Risks, Volume 13, Issue 4

Certain fixed-income securities, such as callable bonds and mortgage-backed securities subject to prepayment, typically exhibit negative convexity at low yields and cannot be adequately immunized through duration and convexity-matching alone. To addr...

Although the relationship between ESG performance and firm performance has been the subject of several studies, the nonlinear relationship between ESG performance and the corporate performance of insurance companies remains less explored, specificall...

In the context of increasingly severe global climate change, both companies and investors are placing greater emphasis on investment philosophies centered around environmental protection, social responsibility, and corporate governance (ESG). This pa...

Climate risk is the negative effect of climate change on several aspects of the environment, business, and society. There are two categories of climate risks: physical risks include direct impacts due to extreme events and chronic changes due to clim...

This paper is concerned with the choice of data granularity for application of the EDF (Exponential Dispersion Family) chain ladder model to forecast a loss reserve. As the duration of individual accident and development periods is decreased, the num...

Financial industry executives are sincerely concerned about the potential effects of greenwashing on their organizations. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the impact of board features on greenwashing and the strategies that ex...

This research indicates that accounting is essential for assessing South Asian airline companies via financial ratio analysis from 2011 to 2022. The accounting measurements delineate informing and facilitating strategic decision-making from 2011 to 2...

This systematic review analyzes and compares the predictive power between traditional financial ratios and cash flow-based ratios in estimating performance. Although traditional ratios of return on assets and debt to equity have received extensive ap...

This paper aims to develop optional semimartingale methods in risk theory to allow for a larger class of risk models. Optional semimartingales are left-continuous with right-limit stochastic processes defined on a probability space where the usual co...