try-On Shoe System Using Augmented Reality Techniques
Previous Article in Journal
Predicting the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementia in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment Using a Semi-Competing Risk Approach
Previous Article in Special Issue
The Impact of YouTube on Loneliness and Mental Health
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Informatics
Volume 10
Issue 2
10.3390/informatics10020047
informatics-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Meeting Ourselves or Other Sides of Us?—Meta-Analysis of the Metaverse

by
Mónica Cruz
1,*,
Abílio Oliveira
2 and
Alessandro Pinheiro
2
1
Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal
2
ISTAR-IUL, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Informatics 2023, 10(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics10020047
Submission received: 15 March 2023 / Revised: 25 May 2023 / Accepted: 30 May 2023 / Published: 2 June 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Human-Computer Interaction)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
We were promised that the Metaverse would revolutionize our lives, social interactions, work, and business. However, how and when will this happen? We have seen the growth and development of technology, but there is no agreement or prediction about a specific time, and we can only follow the how question. To investigate more leads about this concept, we considered a main research question: How is the Metaverse actually being perceived? This question is connected with three objectives: to verify how the Metaverse is being represented and characterized, identify the main dimensions that facilitate or influence the acceptance of the Metaverse, and identify the leading technologies that suit the Metaverse concept. This study consisted of a documental analysis—or meta-analysis—of fifty of the most relevant scientific papers (taking into account some inclusion criteria) published in the last three years, using the Leximancer software to create concept maps to illustrate the main concepts and themes extracted from the articles to understand their associations or relations with the Metaverse concept. This study provided us with essential findings about how this concept has been perceived and allowed us to answer our objectives, contributing to a scientific discussion on the topic, and provided some valid suggestions for future research, which is already in progress. It also provided new leads on approaching this concept in development.

1. Introduction

From the moment we wake up until we return to sleep, our (physical) lives are dependent on, or interconnected with, technology, from the more mechanical, basic form (for example, using a toaster) to more sophisticated technology (intelligent washing machine). Our social lives are being potentialized to the maximum, which is only possible through technology and will probably be extended further in the future. This is all due to our ambition, as humans, to discover new ways to communicate, socialize, and potentialize our daily routines.
However, we should not forget an essential part of our lives, present since the primitive cavemen—that is, leisure through playing games. This could have been board games long ago, but now, with the evolution of digital gaming, we can do it virtually, with a cellphone, computer, gaming console, or another digital set. The gaming world has been among us for a long time [1] and can respond to all of our wishes [2]. This evolution implies that gaming is becoming a social and shared experience [3], with continuous growth. With technological development, animated digital techniques make it possible for the players to achieve the pleasure of attaining dynamic universes, putting to their senses and experiences to the test [4]. Animation, with the help of games, makes the creation of virtual worlds possible. For these reasons, gaming is considered the funder of the Metaverse concept.
The Metaverse depends on virtual and augmented reality to create a 3D experience [2], and joining these experiences for the users makes the creation of virtual worlds possible [5]. However, we must remember the importance of social connection and the representations in and between people as we look at this concept through the Metaverse of Mind concept [6]. Virtual reality allows the Metaverse to become a type of communication, using a computer as a simulation, allowing the construction of our virtual realities [7]. If virtual reality is considered a dream [8], then the Metaverse is responsible for gathering all possible dreams, creating a world for them to live through and for us.
In addition, this continuous evolution of concepts such as virtual reality, virtual worlds, the Metaverse—and even the multiverse—becomes the center of all attention. However, how is the Metaverse being perceived and represented? What are the main dimensions and concepts associated with the representation of the Metaverse? What has been researched and stated about this concept?
This documental or bibliographical study is part of more extensive research focused on the Metaverse concepts, virtual reality, and gaming. In this context: How is the Metaverse actually being perceived?
We aim to: (1) verify how the Metaverse is being represented and characterized; (2) identify the main dimensions that facilitate or influence the acceptance of the Metaverse; and (3) identify the leading technologies that suit the Metaverse concept.
We have selected fifty articles published in indexed scientific journals in the last three years on the main scientific database platforms (B-On, Scopus, and Google Scholar). We began our research using the sections of Titles, Keywords, Abstracts, Introductions, and Conclusions. The qualitative data selected from each section of the papers were analyzed using the Leximancer software to perform textual or content analysis of the text documents and identify high-level concepts, giving us key ideas and actionable insights through graphic models.
We aimed to identify, analyze, and create a map highlighting the emerging concepts and dimensions of the Metaverse based on the qualitative data analysis using Leximancer and centering our attention on how the previous studies described this concept in each method section. The Leximancer tool, as a qualitative research Computer-aided Qualitative Data Analysis (CAQDA) software, not only helps us observe the connection between main ideas and the Metaverse, but also to derive and explore possible studies that can be conducted in the future, to go deeper and discover more about this emerging concept.
The present study is framed in a general introduction and a brief literature review. Subsequently, we present a detailed explanation of the methodology applied to the most frequent themes and main concepts from the articles we analyzed. Then, we highlight the findings of this study, followed by a discussion considering the results and a conclusion (including suggestions for future work).

2. Background

2.1. Metaverse

The Metaverse concept was proposed by Neal Stephenson, in 1992, in the scientific novel Snow Crash. Since then, the search to understand and define it has taken a big step. The Metaverse is a layer between reality and us [9], referring to a 3D, virtual, shared world where all the activities are possible due to augmented and virtual reality technologies [10]. It can be considered as a compound word of “meta” and “universe” that brings us a meaning of transcendence and the world, defined as a digital world where daily life and economic activities are possible [11]. It is a three-dimensional virtual world based on the physical world, but with no physical limitations, enabling interaction between people through avatars [12] and engaging in social, economic, and cultural activities [13]. It is also considered a post-reality universe and a multi-user environment, capable of merging physical and digital virtuality, that brings multisensory interactions and networked environments that are compatible with massively multiplayer online video games [14]. The Metaverse is also considered a mix of elements, including: online games, social networking, augmented reality, and virtual reality, which all allow digital engagement [15].
It is also expected to fundamentally change digital communication and significantly impact entertainment, education, health care, the economy, information, and services [16]. The gaming and education areas were also the first areas in which the Metaverse was considered and solutions arrived [17].
Nevertheless, it is essential to understand that the Metaverse is only possible because of technological development. This technological development came as a result of the success of the gaming world through virtual and augmented reality technologies and the animation evolution. The Metaverse is therefore considered to be a combination of technologies, depending on different concepts—such as gaming and other tools—and techniques for its development [18].

2.2. Virtual World versus Virtual Reality

Ralph Waldo Emerson once said that “All life is an experiment. The more experiments you make, the better” [19], and if we think about how technologies have invaded our lives and transformed them into these alternative realities, we have certainly embraced them. Therefore, it is essential to understand what these virtual worlds and virtual reality have and will continue to bring for us to experience, as a Metaverse component or as a concept by itself.
For some authors, virtual worlds may be seen as computer games that can be persistent and dynamic, supporting rich social interactions, attracting an ever-increasing number of participants, and providing a parallel alternative to the existing legal systems [20]. Making friendships and buying and selling properties is also possible [21]. Virtual worlds are computer-mediated, networked, and spatially navigable multi-user environments [22], giving us a perspective of social spaces, virtual environments, or performative environments. They are online spaces for socializing [23], and, at present, they have capabilities in areas such as education and leisure [24]. They can also be shared, simulated framework spaces that are inhabited and transformed by their inhabitants, represented by avatars, mediating the experience of space as we move and interact with objects or other users [25]. Virtual worlds can be understood as online computer-generated environments used by multiple users in remote physical locations, in real-time, either for work or play purposes [26]. Computer-generated simulations with three-dimensional objects or environments with seemingly real, direct, or physical user interactions have been considered a subset of the virtual reality [26]. It is also added that they are non-pausable virtual environments [27].
What about virtual reality? Some authors consider it an illusion made by a computer [28]. However, others believe virtual reality is real because we can interact with objects [28] with virtual realism. It is regarded as a new medium, brought about through technology, to become a practical and effective way of communication [29]. Virtual reality can also be described as virtual environments because participants can view other participants as being in the same environment and interact with them [30]. Virtual environments are ongoing experiences in time, considered for a large population, and have a world of social interactions [30]. Virtual reality uses computer graphic systems combined with displays and interface devices that provide an immersion in a 3D computer-generated environment [31]. Virtual reality convinces a participant that they are in another place, substituting the primary senses with a computer [32]; it is an electronic simulations environment [33], enabling users to gain experiences of real things that are similar to those from the physical world [34] by simulating a realistic environment [35]. Virtual reality brings us high expectations to revolutionize how we interact and deal with the digital world [36].
Virtual reality is seen as having a profound impact on daily human life and as allowing participants to continue to challenge the limits of the existing technology and optimize the combination of resources in pursuing scientific progress and technology [37]. In this way, virtual tools provide a variety of means to access, view, and analyze data, offering spatiality immersion and interaction [38].

2.3. Related Work—A Comprehensive Review of Main Concepts

To better understand the relationships between the key concepts, in this section, we connect these concepts with the questions and objectives of the present study. Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5 were structured to help us to observe the definitions of the studied authors according to our objectives, which are to: (1) verify how the Metaverse is being represented and characterized; (2) identify the main dimensions that facilitate/influence the acceptance of the Metaverse; and (3) identify the leading technologies that suit the Metaverse concept.
Through analyzing the referenced papers (cf. Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5), we better understand how the Metaverse is characterized. It is described as something more abstract (for example: “considered a post-reality universe” [9]) or as something more literal (for example: ”considered as a compound word of “meta” and “uni-verse” that brings us a meaning of transcendence and the world” [11]).
We can also verify that the acceptance and influence of the Metaverse are the result of the technology that supports its existence. This technology comes from a simple device (example: “Some authors consider it an illusion made by a computer” [28]) or something made by machines as virtual reality (example: “The Metaverse depends on virtual and augmented reality to create a 3D experience” [2]; “3D virtual shared world where all the activities are possible due to augmented and virtual reality technologies” [10]), or other existing technological realities, such as the gaming area (example: “a mix of elements: online games, social networking, augmented reality, and virtual reality, allowing digital engagement” [15]).
It is also possible to realize that the leading technology that suits the Metaverse is all that makes it possible to exist. We identified concepts such as virtual reality, virtual world, gaming, social networks, or others that allow digital engagement.
The Metaverse encompasses all of these concepts because if they did not exist, the idea of the Metaverse as something with multiple existences would be impossible.
Regarding our research question, “How is the Metaverse actually being perceived?”, we can now elaborate that the Metaverse is perceived as technology in development, as all the technology around it is constantly evolving, and that it depends on concepts such as virtual reality and the virtual world because they are the core of this concept—which is, itself, virtual. It also demands digital engagement, obtained by gaming and social networks, positioning itself as a new form of communication.

2.4. Qualitative Research

Qualitative research was the natural approach to understanding which concepts, ideas, or dimensions we may find in relation to our central themes; it allows us to investigate the relationships between categories that can be subject to change during the research process [39]. This way, we can observe and worry less about measuring things [40]. Whether we opt for a more naturalist model, observing voice and subjectivity, or a more constructionist model, by following features of the social world that emerge naturally, the importance is in whether you can make extraordinary features out of ordinary life [41].
Qualitative research helps us understand what is important for people [32], giving us access to more subjective meaning than other approaches. Over the years, this has become known as the pluralization of life worlds [42]. Qualitative research is an umbrella term that makes a united research program possible, with different aims and procedures [42]. It also follows two basic principles: coding and categorization, on one hand, and text in context on the other [42].
Nevertheless, it is essential to note that qualitative research—specifically in our case, with a documental study using textual analysis—has also evolved due to technological development. This technological change influences the type of qualitative research [42]. At present, Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) and Computer-aided Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) are fundamental not only for analyzing data, but also for supporting the qualitative data analysis process [43]. QDA software is a word processor that makes it easy for the researcher to write text, which in turn supports the qualitative research [42]. Depending on the program, it also facilitates the representation of data, structures in the data, and findings through graphic maps. Through these, we can increase the quality of qualitative research. The QDA software increases the validity of analyses [44,45], allows consolidation of the research [43,46], and facilitates the sampling decisions [47].
With the QDA software, data management becomes more manageable, and a series of techniques are supported, using the definition of pointers to: retrieve indexed text segments; construct electronic cross-references, which can be used to jump between linked passages; facilitate the comments of the researchers; define linkages between index worlds’ use of variables and a filter; facilitate the retrieval of text segments with relations to each other; and facilitate the retrieval of quantitative attributes of the database [48]. Thus, we have seen the significant impact and help of the technology software and, even with the concern of some authors that it may distract researchers from the real analytic work, the help of reading, understanding, and contemplating the texts and others [42]. The computer can dramatically affect the research process and outcome, from unacceptable analysis restrictions to the unexpected opening of new possibilities [49].

2.5. Leximancer Tool

For this study, we decided to use the CAQDA software Leximancer(4.5 version, Leximancer Pty Ltd., Queensland, Australia), which is a typical data mining tool that enables a textual analysis of documents, identifying high-level concepts and giving us key ideas and actionable insights through models, interactive visualizations, and data exports. Leximancer can search, add, remove, and merge terms, as well as extract semantic (meaning) and relational information [50]. It can also detect key concepts based on their similarity and association with other words, using machine learning to generate and classify its glossary for each data set [51]. It has been used in an academic research setting in business, public sector, social, cultural, education, leisure, and tourism studies [50]—showing an extensive range of research in which this software has helped with data analysis.
Leximancer does not need research input as it can show us the merging concepts automatically generated from the text [50,52]. As a text mining tool, it provides concept maps using well-established methods to extract key concepts from texts [53]. Concept maps are very effective in identifying document trends and giving a rapid understanding of the new domain, allowing it to explore, in detail, within the global scope of the textual corps [53].
Leximancer has proven that its analysis is reliable [54] and stable, being equivalent to intercoder reliability [55], producing stable maps for the studies [53]. It allows us to profoundly analyze the data gathered and the results obtained, providing qualitative research, theoretical analyses, substantive content, and certainty [56,57], which are very important for any researcher.

3. Methods

3.1. Data Gathering—Articles

To gather the data in this study, we searched indexed scientific articles on the leading scientific database platforms, namely B-On, Scopus, and Google Scholar, considering, initially, three main keywords: Metaverse, virtual reality, and gaming.
For the selection of the 50 articles—scientific papers—, we took into account the following inclusion criteria: papers published in the last three years (2021 to 2023); papers with at least one of the main keywords considered for this research, as previously mentioned; and papers in which the concept is aligned with the goal of our study. For the exclusion criteria, we took into account: (1) papers that do not meet the inclusion criteria already mentioned; (2) papers that do not provide access to the full paper; (3) scientific papers that do not have the structure needed for the posterior analysis, namely titles, keywords, abstracts, introductions, and conclusions. The articles used are referred to in the references and in Table S1 (see Section Supplementary Materials). The majority were from 2022 (86%), and the remaining were from 2021 (12%) and 2023 (2%) (Table 6). Of the 50 articles, 37 were Journal Papers (74%), 10 Conference Papers (20%), and 3 PrePrints (6%) (Table 6 and Table 7).
We observe that there is a diversity of publishers, perhaps because of the novelty of the theme, but the most recurrent are IEEE (12%), ResearchGate (10%), DergiPark (10%), CNKI (6%), and ScienceDirect (6%) (Table 8).

3.2. Preparing and Analysing Data—Procedure

After selecting the 50 articles, considering the mentioned inclusion criteria, we gathered all the downloaded free pdfs into a folder. Then, we extracted all the data from the titles, abstracts, keywords, introduction, conclusions, year of publication, published as, and published by from each article in a single Excel spreadsheet, using these descriptions as columns. Titles because they are essential from a marketing view [58], abstracts because they focus on the crucial issues shown in the papers [54], keywords because they are critical for searching any article [59], introductions because they give us significant findings about the concepts, and conclusions because they synthesize the results of the studies [60].
After the collection of all the data, a total of five text files were created with the names, titles, abstracts, keywords, introductions, and conclusions, where we merged all the data from the articles accordingly with the titles of the files, resulting in all the titles in the title file, and the same for the other files, respectively. The text files were uploaded and analyzed one by one through Leximancer, giving special attention to merging similar words (or reducing those that have singular and plural forms) or words with the same semantic root (e.g., world and worlds) and removing others—such as definite and indefinite articles—not significant for this study (e.g., a, an, or the). After this procedure, the concept maps were created so we could analyze them according to our research question, objectives, and theoretical-conceptual literature reviews. These concept maps can be repeated as needed [57]. It is important to note that the concept maps produced by Leximancer illustrate the main concepts extracted from the articles (Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5), and a cluster of concepts is considered a theme with some standard text [57].

3.3. Gathering Data—Results

Regarding the extracted titles (Figure 1), we observe that Leximancer produced two main themes with similar relevance (Table 9), meaning that these were the main concepts expressed from all the titles of the 50 articles. The use of a survey was the basis for many of the empirical studies, and several studies were focused on reality or, more precisely, on the relationship between the Metaverse and different realities, as the Metaverse is defined as a layer between us and reality [9]. We can also analyze the fact that this concept must evolve and how it is positioned in our lives, and therefore more research (surveys) needs to occur to see its future reality.
Considering the keywords extracted from the articles, we observe (Figure 2) five main themes: Date, Reality, Affordance, Bibliometric, and Entertainment. In Table 10, we can observe that the percentage of the relevance of the concepts Reality and Virtual share the same high relevance. We can see that the Metaverse, through its existence as a reality, is present in our daily life. As this reality occurs through virtual and augmented reality, the technologies that make up this concept of the Metaverse evolve and exist.
It is possible to observe these realities with the information available (Date, Bibliometric) in the present study through the available research and literature; however, it is also important to consider that the function of the Metaverse is easy to identify without any previous explanation (Affordance), because its main objective is entertainment through games, potentializing the imagination, and interactions between people. We can also understand the central core of the entertainment area regarding the Metaverse concept, specifically the gaming world. Without this world, the Metaverse could not enter the user’s personal life and position itself as an interaction and communication tool. Let us dive more into this Metaverse/games relation. If the former is true, we can deduce that the gaming world was the best way for this concept to rise because it is based on the entertainment area and, therefore, is a well-being promoter for its users. The Metaverse developed through creating the perfect ground for a new idea. For this reason, the gaming world should be considered as the founder of this concept.
According to the analysis of the abstracts, we can observe six main themes: Metaverse, Virtual Reality (VR), Virtual, Research, Current, and Important (Figure 3). Table 11 represents the relevance percentage of the main concepts, which are Metaverse (100%) and Virtual (41%) (Figure 3).
These results show that the Metaverse provides immersion in virtual reality, connecting people as online users (as if they were in a social environment) and providing access to different applications and facilities. The Metaverse is, on one hand, a means to accessing current information, and, on the other hand, it points to future research and the need to better understand its impact on our lives. The Metaverse simulates a social platform that supports virtual environments or worlds, providing immersive experiences that almost seem real, as if they were lived in the physical world.
Observing the results for the extracted introductions, eight of the main themes remain: Platform, Example, Users, People, Virtual, Metaverse, Research, and Concept (Figure 4). The concepts with the highest percentage of relevance are Metaverse (100%) and Virtual (45%) (Table 12).
These results show—confirming what we previously found—the Metaverse as a means to accessing the current information and the need to understand its impact on our lives through future research. The Metaverse is useful for user communication, providing a new communication method as social networking through virtual reality interactions.
The relationship between the Metaverse and virtual reality is only possible due to the technological evolution of 3D and augmented reality. This relationship aims to create a virtual world that is as real as our physical one. It is only because the barriers of the frontier have been broken by the social capability of the Metaverse that new means of social communication are expected to emerge, and companies will create new possibilities, markets, and services. The Metaverse may also be used through avatars, reinforcing the need for some human form to interact in a social and media way, opening a possibility for companies and new markets to develop new services.
For the conclusions analysis, we observe six main themes: Business, Development, Virtual, Metaverse, Research, and Virtual Reality (Figure 5). The concepts with the highest percentage of relevance are Metaverse (100%) and Virtual (24%) (Table 13).
The research thus far has shown us the significant impact of the Metaverse and keeps leading us to the need for further future investigation. This impact is evident within our lives and physical world, which will no longer be the same or be viewed in the same way. The increase in the development—not only on the technological levels, but also on business—will become a new field for exploring and creating new opportunities.
It also brings us a new way of living and socializing as the interaction with virtual reality creates new realities and possibilities for our needs or dreams that would not have been possible in the past. Humans are constantly creating new ways of communicating and socializing, and the virtual worlds provide us with alternative realities, or new opportunities, to keep in touch or be creative.

4. Discussion

Our findings provided us with an essential understanding of the representations of the Metaverse concept and its relation to other concepts, such as virtual reality and the gaming world. The results also offer answers to the objectives proposed in this study.
Regarding the objective of verifying how the Metaverse is being represented and characterized, we demonstrated that this concept is described as a new reality, a new means for human socialization, and the creation of new possibilities.
The Metaverse relates to the Reality theme, our reality, and how we perceive or comprehend it. Comparing reality with games, the truth is hard to obtain. On the contrary, games motivate us to participate more in whatever we do [61]. Virtual reality also comes naturally as it is a computer-generated environment [5] that forms the integration and connection between the Metaverse and the users, allowing interaction via avatars [62]. Quantitative and qualitative research data using virtual reality are a medium [62] that creates immersive virtual environments.
The User and People themes and their relevant concepts, such as the Social, are other main themes that show up with relevance, with no surprise. The social aspects of the Metaverse are vital because of its ability to allow interactions between people [12] and also enable social, economic, and cultural activities [13]. It is also important to note that this is only possible by representing each person as a player and, primarily, as an avatar [12]. One goal is to form a social community [63], shaping the future of online social networks [64]. The Metaverse concept also assumes an essential relationship with the entertainment concept, as the leisure dimension is considered to be a mix of online games and social networking [15]. We must recall that the gaming world is the founder of the Metaverse [2], and a game can also affect real lives; alternative realities are becoming increasingly important, and even unavoidable, and need to be considered in the future [61].
Other relevant themes in our findings were Affordance, Business, and Development. We can only perceive these through the technology concept because it is continually being developed and combined with the gaming area, which will continue to evolve. The Metaverse is considered a technological set of capabilities, communication, rendering, interaction, and team processes that is dynamic and allows avatars to interact in the Metaverse [12]. On an industry business level, it can increase productivity along with multiple phases of a product’s life cycle [64]. The Metaverse world is going to show us incredible growth at an economic level [65] and is expected to be able to bring new opportunities for new companies, products, and services [66], meaning new job opportunities will arise [67].
Regarding the objective of identifying the main dimensions that facilitate/influence the acceptance of the Metaverse, our results showed: the gaming world as a means of entertainment; virtual reality as a means of technological engagement and immersion; and socialization, made available through interaction and communication.
Some studies have highlighted the Metaverse concept as a virtual reality platform where people can play games and connect with friends [16]. The entertainment industry is also believed to benefit the most as the Metaverse is considered an entertainment experience [16]. This concept also relies on the shared virtual spaces that promote interaction between users [68]. Therefore, socialization will be a central dimension.
Through the growth of the Metaverse concept, a significant investment in technology is expected because online gaming platforms are a vital aspect of this concept [16], and the more entertainment the gaming world provides through more immersive experiences, the higher the acceptance of new technological development towards the Metaverse concept will be.
As for the last objective, to identify the leading technologies that suit the Metaverse concept, it is clear that they are virtual reality, 3D, and augmented reality. The Metaverse is considered a layer between reality and us [9], existing as a shared 3D virtual world where everybody can experience activities through virtual and augmented reality [10].
Although the Metaverse concept has existed for the past two decades, it still needs a proper definition of what we will expect from it in the near future. Many researchers have been conducting studies to understand where this concept will evolve. However, as this is a relatively new concept (in the general sense), the development of the ambitions that authors put on what will be may differ due to the rapid technological evolution. This is how we represent this concept through the technologies available in the present. Perhaps, in the future, we may have an even broader perspective about the interconnection of what we may imagine as multiverses—as long as fiction becomes close to what we call reality.

5. Research Limitations

In terms of the number of papers selected, a broader sample could probably reinforce our results and provide additional concepts about the Metaverse. Nevertheless, 50 papers are considered a good sample for a meta-analysis. In addition, the bigger the data to analyze, the more difficult it could be to categorize it (in themes and concepts). Another limitation could be the keywords that we used; this study is part of a Ph.D. project, and perhaps having fewer keywords would result in a broader range of studies—and, therefore, scientific papers—in relation to the theme.

6. Conclusions

Technology will continue to guide us in amazing virtual adventures, which may sometimes be disappointing or surprising, but always revealing a new face of the Metaverse as it evolves in its progressive definition. The type of experience provided by technology is different from the past, and it will be different in the future, because we are curious and intelligent beings, and will not stop progressing. However, the evolution of technology is not only made by curiosity. We also have to consider crucial factors, such as the leisure area of our lives. Leisure through games has lived in us since the cavemen times, and it will continue to exist because it is a part of us that we need. This entertainment area is mainly responsible for bringing us more immersive and enjoyable experiences and, therefore, provides technological innovations capable of giving us these experiences and other things we never imagined possible.
Answering our main question, “How is the Metaverse being perceived?”, according to the main concepts we found (Reality, Virtual Reality, Users and People, Affordance, Business, Development, and Entertainment) and the observed connections between them, we conclude that the Metaverse will be part of our lives, creating new forms of communication and interactions through immersive experiences, potentializing a development of new means of services and entertainment.
The Metaverse is perceived as being supported by technology, including virtual and augmented reality, that allows the creation of virtual worlds with new opportunities in significant aspects of our lives, such as entertainment, social, services, or work, keeping in mind the social user’s interaction either between them or with the virtual world within the Metaverse universe. This concept will continue to be in unceasing development as long as technologies become more perfect. We confirmed that our perceptions are influenced by new technologies [69]. However, the Metaverse perspective points to an entertainment gaming view and considers the social needs of these users to grow.
This study offers a deep understanding of the Metaverse concept, highlighting its main concepts and looking deeply at its connection to the gaming world through virtual reality. The main themes gathered from this study give us more leads on how the Metaverse is perceived by researchers, leading us to a better definition of how the evolution of the concept is being approached, technologies that make this possible, and which aspects we cannot neglect. Future studies should include more defined areas in order to explore, more profoundly, their meaning and interactions with this concept.
Our real and virtual worlds are increasingly intrinsically linked by (social) networks of information and knowledge [70]. Using the gaming area, this linkage is formed by animation and offers new perspectives about our (social) reality and way of thinking [71], and also allows the exploration of severe issues without the pressure of things [7]. The Metaverse concept will probably not survive without the play aspects of our lives, as the gaming area cannot live without the animation that permits the user to see, listen, feel, and play a digital game. The gaming area provides us all with new worlds of possibilities to live beyond our imagination and fantasies, so the Metaverse cannot be less than a multiverse where all our dreams may, somehow, come true.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/informatics10020047/s1, Table S1: Useful literature information; Refs. [72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104] are cited in Supplementary Materials.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.C. and A.O.; methodology, M.C. and A.O.; validation, A.O. and A.P.; investigation M.C.; resources, M.C.; data curation, M.C.; writing—original draft preparation, M.C. and A.O.; writing—review and editing, M.C. and A.O. and supervision A.O and A.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Miller, T. Gaming for Beginners. Games Cult. 2006, 1, 5–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  2. Burrows, G. Your Life in the Metaverse; Really Interesting Books: Torraza Piemonte (TO), Italy, 2022. [Google Scholar]
  3. Madigan, J. Getting Gamers: The Psychology of Video Games and Their Impact on the People who Play Them; Reprint Edição.; New Publisher: Lanham, MD, USA, 2021. [Google Scholar]
  4. Júnior, A.L. A Arte da Animação; Senac: Lisboa, Portugal, 2005. [Google Scholar]
  5. Ball, M. THE METAVERSE: And How It Will Revolutionize Everything; W W NORTON & CO.: New York, NY, USA, 2022. [Google Scholar]
  6. Varghese, R.A. Metaverse of Mind-The Cosmic Social Network; Blackbox: Plano, TX, USA, 2022. [Google Scholar]
  7. Cruz, M.; Oliveira, A.; Esmerado, J.; Alturas, B. Why Do We Love the Lion King? Perception of Animation amoung Young Adults. In Proceedings of the ICCDE 2018, Shanghai, China, 4–6 May 2018; ACM: New York, NY, USA, 2018; pp. 88–92. [Google Scholar]
  8. Hamit, F. Virtual Reality and the Exploration of Cyberspace; SAMS Publishing: Carmel, IN, USA, 1993. [Google Scholar]
  9. Alang, N. Opinion|Facebook Wants to Move to ‘the Metaverse’—Here’s What That is, and Why You Should be Worried, hestar.com. 2021. Available online: https://www.thestar.com/business/opinion/2021/10/23/facebook-wants-to-move-to-the-metaverse-heres-what-that-is-and-why-you-should-be-worried.html (accessed on 5 February 2023).
  10. Damar, M. Metaverse Shape of Your Life for Future: A bibliometric snapshot. J. Metaverse 2021, 1, 1–8. [Google Scholar]
  11. Ko, S.Y.; Chung, H.K.; Kim, J.-I.; Shin, Y. A Study on the Typology and Advancement of Cultural Leisure-Based Metaverse. KIPS Trans. Softw. Data Eng. 2021, 10, 331–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Mitchell, A.; Murphy, J.; Owens, D.; Khazanchi, D.; Zigurs, I. Avatars, People, and Virtual Worlds: Foundations for Research in Metaverses. J. AIS 2009, 10, 90–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Hendaoui, A.; Limayem, M.; Thompson, C. 3D Social Virtual Worlds: Research Issues and Challenges. IEEE Internet Comput. 2008, 12, 88–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Mystakidis, S. Metaverse. Encyclopedia 2022, 2, 486–497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Ramesh, U.V.; Harini, A.; Gowri, C.S.D.; Durga, K.V.; Druvitha, P. Kumar Metaverse: Future of the Internet. Int. J. Res. Publ. Rev. 2022, 3, 93–97. [Google Scholar]
  16. Ananya Babu, M.U.; Mohan, P. Impact of the Metaverse on the Digital Future: People’s Perspective. In Proceedings of the 2022 7th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES), Coimbatore, India, 22–24 June 2022; pp. 1576–1581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Abbate, S.; Centobelli, P.; Cerchione, R.; Oropallo, E.; Riccio, E. A first bibliometric literature review on Metaverse. In Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference (TEMSCON EUROPE), Izmir, Turkey, 25–29 April 2022; pp. 254–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Sriram, G. A Comprehensive Survey on Metaverse. Int. Res. J. Mod. Eng. Technol. Sci. 2022, 4, 772–775. [Google Scholar]
  19. A Quote from Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson, with Annotations-1841–1844. Available online: https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/251473-all-life-is-an-experiment-the-more-experiments-you-make (accessed on 5 February 2023).
  20. Lastowka, F.G.; Hunter, D. The Laws of the Virtual Worlds. Calif. Law Rev. 2004, 92, 1–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Fetscherin, M.; Lattemann, C. User acceptance of virtual Worlds. J. Electron. Commer. Res. 2008, 9, 231–242. [Google Scholar]
  22. Klastrup, L. Towards a Poetics of Virtual Worlds-Multi-User Textuality and the Emergence of Story; IT University of Copenhagen, Innovative Communication: Melbourne, Australia, 2004. [Google Scholar]
  23. Steinkuehler, C.; Williams, D. Where Everybody Knows Your (Screen) Name: Online Games as “Third Places”. J. Comput. Commun. 2006, 11, 885–909. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  24. Alpala, L.O.; Quiroga-Parra, D.J.; Torres, J.C.; Peluffo-Ordóñez, D.H. Smart Factory Using Virtual Reality and Online Multi-User: Towards a Metaverse for Experimental Frameworks. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 6258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Girvan, C. What is a virtual world? Definition and classification. Educ. Technol. Res. Dev. 2018, 66, 1087–1100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  26. Dionisio, J.W., III; Gilbert, R. 3D Virtual Worlds and the Metaverse: Current Status and Future Possibilities. ACM Comput. Surv. CSUR 2013, 45, 1–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Nevelsteen, K.J.L. Virtual World, Defined from a Technological Perspective, and Applied to Video Games, Mixed Reality and the Metaverse. Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds 2018, 29, e1752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  28. Chalmers, D.J. Reality+-Virtual Worlds and the Problems of Philosophy; Norton: New York, NY, USA, 2022. [Google Scholar]
  29. Sherman, W.R.; Craig, A.B. Understanding Virtual Reality: Interface, Application, and Design; Morgan Kaufmann: Burlington, MA, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
  30. Schroeder, R. Defining Virtual Worlds and Virtual Environments. J. Virtual Worlds Res. 2008, 1, 1–3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Pan, Z.; Cheok, A.D.; Yang, H.; Zhu, J.; Shi, J. Virtual reality and mixed reality for virtual learning environments. Comput. Graph. 2006, 30, 20–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Heim, M. Virtual Realism; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2000. [Google Scholar]
  33. Steuer, J. Defining Virtual Reality: Dimensions Determining Telepresence. J. Commun. 2000, 42, 37–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Yoh, M.-S. The reality of virtual reality. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia, Berkeley, CA, USA, 25–27 October 2001; pp. 666–674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Zheng, J.M.; Chan, K.W.; Gibson, I. Virtual reality. IEEE Potentials 1998, 17, 20–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Xiong, J.; Hsiang, E.-L.; He, Z.; Zhan, T.; Wu, S.-T. Augmented reality and virtual reality displays: Emerging technologies and future perspectives. Light Sci. Appl. 2021, 10, 216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Jian, S.; Chen, X.; Yan, J. From Online Games to “Metaverse”: The Expanding Impact of Virtual Reality in Daily Life. In Culture and Computing; Rauterberg, M., Ed.; Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2022; pp. 34–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Moran, A.; Gadepally, V.; Hubbell, M.; Kepner, J. Improving Big Data visual analytics with interactive virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC), Waltham, MA, USA, 15–17 September 2015; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. Aspers, P.; Corte, U. What is Qualitative in Qualitative Research. Qual. Sociol. 2019, 42, 139–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. Becker, H.S. Evidence; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 2017; Available online: https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/E/bo26176063.html (accessed on 30 January 2023).
  41. Silverman, D. Qualitative Research, 5th ed.; SAGE Publications Ltd.: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2021. [Google Scholar]
  42. Flick, U. An Introduction to Qualitative Research, 7th ed.; SAGE Publications Ltd.: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2022. [Google Scholar]
  43. Friese, S. Qualitative Data Analysis with ATLAS.ti, 1st ed.; SAGE Publications Ltd.: Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
  44. Kelle, U.; Laurie, H. Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis; Sage: London, UK, 1995; Available online: https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/computer-aided-qualitative-data-analysis/book204361 (accessed on 30 January 2023).
  45. Welsh, E. Dealing with Data: Using NVivo in the Qualitative Data Analysis Process. In Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research; Oxford Brookes University: Oxford, UK, 2002; Volume 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Weitzman, E. Software and qualitative research. In Handbook of Qualitative Research; Densin, N., Lincoln, Y.S., Eds.; Sage: London, UK, 2000; pp. 803–820. [Google Scholar]
  47. Seale, C. Using Computers to Analyse Qualitative Data. In Doing Qualitative Research: A Practical Handbook; Silverman, D., Ed.; Sage: London, UK, 2000; pp. 154–174. [Google Scholar]
  48. Kelle, U. Computer-Assisted Analysis of Qualitative Data Paper Prepared for the Discussion Paper Series of the LSE Methodology Institute; University of Bremen: Vechta, Germany, 2004. [Google Scholar]
  49. Richards, T.J.; Richards, L. Using Computers in Qualitative Research. In Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials; Densin, N., Lincoln, Y.S., Eds.; Sage: London, UK, 1998; pp. 211–245. [Google Scholar]
  50. Sotiriadou, P.; Brouwers, J.; Le, T.-A. Choosing a qualitative data analysis tool: A comparison of NVivo and Leximancer. Ann. Leis. Res. 2014, 17, 218–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  51. Tunca, S.; Sezen, B.; Wilk, V. An Exploratory Content and Sentiment Analysis of The Guardian Metaverse Articles Using Leximancer and Natural Language Processing. Review 2022. preprint. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Coffey, A.; Atkinson, P. Making Sense of Qualitative Data: Complementary Research Strategies; Sage Publications, Inc.: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 1996; p. 206. [Google Scholar]
  53. Stockwell, P.; Colomb, R.M.; Smith, A.E.; Wiles, J. Use of an automatic content analysis tool: A technique for seeing both local and global scope. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 2009, 67, 424–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Cretchley, J.; Rooney, D.; Gallois, C. Mapping a 40-Year History With Leximancer: Themes and Concepts in the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 2010, 41, 318–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Smith, A.E.; Humphreys, M.S. Evaluation of unsupervised semantic mapping of natural language with Leximancer concept mapping. Behav. Res. Methods 2006, 38, 262–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  56. Zhang, H.; Zang, Z.; Zhu, H.; Uddin, M.I.; Amin, M.A. Big data-assisted social media analytics for business model for business decision making system competitive analysis. Inf. Process. Manag. 2022, 59, 102762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Rodrigues, L.F.; Oliveira, A.; Rodrigues, H. Main Gamification Concepts: A Systematic Mapping Study; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2019; pp. 1–13. [Google Scholar]
  58. Jamali, H.R.; Nikzad, M. Article title type and its relation with the number of downloads and citations. Scientometrics 2011, 88, 653–661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  59. Lawrence, S.; Lee Giles, C.; Bollacker, K. Digital libraries and autonomous citation indexing. Computer 1999, 32, 67–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  60. Vintzileos, A.M.; Ananth, C.V. How to write and publish an original research article. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2010, 202, 344.e1–344.e6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  61. Mcgonigal, J. Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World; Random House UK: London, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar]
  62. Han, E.; Miller, M.R.; Ram, N.; Nowak, K.L.; Bailenson, J.N. Understanding Group Behavior in Virtual Reality: A Large-Scale, Longitudinal Study in the Metaverse (14 May 2022). In Proceedings of the 72nd Annual International Communication Association Conference, Paris, France, 26–30 May 2022; Available online: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4110154 (accessed on 12 February 2023).
  63. Baysden, E.; Mendoza, N.; Callender, C.; Deng, Z.; Thompson, D. Teen reactions to a self-representational avatar: A qualitative exploration. J. Sport Health Sci. 2021, 11, 157–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Cai, Y.; Llorca, J.; Tulino, A.M.; Molisch, A.F. Compute-and Data-Intensive Networks: The Key to the Metaverse. arXiv 2022, arXiv:2204.02001. Available online: http://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02001 (accessed on 24 September 2022).
  65. Hall, S.B.; Moritz, B.-L. The Future of the Metaverse Will Be Shaped by These 3 Technologies, World Economic Forum. 2022. Available online: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/02/future-of-the-metaverse-vr-ar-and-brain-computer/ (accessed on 12 February 2023).
  66. Yemenici, A.D. Entrepreneurship in the World of Metaverse: Virtual or Real? J. Metaverse 2022, 2, 71–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Ball, M. Evolving User + Business Behaviors and the Metaverse’, MatthewBall.vc. 2021. Available online: https://www.matthewball.vc/all/userbehaviorsmetaverse (accessed on 12 February 2023).
  68. Monier, S. The Metaverse: Challenges and Opportunities|Lombard Odier. 2021. Available online: https://www.lombardodier.com/contents/corporate-news/investment-insights/2021/december/special-report--metaverse-overhy.html (accessed on 14 May 2023).
  69. Ffiske, T. The Metaverse: A Professional Guide: An Expert’s Guide to Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Immersive Technologies; Independently Published: London, UK, 2022. [Google Scholar]
  70. Cruz, M.; Oliveira, A.; Esmerado, J. Animation and adults: Between the virtual and social reality. In Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação/Information Systems and Technologies-Atas da 12a Conferência Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação/Proceedings of the 12th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI’2017); Rocha, B., Alturas, B., Costa, C., Reis, L.P., Cota, M.P., Eds.; AISTI-Associação Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação e Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL): Lisboa, Portugal, 2017; Volume I, pp. 55–60. [Google Scholar]
  71. Bolger, R.K. Finding Wholes in the Metaverse: Posthuman Mystics as Agents of Evolutionary Contextualization. Religions 2021, 12, 768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Cheng, X.; Dale, C.; Liu, J. Statistics and Social Network of YouTube Videos. In Proceedings of the 2008 16th International Workshop on Quality of Service, Enschede, The Netherlands, 2–4 June 2008; pp. 229–238. [Google Scholar]
  73. Harley, D. This would be sweet in VR*: On the discursive newness of virtual reality. New Media Soc. 2022, 0, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  74. Huggett, J. Virtually Real or Really Virtual: Towards a Heritage Metaverse. Stud. Digit. Herit. 2020, 4, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  75. Dincelli, E.; Yayla, A. Immersive virtual reality in the age of the Metaverse: A hybrid-narrative review based on the technology affordance perspective. J. Strateg. Inf. Syst. 2022, 31, 101717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  76. Tayal, S.; Rajagopal, K.; Mahajan, V. Virtual Reality based Metaverse of Gamification. In Proceedings of the 2022 6th International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC), Erode, India, 29–31 March 2022; pp. 1597–1604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  77. Cheng, R.; Wu, N.; Chen, S.; Han, B. Reality Check of Metaverse: A First Look at Commercial Social Virtual Reality Platforms. In Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW), Christchurch, New Zealand, 12–16 March 2022; pp. 141–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  78. Moro-Visconti, R. From physical reality to the Internet and the Metaverse: A Multilayer Network Valuation. J. Metaverse 2022, 2, 16–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  79. Kemeç, A. From Reality to Virtuality: Re-discussing Cities with the Concept of Metaverse. Int. J. Manag. 2022, 4, 12–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  80. Lal, S.H.; Kaif, K.M. A study on virtual world of Metaverse. Int. Res. J. Mod. Eng. Technol. Sci. 2022, 4, 4535–4538. [Google Scholar]
  81. Akkuzukaya, G. Sentiment Analysis on the Metaverse: Twitter Data. Sak. Univ. J. Comput. Inf. Sci. 2022, 31, 147–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  82. Saker, M.; Frith, J. Contiguous identities: The virtual self in the supposed Metaverse. First Monday 2022, 27, 3–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  83. Kral, P.; Janoskova, K.; Potcovaru, A.-M. Digital Consumer Engagement on Blockchain-based Metaverse Platforms: Extended Reality Technologies, Spatial Analytics, and Immersive Multisensory Virtual Spaces. Linguist. Philos. Investig. 2022, 21, 252–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  84. Gorichanaz, T. Being at home in the metaverse? Prospectus for a social imaginary. AI Ethics 2022, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  85. Wang, Y.; Su, Z.; Zhang, N.; Xing, R.; Liu, D.; Luan, T.H.; Shen, X. A Survey on Metaverse: Fundamentals, Security, and Privacy. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 2022, 25, 319–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  86. Jian, S.-Y. “Metaverse”: A Future Concept at the Initial Stage of Its Basic Technology. J. Shanghai Univ. Soc. Sci. Ed. 2022, 39, 1–16. [Google Scholar]
  87. Jian, S.-Y. Entertainment Digitalization: Driving Force, Risks and Prospects for the Creation of Metaverse. J. Shenzhen Univ. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Ed. 2022, 39, 33–43. [Google Scholar]
  88. Jian, S.-Y. “Cyborg” and “Metaverse”: Issues of “Body Existence” in the Context of Virtual Reality. J. Guangzhou Univ. Soc. Sci. Ed. 2022, 21, 91–104. [Google Scholar]
  89. Lee, L.H.; Braud, T.; Zhou, P.; Wang, L.; Xu, D.; Lin, Z.; Kumar, A.; Bermejo, C.; Hui, P. All One Needs to Know about Metaverse: A Complete Survey on Technological Singularity, Virtual Ecosystem, and Research Agenda. arXiv 2021, arXiv:2110.05352. Available online: http://arxiv.org/abs/2110.05352 (accessed on 19 October 2021).
  90. Bojic, L. Metaverse through the prism of power and addiction: What will happen when the virtual world becomes more attractive than reality? Eur. J. Futur. Res. 2022, 10, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  91. Kozinets, R.V. Immersive netnography: A novel method for service experience research in virtual reality, augmented reality and metaverse contexts. J. Serv. Manag. 2022, 24, 100–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  92. Foxman, M. Gaming the System: Playbour, Production, Promotion, and the Metaverse. Balt. Screen Media Rev. 2022, 10, 224–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  93. Xu, M.; Niyato, D.; Kang, J.; Xiong, Z.; Miao, C.; Kim, D.I. Wireless Edge-Empowered Metaverse: A Learning-Based Incentive Mechanism for Virtual Reality. In Proceedings of the ICC 2022-IEEE International Conference on Communications, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 16–20 May 2022; pp. 5220–5225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  94. Tan, Z. Metaverse, HCI, and Its Future. In Proceedings of the 2022 3rd International Conference on Mental Health, Education and Human Development (MHEHD 2022), Dalian, China, 27–29 May 2022; Atlantis Press: State College, PA, USA, 2022; pp. 897–901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  95. Sebastian, G. A Descriptive Study on Metaverse: Cybersecurity Risks, Controls, and Regulatory Framework. Int. J. Secur. Priv. Pervasive Comput. 2023, 15, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  96. Demi, G.; Argan, M.; Di, H. The Age Beyond Sports: User Experience in the World of Metaverse. J. Metaverse 2022, 3, 19–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  97. Buana, I.M.W. Metaverse: Threat or Opportunity for Our Social World? In understanding Metaverse on sociological context. J. Metaverse 2022, 3, 28–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  98. Dwivedi, Y.K.; Hughes, L.; Baabdullah, A.M.; Ribeiro-Navarrete, S.; Giannakis, M.; Al-Debei, M.M.; Dennehy, D.; Metri, B.; Buhalis, D.; Cheung, C.M.; et al. Metaverse beyond the hype: Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. Int. J. Inf. Manag. 2022, 66, 102542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  99. Polyviou, A.; Pappas, I. Chasing Metaverses: Reflecting on Existing Literature to Understand the Business Value of Metaverses. Inf. Syst. Front. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  100. Jauhiainen, J.S.; Krohn, C.; Junnila, J. Metaverse and Sustainability: Systematic Review of Scientific Publications until 2022 and Beyond. Sustainability 2023, 15, 346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  101. Jungherr, A.; Schlarb, D.B. The Extended Reach of Game Engine Companies: How Companies Like Epic Games and Unity Technologies Provide Platforms for Extended Reality Applications and the Metaverse. Soc. Media Soc. 2022, 8, 20563051221107640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  102. Oleksy, T.; Wnuk, A.; Piskorska, M. Migration to the metaverse and its predictors: Attachment to virtual places and metaverse-related threat. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2022, 141, 107642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  103. Lemmens, J.S.; von Münchhausen, C.F. Let the beat flow: How game difficulty in virtual reality affects flow. Acta Psychol. 2023, 232, 103812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  104. Wiederhold, B.K. Metaverse Games: Game Changer for Healthcare? Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 2022, 25, 267–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Informatics 10 00047 g001 550
Figure 1. Title’s main themes.
Figure 1. Title’s main themes.
Informatics 10 00047 g001
Informatics 10 00047 g002 550
Figure 2. Keyword’s main themes and concepts.
Figure 2. Keyword’s main themes and concepts.
Informatics 10 00047 g002
Informatics 10 00047 g003 550
Figure 3. Abstracts main themes and concepts.
Figure 3. Abstracts main themes and concepts.
Informatics 10 00047 g003
Informatics 10 00047 g004 550
Figure 4. Introduction’s main themes and concepts.
Figure 4. Introduction’s main themes and concepts.
Informatics 10 00047 g004
Informatics 10 00047 g005 550
Figure 5. Conclusion’s main themes and concepts.
Figure 5. Conclusion’s main themes and concepts.
Informatics 10 00047 g005
Table
Table 1. Related Work—Concept Metaverse.
Table 1. Related Work—Concept Metaverse.
ArticleDescriptionConcept
Relation		Objective Alignment
[9]“The Metaverse can be defined as a layer between us and reality”Metaverse(1)
[11]“considered as a compound word of “meta” and “universe” that brings us a meaning of transcendence and the world, defined as a digital world where daily life and economic activities are possible”Metaverse(2)
[14]“considered a post-reality universe and a multi-user environment capable of merging physical and digital virtuality that brings multisensory interactions and networked environments compatible with massively multiplayer online video games”Metaverse(1) (2)
Table
Table 2. Related Work—Concept Metaverse vs. other concepts.
Table 2. Related Work—Concept Metaverse vs. other concepts.
ArticleDescriptionConcept
Relation		Objective Alignment
[2]“The Metaverse depends on virtual and augmented reality to create a 3D experience”Metaverse vs. virtual reality(2)
[5]“joining these experiences for the users makes possible the creation of virtual worlds”Metaverse vs. virtual worlds(1)
[10]“3D virtual shared world where all the activities are possible due to augmented and virtual reality technologies”Metaverse vs. virtual reality(2) (3)
[12]“three-dimensional virtual world based on the physical world but with no physical limitations enabling interaction between people through avatars”Metaverse vs. Virtual world(1)
[15]“a mix of elements: online games, social networking, augmented reality, and virtual reality, allowing digital engagement”Metaverse vs. virtual reality vs. other technologies(1) (2) (3)
[7]“Virtual reality allows the Metaverse to become a type of communication using a computer as a simulation, allowing the construction of our virtual realities”Virtual reality vs. Metaverse(2) (3)
Table
Table 3. Related Work—Concept virtual world.
Table 3. Related Work—Concept virtual world.
ArticleDescriptionConcept
Relation		Objective Alignment
[19]“Virtual worlds are computer-media-ted, networked, and spatially navigable multi-user environments”Virtual world(2) (3)
[20]“They are online spaces for socializing”Virtual world(2)
[22]“They can also be shared, simulated framework spaces inhabited, and transformed by their inhabitants who care represented by avatars, mediating the space experience as we move, and interact with objects or other users”Virtual world(3)
Table
Table 4. Related Work—Concept virtual reality.
Table 4. Related Work—Concept virtual reality.
ArticleDescriptionConcept
Relation		Objective Alignment
[8]“virtual reality is considered as dreams”Virtual reality(2)
[25]“Some authors consider it an illusion made by a computer”Virtual reality(2) (3)
[25]“others consider virtual reality as real because we can interact with objects”Virtual reality(2)
[26]“It is regarded as a new medium, brought by technology, to become a practical and effective way of communication”Virtual reality(3)
[27]“Virtual reality can also be described as virtual environments because participants can view other participants as being in the same environment and interact with them”Virtual reality(2)
[27]“Virtual environments are ongoing experiences in time, considered for a large population, and having a world of social interactions”Virtual reality(2)
[29]“convinces a participant to be in another place, substituting the primary sensory by a computer”Virtual reality(2)
[30]“electronic simulations environments”Virtual reality(2)
[31]“enabling users to get experiences on real things similar to those from the physical world”Virtual reality(2)
[32]“simulating a realistic environment”Virtual reality(2)
[33]“Virtual reality brings us high expectations to revolutionize how we interact and deal with the digital world”Virtual reality(2)
[28]“Virtual reality uses computer graphics systems combined with displays and interfaces devices providing immersion in a 3D computer-generated environment”Virtual reality vs. technology(2) (3)
Table
Table 5. Related Work—Concept virtual world vs.gaming.
Table 5. Related Work—Concept virtual world vs.gaming.
ArticleDescriptionConcept
Relation		Objective Alignment
[17]“virtual Worlds may be seen as computer games that can be persistent and dynamic, supporting rich social interactions, attracting and ever-increasing participants, providing a parallel alternative to existing legal systems”Virtual world vs. gaming(2) (3)
[23]“can be comprehensible as online computer-generated environments used by multiple users in remote physical locations, in real-time, either for work or play purposes”Virtual world vs. gaming(2) (3)
[23]“Computer-generated simulations with three-dimensional objects or environments with seemingly real, direct, or physical user interactions have been considered a subset of virtual reality”Virtual world vs. virtual reality(2)
Table
Table 6. Articles Year Information.
Table 6. Articles Year Information.
Type ArticlesCount%
2021612
20224386
202312
Table
Table 7. Type Articles Information.
Table 7. Type Articles Information.
Type ArticlesCount%
Conference Paper1020
Journal Paper3774
Pre-Print36
Table
Table 8. Published By Information.
Table 8. Published By Information.
Published ByCount%
IEEE612
ResearchGate510
DergiPark510
CNKI36
ScienceDirect36
ARXIV24
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute24
Springer24
Addleton Academic Publishers12
Atlantis Press12
BioMed Central12
Ceur12
Elsevier12
Emerald Insight12
First Monday12
Information Systems Frontiers12
International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews12
International Journal of Security and Privacy in Pervasive Computing12
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science12
IRJMETS12
ASME12
Advance Institute of Convergence Information technology research Center12
KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering12
Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers12
MDPI12
New media and Society12
SAGE12
Sciendo12
Social Science Research Network12
Studies in Digital Heritage12
Table
Table 9. Titles analysis information.
Table 9. Titles analysis information.
ConceptsCountRelevance
Survey7100
Reality7100
Table
Table 10. Keywords analysis information.
Table 10. Keywords analysis information.
ConceptsCountRelevance
Reality9100
Virtual9100
Affordance889
Analytics889
Bibliometric889
Consumer889
Display889
Engines889
Entertainment889
Games889
Imaginary889
Interaction889
Persona889
Platforms889
Privacy889
Review889
Security889
Spatial889
Date222
Discovery222
Existence222
Human222
Literature-based222
Minings222
Table
Table 11. Abstracts analysis information.
Table 11. Abstracts analysis information.
ConceptsCountRelevance
Research3817
Social3716
Immersive3616
Future3013
Users2511
Paper2511
Online2410
Platforms2210
Worlds219
People219
Physical198
Data198
Experiences177
Healthcare177
Current177
Real167
Analysis167
Environments157
Life157
Use146
Impact136
Using125
Provide125
Applications125
Review125
Software115
Information115
Framework104
Important104
Process94
Table
Table 12. Introductions analysis information.
Table 12. Introductions analysis information.
ConceptsCountRelevance
Metaverse698100
Virtual31145
Virtual Reality (VR)15021
Users11316
Digital10815
Reality10715
Social9313
Physical8813
Research8512
Immersive659
People619
Future598
Development538
3D497
Augmented Reality (AD)467
Data477
study477
Avatars467
Real467
Online467
Platforms456
Information436
Work426
Concept426
Applications396
Content385
Literature375
Paper375
Media365
Platform345
Human325
Potential325
Companies325
Meta274
Interaction314
Current304
Market294
Example254
Including243
Services233
Intelligence223
Table
Table 13. Conclusions analysis information.
Table 13. Conclusions analysis information.
ConceptsCountRelevance
Metaverse553100
Virtual13024
Social11220
Virtual Reality8816
Reality8115
Users8115
Future7413
Support6712
People6211
Research5810
Use5310
Digital509
Human499
Physical468
Platforms428
Different428
Online417
Real417
Development417
Activities397
Life397
Data387
Time377
Companies377
Business367
Analysis336
Applications326
Example326
Impact316
Facebook255
Results285
Important285
Further255
Field255
Information244
Interaction234
value234
Current224
Concept224
Work214
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Cruz, M.; Oliveira, A.; Pinheiro, A. Meeting Ourselves or Other Sides of Us?—Meta-Analysis of the Metaverse. Informatics 2023, 10, 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics10020047

AMA Style

Cruz M, Oliveira A, Pinheiro A. Meeting Ourselves or Other Sides of Us?—Meta-Analysis of the Metaverse. Informatics. 2023; 10(2):47. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics10020047

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cruz, Mónica, Abílio Oliveira, and Alessandro Pinheiro. 2023. "Meeting Ourselves or Other Sides of Us?—Meta-Analysis of the Metaverse" Informatics 10, no. 2: 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics10020047

APA Style

Cruz, M., Oliveira, A., & Pinheiro, A. (2023). Meeting Ourselves or Other Sides of Us?—Meta-Analysis of the Metaverse. Informatics, 10(2), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics10020047

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop