Potassium Application Improves Grain Yield and Alleviates Drought Susceptibility in Diverse Maize Hybrids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site and Treatments
2.2. Data Collection
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit | Value | Status | |
---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2018 | |||
Physical Parameters | ||||
Sand | % | 61.6 | 61.4 | |
Silt | % | 21.9 | 21.3 | |
Clay | % | 16.5 | 16.3 | |
Bulk Density | g cm−3 | 1.28 | 1.28 | |
Texture Class | Sandy Loam | Sandy Loam | ||
Chemical Parameters of Soil | ||||
pH | 8.1 | 8.1 | ||
EC | µS/cm | 1.9 | 1.8 | |
Total Nitrogen | mg kg−1 | 432 | 421 | Very Low |
Available Phosphorus | mg kg−1 | 6.9 | 6.8 | Low |
Available Potassium | mg kg−1 | 124 | 118 | Adequate |
Chemical Parameters of Water | ||||
EC | µS/cm | 309 | 321 | |
Ca+Mg | meq L−1 | 2.12 | 2.08 | |
Na | meq L−1 | 1.21 | 1.09 | |
HCO−3 | meq L−1 | 1.88 | 1.82 | |
SAR | Cmolc L−1 | 1.01 | 0.96 |
Maize Hybrids | Source of Seed | Characteristics |
---|---|---|
30Y87 | Pioneer Pakistan | Stay green character, single cross, adopted to all types of weather conditions and a yield potential of 10.4 t ha−1 |
30T60 | Pioneer Pakistan | Strong stem and root, single cross, reddish seeds and a yield potential of 10.9 t ha−1 |
30R50 | Pioneer Pakistan | Appropriate only for average environments |
S-7720 | Syngenta Pakistan | Single cross, well suited product for high density planting environments. responds very well to high management conditions with a yield potential of 9.8 t ha−1 |
DK-6714 | Monsanto Pakistan | Single cross, flex ear with 117 days relative maturity and a yield potential of 11.4 t ha−1 |
DK-6789 | Monsanto Pakistan | Single cross and a yield potential of 10.4 t ha−1 |
DK-Garanon | Monsanto Pakistan | White hybrid well adapted to diverse climatic conditions |
Gorrila | Monsanto Pakistan | White seeded maize hybrid |
Well-Watered | Drought | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hybrids | K0 | K1 | K2 | Mean (G) | K0 | K1 | K2 | Mean (G) |
1000-grain weight (g) | ||||||||
30T60 | 192.0 | 207.0 | 201.3 | 200.1 | 175.3 | 190.0 | 199.7 | 188.3 |
30Y87 | 181.7 | 194.7 | 207.0 | 194.5 | 186.0 | 194.0 | 196.3 | 192.1 |
30R50 | 185.0 | 188.3 | 196.3 | 189.9 | 173.0 | 180.7 | 165.3 | 173.0 |
DK-6714 | 196.7 | 196.3 | 204.0 | 199.0 | 184.7 | 185.7 | 195.7 | 188.7 |
S-7720 | 190.3 | 197.3 | 195.3 | 194.3 | 188.3 | 194.0 | 193.3 | 191.9 |
DK-Garanon | 194.3 | 200.5 | 192.7 | 195.8 | 175.0 | 183.0 | 186.5 | 181.5 |
DK-6789 | 187.5 | 202.5 | 190.7 | 193.6 | 182.5 | 185.0 | 174.3 | 180.6 |
Gorrila | 187.0 | 187.5 | 202.5 | 192.3 | 181.0 | 184.5 | 193.0 | 186.2 |
Mean (K) | 189.3B | 196.8A | 198.7A | 180.7 | 187.1 | 188.0 | ||
HSD (p ≤ 0.05) | K = 6.7 | K = 9.7 | ||||||
Biological Yield (t ha−1) | ||||||||
30T60 | 12.3bc | 12.3bc | 13.4a | 12.7A | 9.8gh | 10.3e–h | 11.2a–d | 10.4BC |
30Y87 | 10.5g–j | 10.7d–i | 11.6c–f | 10.9C | 8.5i | 10.3d–h | 11.4ab | 10.1CD |
30R50 | 10.0h–j | 10.8d–h | 10.5g–j | 10.4CD | 8.6i | 10.1f–h | 10.3d–h | 9.7D |
DK-6714 | 13.1ab | 12.2bc | 12.4a–c | 12.6A | 10.3c–g | 11.3a–c | 11.7a | 11.1A |
S-7720 | 11.7cd | 11.6c–e | 11.5c–g | 11.6B | 9.4hi | 10.2f–h | 10.6b–g | 10.1CD |
DK-Garanon | 11.1d–h | 11.5c–g | 12.3bc | 11.6B | 9.9f–h | 10.7b–g | 11.2a–e | 10.6B |
DK-6789 | 10.4h–j | 11.1d–h | 10.5f–j | 10.7C | 10.0f–h | 10.4b–g | 10.3e–h | 10.2BC |
Gorrila | 9.7ij | 10.67e–i | 9.5j | 10.0D | 8.6i | 10.2f–h | 9.4hi | 10.1CD |
Mean (K) | 11.1B | 11.4A | 11.5A | 9.4C | 10.4B | 10.8A | ||
HSD (p ≤ 0.05) | G = 0.5; K = 0.3; G × K = 1.03 | G = 0.5; K = 0.20; G × K = 0.90 | ||||||
Grain Yield (t ha−1) | ||||||||
30T60 | 4.9d | 5.5b | 5.8a | 5.4A | 3.0hi | 3.5d–g | 4.2b | 3.6B |
30Y87 | 4.5h | 4.7fg | 4.8ef | 4.7E | 2.7ij | 3.3f–h | 4.1b | 3.3CD |
30R50 | 3.7l | 3.8k | 3.9k | 3.8G | 2.5jk | 3.2gh | 3.5e–g | 3.1E |
DK-6714 | 5.2c | 5.2c | 5.4b | 5.3B | 3.5e–g | 4.1b | 4.8a | 4.1A |
S-7720 | 4.3i | 4.9de | 5.1c | 4.8D | 2.2k | 3.1hi | 3.9bc | 3.1E |
DK-Garanon | 4.7fg | 4.8de | 5.2c | 4.9C | 3.0hi | 3.8b-e | 4.1b | 3.7B |
DK-6789 | 4.1j | 4.6g | 4.7fg | 4.5F | 3.0hi | 3.5efg | 3.9b–d | 3.5BC |
Gorrila | 3.5m | 3.81k | 3.9k | 3.7G | 2.9h–j | 3.1gh | 3.6c–f | 3.2DE |
Mean (K) | 4.3C | 4.7B | 4.9A | 2.9C | 3.5B | 4.0A | ||
HSD (p ≤ 0.05) | G = 0.06; K = 0.02; G × K = 0.13 | G = 0.19; K = 0.09; G × K = 0.40 | ||||||
Water Productivity (kg ha−1 mm−1) | ||||||||
30T60 | 8.2d | 9.2b | 9.7a | 9.0A | 8.6hi | 10.0d–f | 12.0b | 10.2B |
30Y87 | 7.5h | 7.8fg | 8.0ef | 7.8C | 7.7ij | 9.4fgh | 11.7b | 9.6D |
30R50 | 6.2l | 6.3k | 6.5k | 6.3E | 7.1jk | 9.1gh | 10.0e–g | 8.8F |
DK-6714 | 8.7c | 8.7c | 9.0b | 8.8A | 10.0e–g | 11.7b | 13.7a | 11.8A |
S-7720 | 7.2i | 8.2de | 8.5c | 7.9C | 6.3k | 8.9hi | 11.1bc | 8.8F |
DK-Garanon | 7.8fg | 8.0de | 8.7c | 8.2B | 8.6hi | 10.9b–d | 11.7b | 10.4B |
DK-6789 | 6.8j | 7.7g | 7.8fg | 7.4D | 8.6hi | 10.0e–g | 11.1bc | 9.9C |
Gorrila | 5.8m | 6.4k | 6.5k | 6.2E | 8.3h–j | 8.9gh | 10.3c–e | 9.1E |
Mean (K) | 7.3C | 7.8B | 8.1A | 8.1C | 9.9B | 11.5A | ||
HSD (p ≤ 0.05) | G = 0.18; K = 0.15 | G = 0.19; K = 0.17 |
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Ul-Allah, S.; Ijaz, M.; Nawaz, A.; Sattar, A.; Sher, A.; Naeem, M.; Shahzad, U.; Farooq, U.; Nawaz, F.; Mahmood, K. Potassium Application Improves Grain Yield and Alleviates Drought Susceptibility in Diverse Maize Hybrids. Plants 2020, 9, 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010075
Ul-Allah S, Ijaz M, Nawaz A, Sattar A, Sher A, Naeem M, Shahzad U, Farooq U, Nawaz F, Mahmood K. Potassium Application Improves Grain Yield and Alleviates Drought Susceptibility in Diverse Maize Hybrids. Plants. 2020; 9(1):75. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010075
Chicago/Turabian StyleUl-Allah, Sami, Muhammad Ijaz, Ahmad Nawaz, Abdul Sattar, Ahmad Sher, Muhammad Naeem, Umbreen Shahzad, Umar Farooq, Farukh Nawaz, and Khalid Mahmood. 2020. "Potassium Application Improves Grain Yield and Alleviates Drought Susceptibility in Diverse Maize Hybrids" Plants 9, no. 1: 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010075