Plants

19 pages, 3708 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Helianthus Species for Resilience to Drought During the Critical Reproductive Stage

by Jelena Jocković, Nada Grahovac, Željko Milovac, Milan Jocković, Siniša Jocić, Ana Marjanović Jeromela and Sandra Cvejić

Plants 2025, 14(4), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040631 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 327

Abstract

Drought stress during the reproductive phase of sunflower can significantly reduce achene yield by affecting inflorescence size, nectar quality, and pollinator activity. This study aimed to analyze the morphological characteristics of the reproductive region, quantify nectar sugar components, and evaluate pollinator presence and [...] Read more.

Drought stress during the reproductive phase of sunflower can significantly reduce achene yield by affecting inflorescence size, nectar quality, and pollinator activity. This study aimed to analyze the morphological characteristics of the reproductive region, quantify nectar sugar components, and evaluate pollinator presence and pollination success in wild Helianthus species as an important genetic resource for breeding cultivated sunflowers under drought conditions. Morphological investigations were conducted during the flowering and achene development phases with a stereo microscope and calipers. Nectar sugar concentrations were analyzed via HPLC, and pollinator presence was monitored twice a week for two months. This study highlights the correlation between evaluated traits, emphasizing their importance as yield indicators. Significant differences were observed in reproductive characters, nectar quality, and pollination success among the species. Helianthus annuus and Helianthus argophyllus exhibited superior reproductive performance with high nectar sugar concentrations and larger inflorescences, enabling successful pollination and higher achene yield. In contrast, Helianthus debilis demonstrated lower reproductive efficiency, with a higher percentage of empty achenes. These findings provide valuable insights for breeding programs, highlighting H. argophyllus and H. annuus as promising genetic resources for developing sunflower genotypes with increased yield and improved floral traits adapted to drought conditions. Full article

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18 pages, 1067 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring Hormonal Pathways and Gene Networks in Crown Root Formation Under Stress Conditions: An Update

by Siarhei A. Dabravolski and Stanislav V. Isayenkov

Plants 2025, 14(4), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040630 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 369

Abstract

Crown root (CR) initiation and development are crucial for the establishment of robust root systems in plants, contributing significantly to stress tolerance and overall growth. This manuscript explores the regulatory roles of key hormones and genes involved in CR formation, with a focus [...] Read more.

Crown root (CR) initiation and development are crucial for the establishment of robust root systems in plants, contributing significantly to stress tolerance and overall growth. This manuscript explores the regulatory roles of key hormones and genes involved in CR formation, with a focus on their interactions under conditions of drought and salt stress. Cytokinins (CK) act as a negative regulator of CR development, while auxin (AUX) serves as a positive driver, facilitating cellular growth and division. Wuschel-related homeobox (WOX) genes, particularly OsWOX11, play a central role by integrating CK and AUX signalling to regulate downstream targets such as OsCRL1 and auxin biosynthetic pathways. Other hormones, including jasmonic acid (JA) and gibberellin (GA), display context-dependent effects, modulating CR initiation based on environmental conditions. Critical genes like OsESG1 and OsFBX257 have been associated with improved drought resilience, interacting with proteins and kinases such as OsGF14b/c and OsCDPK1. Despite progress, significant challenges remain in mapping the full extent of hormonal crosstalk and gene regulation under stress conditions. This manuscript emphasises the need for future studies to incorporate comprehensive multi-omics approaches, expand the exploration of stress-related hormones like abscisic acid (ABA), and leverage advanced gene-editing techniques. Addressing these gaps will enhance our understanding of CR development and contribute to the development of crops with greater resistance to environmental stresses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance to Environmental Stresses)

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19 pages, 2906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Diversity of Defense Metabolites in Nine Cereal Crops

by Sishu Huang, Xindong Li, Kejin An, Congping Xu, Zhenhuan Liu, Guan Wang, Huanteng Hou, Ran Zhang, Yutong Wang, Honglun Yuan and Jie Luo

Plants 2025, 14(4), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040629 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 283

Abstract

Cereal crops are important staple foods, and their defense metabolites hold significant research importance. In this study, we employed LC-MS-based untargeted and widely-targeted metabolomics to profile the leaf metabolome of nine cereal species, including rice, wheat, maize, barley, sorghum, common oat, foxtail millet, [...] Read more.

Cereal crops are important staple foods, and their defense metabolites hold significant research importance. In this study, we employed LC-MS-based untargeted and widely-targeted metabolomics to profile the leaf metabolome of nine cereal species, including rice, wheat, maize, barley, sorghum, common oat, foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and adlay. A total of 9869 features were detected, among them, 1131 were annotated, encompassing 18 classes such as flavonoids, lipids, and alkaloids. Results revealed that 531 metabolites were detected in all species, while each cereal crop possessed 4 to 12 unique metabolites. Focusing on defense metabolites, we identified eight benzoxazinoids uniquely present in maize, wheat, and adlay. Hierarchical clustering based on metabolite abundance divided all metabolites into nine clusters, and subsequent pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the stress-related flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was enriched in multiple clusters. Further analysis showed that four downstream compounds of HBOA (2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) in the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway were enriched in maize. Wheat uniquely accumulated the 4′-methylated product of tricin, trimethoxytricetin, whereas adlay accumulated the tricin precursor tricetin in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. In summary, this study elucidates the metabolic diversity in defense metabolites among various cereal crops, providing valuable background information for the improvement of stress resistance in cereal crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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16 pages, 3345 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biopriming of Cucumis sativus L. Seeds with a Consortium of Nitrofixing Cyanobacteria Treated with Static Magnetic Field

by Yadenis Ortega Díaz, Liliana Gómez Luna, Yilan Fung Boix, Yadira Silveira Font, Els Prinsen, Michiel Huybrechts, Dries Vandamme and Ann Cuypers

Plants 2025, 14(4), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040628 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 545

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable agriculture necessitates innovative strategies to enhance crop productivity while minimizing environmental impact. This study explores the biopriming potential of Cucumis sativus L. seeds using extracts derived from a consortium of nitrofixing cyanobacteria Nostoc commune, Calothrix sp., and [...] Read more.

The growing demand for sustainable agriculture necessitates innovative strategies to enhance crop productivity while minimizing environmental impact. This study explores the biopriming potential of Cucumis sativus L. seeds using extracts derived from a consortium of nitrofixing cyanobacteria Nostoc commune, Calothrix sp., and Aphanothece minutissima subjected to static magnetic field (SMF) treatments. The cyanobacterial consortia were exposed to SMF at varying magnetic inductions (40–50 mT and 100–200 mT), followed by extract preparation and application as biopriming agents. Results demonstrated significant improvements in key seedling growth parameters, including root and stem length, vigor index I, and fresh biomass. The consortium treated with 40–50 mT SMF showed the most pronounced growth-stimulating activity, suggesting enhanced bioactive compound production under this treatment that might be related to auxin biosynthesis. Biopriming with cyanobacterial extracts maintained a balanced nutritional uptake and plant health, as indicated by stable fresh weight dry weight ratios. These findings highlight the potential of SMF-enhanced cyanobacterial consortia as biopriming agents for horticultural crops. Future research should elucidate the underlying modes of action and optimize conditions for broader crop applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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19 pages, 3555 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of New Special Formula Fertilizer on Potato Growth, Yield, and Fertilizer Utilization Efficiency

by Fulin Xu, Ajing Meng, Yi Liu, Jiangtao Li and Nan Wu

Plants 2025, 14(4), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040627 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 343

Abstract

This study addresses the low yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency of potatoes in the arid region of Xinjiang, Northwest China. The effect of a novel, fulvic acid-based specialized fertilizer for drip application on potato growth, development, yield, and fertilizer efficiency is investigated. The [...] Read more.

This study addresses the low yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency of potatoes in the arid region of Xinjiang, Northwest China. The effect of a novel, fulvic acid-based specialized fertilizer for drip application on potato growth, development, yield, and fertilizer efficiency is investigated. The aim is to identify a suitable fertilizer formula for potato cultivation in Xinjiang and promote its demonstration and application, providing a theoretical basis for improving fertilizer efficiency and achieving stable, high yields in the region. The experiment was conducted with potato variety ‘Xisen 6’ using a field trial design, which included five treatments: no fertilizer (CK), conventional fertilizer (CF: N-P-K = 258-245-338 kg·ha⁻¹), formulated fertilizer 1 (F1: 120 g·L⁻¹ fulvic acid, N-P-K = 110-100-120 g·L⁻¹), formulated fertilizer 2 (F2: 60 g·L⁻¹ fulvic acid, N-P-K = 130-120-150 g·L⁻¹), and formulated fertilizer 3 (F3: 30 g·L⁻¹ fulvic acid, N-P-K = 170-150-130 g·L⁻¹). Agronomic traits, gas exchange parameters of leaves during the tuber expansion stage, and yield components at harvest were measured, along with the fertilizer use efficiency for each treatment. Results show that F1, F2, and F3 improved the potato plant height, stem diameter, aboveground dry weight, SPAD value, stomatal conductance (Gs), and yield. Among these, F2 significantly enhanced plant height, stem diameter, aboveground dry weight, and the accumulation of relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value) during the tuber expansion stage, increased photosynthesis, and further improved yield and fertilizer efficiency, resulting in a yield increase of 121.29% and 34.6% compared to CK and CF, respectively. Therefore, formula fertilizer F2 is identified as the optimal fertilization strategy for potato cultivation in Xinjiang. Its application has been further extended in demonstration trials. Field demonstration results show that F2 significantly increased potato yield, with a 14.79% yield increase compared to CK, proving its effectiveness in replacing conventional fertilizers and enhancing production. Full article

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11 pages, 1201 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Peanut Genotypes with Reduced Content of Immunogenic Proteins by Breeding, Biotechnology, and Management: Prospects and Challenges

by Tariq Alam and Sachin Rustgi

Plants 2025, 14(4), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040626 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 616

Abstract

Peanut allergies affect millions of people worldwide, often causing life-threatening reactions and necessitating strict avoidance. Recent advancements in oral immunotherapy, such as Palforzia™, and IgE-mediated treatments (e.g., Xolair), have improved care options; however, their high costs limit accessibility and widespread utility. To address [...] Read more.

Peanut allergies affect millions of people worldwide, often causing life-threatening reactions and necessitating strict avoidance. Recent advancements in oral immunotherapy, such as Palforzia™, and IgE-mediated treatments (e.g., Xolair), have improved care options; however, their high costs limit accessibility and widespread utility. To address these challenges, researchers are employing conventional breeding and advanced molecular tools, such as CRISPR editing, to develop peanut lines with reduced levels of major allergenic proteins (Ara h1, Ara h2, Ara h3, and Ara h6). These reduced-immunogenicity genotypes retain their agronomic viability, flavor, and nutritional quality to some extent, offering the potential for cost-effective oral immunotherapy and safe food options for use in public spaces by non-allergic individuals. Rigorous evaluation, including immunological assays and human feeding trials, is essential to confirm their effectiveness in reducing allergic reactions. Adoption will depend on the establishment of clear regulatory guidelines, stakeholder education, and transparent communication of the benefits and risks. With sustained research, public trust, and supportive policies, reduced-immunogenicity peanuts could substantially lower the global burden of peanut allergies. This communication examined the impact of peanut allergies worldwide and explored strategies to develop peanut genotypes with reduced allergen content, including conventional breeding and advanced genetic engineering. It also addressed the challenges associated with these approaches, such as policy and regulatory hurdles, and outlined key requirements for their successful adoption by farmers and consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Marker-Assisted Technologies for Crop Breeding)

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17 pages, 5648 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revealing the Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of Flavonoid Accumulation in Tender Leaves of Tea Plants by Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses

by Ruiyang Shan, Yongheng Zhang, Xiaomei You, Xiangrui Kong, Yazhen Zhang, Xinlei Li, Lu Wang, Xinchao Wang and Changsong Chen

Plants 2025, 14(4), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040625 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 417

Abstract

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that are beneficial to life activities and are mainly concentrated in buds and leaves in the form of glycosides. Flavonoid glycosides have important effects on the properties and quality of tea plants. Research has shown that the abundance of [...] Read more.

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that are beneficial to life activities and are mainly concentrated in buds and leaves in the form of glycosides. Flavonoid glycosides have important effects on the properties and quality of tea plants. Research has shown that the abundance of flavonoid glycosides varies greatly among different cultivars, but research on the regulatory mechanisms that cause their differential accumulation among tea plant cultivars with different leaf colors is lacking. In this study, an integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics was conducted to determine the regulatory networks regulating astringency and color-related flavonoids in tea plant cultivars with diverse leaf colors. A total of five anthocyanidins, four catechins, and nine flavonol glycosides were found to partially contribute to the differences in taste and leaf color among tea plant cultivars with diverse leaf colors. Furthermore, 15 MYB genes and 5 Dof genes were identified as potential regulators controlling the expression of eight key structural genes, resulting in differences in the accumulation of specific compounds, including epicatechin (EC), catechin (C), cyanidin, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, and quercetin 3-O-glucoside, in tea plant cultivars with diverse leaf colors. These findings provide insights into the development and utilization of resources from tea plants with diverse leaf colors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Breeding and Quality Improvement of Tea)

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18 pages, 1788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morpho-Physicochemical, Nutritional Composition and Phenolic Compound Profile of Two Avocado Landraces in Different Ripening Stages

by Rosa L. Zapata-Luna, Neith Pacheco, Emanuel Herrera-Pool, Angélica Román-Guerrero, Teresa Ayora-Talavera, Soledad C. Pech-Cohuo, Alberto Santillán-Fernández and Juan C. Cuevas-Bernardino

Plants 2025, 14(4), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040624 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 611

Abstract

Avocado landraces have gained great interest due to their importance in maintaining biodiversity and the presence of bioactive compounds in their fruit, depending on fruit tissues or ripening stages. This study aimed to evaluate the morpho-physicochemical and nutritional components of the peel, pulp, [...] Read more.

Avocado landraces have gained great interest due to their importance in maintaining biodiversity and the presence of bioactive compounds in their fruit, depending on fruit tissues or ripening stages. This study aimed to evaluate the morpho-physicochemical and nutritional components of the peel, pulp, and seed tissues from Lagunero (LA) and Criollo (CA) avocado landraces at different ripening stages. Additionally, phenolic profiles were analyzed by using UPLC-DAD/ESI-MS, and a principal component analysis (PCA) was constructed to determine variations among the determined contents from avocado landraces, fruit tissues, and ripening stages. The CA showed a 30% higher fruit weight and higher percentages of seed (0.52%) and peel (3.62%) weight yields as compared to the LA. Ripening significantly affected the physical characteristics of LA and CA, and a substantial decrease in hardness (83%) after 4 days of storage. In LA, ripening resulted in an increase in fat content in both the peel and pulp. In contrast, CA showed an increase in protein content in the peel and pulp but a decrease in seeds; fat content increased significantly in the pulp of CA and carbohydrates remained the predominant component in all tissues, though they decreased slightly in CA peels during ripening. The ripe LA peel presented approximately 50% more total phenolic compounds than other tissues. The unripe CA peel showed a higher antioxidant capacity according to DPPH (3831.97 µMol Eq Trolox/g dw) and ABTS+ (3674.70 µMol Eq Trolox/g dw) assays. The main phenolic compounds identified in the avocado peel were chlorogenic acid, catechin, quercetin-3-O-hexoside, quercetin-3-O-pentoside, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, neochlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol-3-O rhamnoside, and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside. The PCA analysis revealed a strong correlation between chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid with TPC, while catechin was more closely related to antioxidant activity. These findings suggest that peel and seed tissues of avocado landraces, often considered byproducts, are valuable sources of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nutritional and Phytochemical Composition of Plants)

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15 pages, 2689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shrub Encroachment: A Catalyst for Enhanced Soil Nutrients Storage in the Altai Mountains

by Xuexi Ma, Lianlian Fan, Abbas Fakher, Yaoming Li, Jiefei Mao, Meiniu Yang, Meng Yan, Bo Zhang and Yingzhi Gao

Plants 2025, 14(4), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040623 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 281

Abstract

Shrub encroachment in grasslands has a major impact on soil carbon storage (SOC_S) and soil total nitrogen (STN_S), which affects nutrient cycling and ecosystem processes. We explored the effects of shrub encroachment on SOC_S and STN_S in [...] Read more.

Shrub encroachment in grasslands has a major impact on soil carbon storage (SOC_S) and soil total nitrogen (STN_S), which affects nutrient cycling and ecosystem processes. We explored the effects of shrub encroachment on SOC_S and STN_S in five grassland types in the Altai Mountains: mountain meadows, temperate meadow steppe, temperate steppe, temperate steppe desert, and temperate desert steppe. Shrub encroachment considerably improved SOC_S and STN_S, with the greatest increases occurring in locations with high encroachment. The interaction between grassland type and encroachment extent also significantly influenced soil properties, including bulk density, soil water content, and microbial carbon and nitrogen. Specifically, SOC_S increased by 16%, 77%, and 129%, and STN_S increased by 43%, 94%, and 127% under low, medium, and high shrub encroachment, respectively. The soil stoichiometry shifted, with C/N ratios decreasing and C/P and N/P ratios increasing with shrub encroachment. Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that shrub encroachment indirectly affected SOC_S and STN_S through changes in soil nutrients and climate. Our findings suggest that shrub encroachment promotes soil C sequestration and alters soil nutrient cycling, with implications for grassland management and ecological restoration in the face of global climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Invasion 2023)

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16 pages, 918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in the Stress Response and Fitness of Hybrids Between Transgenic Soybean and Wild-Type Plants Under Heat Stress

by Li Zhang, Qi Yu, Xin Yin, Laipan Liu, Zhentao Ren, Zhixiang Fang, Wenjing Shen, Shengnan Liu and Biao Liu

Plants 2025, 14(4), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040622 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 357

Abstract

Understanding the ability of hybrids of genetically modified (GM) soybean and wild soybean to survive and reproduce under unfavorable conditions is critical for answering questions regarding risk assessment and the existence of transgenes in the environment. To investigate the effects of high-temperature stress [...] Read more.

Understanding the ability of hybrids of genetically modified (GM) soybean and wild soybean to survive and reproduce under unfavorable conditions is critical for answering questions regarding risk assessment and the existence of transgenes in the environment. To investigate the effects of high-temperature stress on soybean growth and competitive ability, the GM soybean DBN8002, which expresses the VIP3Aa and PAT proteins, and F₂ generations derived from a cross between GM soybean and NJW (wild soybean) were placed in a greenhouse with an elevated temperature (38/32 °C) for 14 days, and the plant agronomic performance and foreign protein levels of hybrid soybean were evaluated to observe their responses to high temperature. The results revealed that the VIP3Aa and PAT protein levels in F₂ and GM were not influenced by high-temperature stress. In contrast, the pollen germination, pod number, hundred-seed weight, and seed vigor of the F₂ hybrid and parent soybean plants decreased after high-temperature stress. However, except for the number of fully filled seeds per plant, the above parameters of the F₂ hybrid were similar to or slightly lower than those of wild soybean, and no significant difference in fitness was observed between the F₂ hybrid and wild soybean, indicating that the growth and competitive ability of the hybrid were similar to those of its female parent under heat stress conditions, resulting in the transgenes persisting and spreading within agricultural ecosystems. Our results enhance the understanding of the GM soybean plant’s response to heat stress, lay the foundation for breeding heat-resistant soybean varieties, and provide new insights and advanced information on the ecological risks arising from the escape of transgenes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to a Changing Climate: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives)

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16 pages, 3389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Ethylene Response Factors in Wheat Reveals That TaERF16-B Contributes to Salt Tolerance

by Lei Zhang, Aili Wei, Jiating Chen, Lijuan Wu, Tian Li and Linyi Qiao

Plants 2025, 14(4), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040621 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 274

Abstract

Soil salinization is a major abiotic stressor that significantly reduces wheat yield. Identifying novel salt-tolerance genes and integrating them into wheat breeding programs can enhance wheat productivity in saline soils. Ethylene response factor (ERF) plays an important role in plant response to salt [...] Read more.

Soil salinization is a major abiotic stressor that significantly reduces wheat yield. Identifying novel salt-tolerance genes and integrating them into wheat breeding programs can enhance wheat productivity in saline soils. Ethylene response factor (ERF) plays an important role in plant response to salt stress, and thus far, four wheat ERF genes have been identified to be involved in salt stress response. To systematically identify salt tolerance-related ERF genes in wheat, in this study, 213 ERF sequences were isolated from the whole genome of common wheat and classified into 54 members based on subgenome homology, named TaERF1 to TaERF54. Transcriptome sequencing results showed different expression patterns of TaERF members in leaves after 1, 6, 24, and 48 h of NaCl treatment. Based on association analysis, nine TaERF genes were correlated with the leaf salt injury index. Among them, five SNPs of TaERF16-B formed two haplotypes: Hap1 and Hap2. RT-qPCR results showed that the expression level of TaERF16-B was significantly higher in Hap2-typed germplasms than that in Hap1-typed germplasms after 1 and 6 h of NaCl treatment. A Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR marker K52 was developed for genotyping TaERF16-B haplotypes, which further confirmed the significant correlation between TaERF16-B and salt tolerance-related phenotypes in mapping population and wheat germplasms. This study provides new genes and molecular markers for improving salt tolerance in wheat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 1948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Method for Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Three Types of Lettuce

by Meghan C. Roche, Wusheng Liu and Ricardo Hernández

Plants 2025, 14(4), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040620 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 357

Abstract

Lettuce genetic transformation is genotype-dependent. In the present study, we have successfully developed an optimized Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for elite lettuce cultivars, which belong to the romaine, leaf, and butterhead cultivar types. We optimized the type and concentration of plant growth regulators [...] Read more.

Lettuce genetic transformation is genotype-dependent. In the present study, we have successfully developed an optimized Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for elite lettuce cultivars, which belong to the romaine, leaf, and butterhead cultivar types. We optimized the type and concentration of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and selection antibiotics and found that the use of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 0.10 mg/L) and 6-benzyladenine (BA; 0.25 mg/L) as plant growth regulators, the use of hygromycin (15 mg/L) for transgenic plant selection, and the use of cotyledons and the first true leaf as explants efficiently yielded transformed plants for seven out of the eleven tested cultivars, achieving a 24.3–100% transformation efficiency. These seven cultivars include two romaine-type cultivars, three leaf-type cultivars, and two butterhead-type cultivars, and mark the first successful genetic transformation of the romaine cultivars ‘Kahu’ and ‘Rosalita’, the leaf cultivars ‘Red Sails’ and ‘Royal Oak Leaf’, and the butterhead cultivar ‘Lollo Biondo’. We also observed that substituting hygromycin selection with kanamycin selection (40 mg/L) resulted in a 64.3% transformation efficiency in the butterhead-type ‘Mariska’, one of the remaining four cultivars. Our newly optimized protocols are applicable in elite lettuce cultivars for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation and regeneration, enabling hygromycin or kanamycin selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Development and Morphogenesis)

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25 pages, 7659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Phenotypes to Genotypes: Enhancing the Identification of Cymbidium Species with DNA Barcoding

by Yaonan Peng, Yao Chen, Hongfan Ding, Xiangdong Liu, Fuxiang Cao and Lu Xu

Plants 2025, 14(4), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040619 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 317

Abstract

The genus Cymbidium, with its intricate floral elements, pronounced endemicity, and patchy distribution, evolves a rich diversity of morphological forms and a wide variety of species while causing an indistinctness in the classification of its species. To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among [...] Read more.

The genus Cymbidium, with its intricate floral elements, pronounced endemicity, and patchy distribution, evolves a rich diversity of morphological forms and a wide variety of species while causing an indistinctness in the classification of its species. To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among Cymbidium species and enhance their taxonomic classification by DNA barcoding, this study conducted amplification and sequence results of nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast genes (matK, rbcL, trnL-F, psbA-trnH) with phenotypic genetic diversity analysis, genetic distance analysis, and phylogenetic analysis from 48 samples of Cymbidium species. The comparison of genetic distance variations showed that psbA-trnH, ITS + psbA-trnH, and ITS + matK + psbA-trnH exhibit minimal overlap and significant genetic variation within Cymbidium species. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the combination, ITS + matK + psbA-trnH, has the highest identification rate. Notably, both the phylogenetic analysis and the genetic diversity analysis of phenotypic traits consistently indicated a clear divergence between epiphytic and terrestrial orchids, with epiphytic orchids forming a distinct clade. This provides reference evidence for studying the ecological adaptations and evolutionary differences between epiphytic and terrestrial orchids, as well as a scientific basis for the classification and identification, germplasm conservation, resource utilization, and phylogenetic evolution of orchids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epiphytic Plants: Perspective on Their Diversity, Distribution, Systematics and Conservation in the Changing Environment)

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15 pages, 3581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sixteen New Complete Plastid Genomes in the Tribe Loteae (Leguminosae): Structure and Phylogenetic Analysis

by Tahir H. Samigullin, Yury O. Kopylov-Guskov, Olga V. Nikitina, Anastasiya A. Krinitsina, Svetlana V. Polevova and Tatiana E. Kramina

Plants 2025, 14(4), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040618 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 299

Abstract

The tribe Loteae (Papilioniodeae-Leguminosae), according to plastid data, belongs to the Robinioid clade, which also includes the tribes Robinieae and Sesbanieae. The tribe Loteae contains 16 genera and about two hundred seventy-five species, of which the plastid genomes of five species have been [...] Read more.

The tribe Loteae (Papilioniodeae-Leguminosae), according to plastid data, belongs to the Robinioid clade, which also includes the tribes Robinieae and Sesbanieae. The tribe Loteae contains 16 genera and about two hundred seventy-five species, of which the plastid genomes of five species have been studied to date. The main objectives of our study were to obtain new information on the plastid genome structure of the Loteae representatives in order to assess plastid genome variability and reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Loteae. We performed sequencing, assembly, structural and phylogenetic analyses of the Loteae plastid genomes. All assembled Loteae plastomes showed a quadripartite structure with an overall length ranging from 150,069 to 152,206 bp and showed relative stability of inverted repeat borders. The Loteae plastomes demonstrated full collinearity; the most variable sites of the studied plastomes were found in petN-trnC and rps16-accD spacers from the LSC region and in the ycf1 gene within the SSC. All inferred relationships attained maximal support with the Hippocrepis lineage separated first, followed by Coronilla and Anthyllis; Lotus is a sister group to the clade Acmispon + Ornithopus. In this study, completely resolved relationships representing a backbone of plastid phylogeny were produced. The obtained results demonstrated that plastid genomes in the tribe Loteae are structurally conservative in contrast to the closely related tribes Robinieae and Sesbanieae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolutionary Genomics III)

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16 pages, 5781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Potential for Trypsin Inhibitor Expression in Leaves to Convey Herbivory Deterrence in Soybean

by Audrey E. Birdwell, Sebe A. Brown, Gino J. D’Angelo, Mitra Mazarei and Charles Neal Stewart, Jr.

Plants 2025, 14(4), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040617 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 311

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max) is the most widely grown legume crop in the world, providing important economic value. Pest herbivory damage by insects and mammalian wildlife, in particular the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), limits yields in soybean. Incorporating trypsin inhibitors [...] Read more.

Soybean (Glycine max) is the most widely grown legume crop in the world, providing important economic value. Pest herbivory damage by insects and mammalian wildlife, in particular the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), limits yields in soybean. Incorporating trypsin inhibitors (TIs) as plant protectant against herbivory pests has been of interest. We previously showed that the overexpression of soybean TIs in soybean conferred insect deterrence under greenhouse experiments. In this study, we examined the potential of transgenic TI-overexpressing lines in deterring insects under field conditions at Knoxville, Tennessee. Our results indicate that the overexpression of TI could lead to a significant reduction in leaf defoliation of the transgenic compared to non-transgenic lines without negatively impacting plant growth and yield under field conditions. Furthermore, we extended our study by comprehensive evaluation of these transgenic plants against the white-tailed deer herbivory in a separate field setting at Jackson, Tennessee, and with controlled deer feeding experiments. No significant differences in growth characteristics were found between transgenic and non-transgenic lines under field conditions. There were also no significant differences in deer deterrence between transgenic and non-transgenic lines in ambient deer herbivory field or controlled deer feeding trials. Our study provides further insights into more exploration of the role of TI genes in pest control in this economically important crop. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Research on Soybean Response to Adversity Stress and Disease Stress)

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21 pages, 4611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling Drought Tolerant Cotton Genotypes: Insights from Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Markers at Flowering

by Muhammad Yousaf Shani, Muhammad Yasin Ashraf, Muhammad Ramzan, Zafran Khan, Nimra Batool, Nimra Gul and William L. Bauerle

Plants 2025, 14(4), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040616 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 405

Abstract

Drought stress substantially restricts cotton growth, decreasing cotton production potential worldwide. This study evaluated cotton genotypes at the flowering stage to identify drought-resilient genotypes under moderate and severe drought conditions using physio-morphic and biochemical markers. Five genotypes were examined in a completely randomized [...] Read more.

Drought stress substantially restricts cotton growth, decreasing cotton production potential worldwide. This study evaluated cotton genotypes at the flowering stage to identify drought-resilient genotypes under moderate and severe drought conditions using physio-morphic and biochemical markers. Five genotypes were examined in a completely randomized design with three replicates across three treatments. Growth and biochemical traits were measured after 14 days of drought stress. The Multi-trait Genotype–Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI) identified the most drought-tolerant genotypes. Severe drought had a pronounced negative effect on growth and biochemical traits, followed by moderate drought. Among the genotypes, FH-912 exhibited the strongest resilience, with significant increases in proline, peroxidase, catalase, and total chlorophyll. In contrast, chlorophyll a and transpiration rates were largely unaffected. Genotypes VH-351, VH-281, and GH-99 showed moderate drought tolerance, while FH-556 was highly sensitive to water stress. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA, PCA, and heatmaps, confirmed FH-912’s superior performance under drought stress. The drought-resilient genotype, FH-912, holds promise for breeding drought-tolerant cotton varieties to sustain cotton productivity in water-limited environments, especially in drought-prone regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Signaling Molecules in Plant Stress Tolerance)

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15 pages, 2927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of a New Major Oil Content QTL Overlapped with FAD2B in Cultivated Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

by Feifei Wang, Huarong Miao, Shengzhong Zhang, Xiaohui Hu, Chunjuan Li, Weiqiang Yang and Jing Chen

Plants 2025, 14(4), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040615 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 319

Abstract

High oil content in peanut seeds is a key breeding objective for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) quality improvement. In order to explore the genetic basis of oil content in peanuts, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 256 lines was phenotyped [...] Read more.

High oil content in peanut seeds is a key breeding objective for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) quality improvement. In order to explore the genetic basis of oil content in peanuts, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 256 lines was phenotyped across six environments. Continuous distribution and transgressive segregation for both oil content and oleic acid content were demonstrated across all environments. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis yielded 15 additive QTLs explaining 4.34 to 23.10% of phenotypic variations. A novel stable and major QTL region conditioning oil content (qOCB09.1) was mapped to chromosome B09, spanning a 1.99 Mb genomic region with 153 putative genes, including the oleic acid gene FAD2B, which may influence the oil content. Candidate genes were identified and diagnostic markers for this region were developed for further investigation. Additionally, 18 pairs of epistatic interactions involving 35 loci were identified to affect the oil content, explaining 1.25 to 1.84% of phenotypic variations. These findings provide valuable insights for further map-based cloning of favorable alleles for oil content in peanuts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue QTL Mapping of Seed Quality Traits in Crops, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 1424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calibration and Validation of the CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut Model Under Mulched Drip Irrigation Conditions in Xinjiang

by Junwei Chen, Qiang Li, Xiaopei Zhang, Jianshu Dong, Xianfei Hou, Haocui Miao, Haiming Li, Yuchao Zhang, Xiaojun Shen, Zhuanyun Si and Zhijie Shan

Plants 2025, 14(4), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040614 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 345

Abstract

In order to explore the applicability of the peanut growth simulation model CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut under conditions of mulched drip irrigation in Xinjiang, and to determine the optimal scenario for parameter estimation and model validation, field experiments were conducted in 2022 and 2023 on the [...] Read more.

In order to explore the applicability of the peanut growth simulation model CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut under conditions of mulched drip irrigation in Xinjiang, and to determine the optimal scenario for parameter estimation and model validation, field experiments were conducted in 2022 and 2023 on the water and nitrogen regulation of peanut. Based on the water requirements during the stages of peanut growth, three irrigation levels (low, medium, and high) and two nitrogen application levels (100% N and 50% N) were set, resulting in six treatments. An additional control treatment (CK) with a medium irrigation level and no nitrogen application was also included. In this study, four different parameter estimation and validation protocols were designed, and different parameter estimation results were obtained using the DSSAT-GLUE parameter estimation module. The results showed that the FL-SH (time between first flower and first pod), FL-SD (time between first flower and first seed), SIZLF (time between first flower and first seed), XFRT (maximum size of full leaf), and WTPSD (maximum weight per seed) parameters exhibited strong variability, with coefficients of variation of 24.33%, 22.9%, 19.78%, 14.47%, and 23.82%, respectively, and were significantly affected by environment–management interactions. Other parameters showed weaker variability, with coefficients of variation that were all less than 10%. The model outputs varied significantly among different parameter estimation protocols. Scenario 3, which used data from the adequate irrigation and adequate fertilization treatment (W3N2) environment across both years for parameter estimation and data from other treatments for validation, showed the highest model calibration and validation accuracy. The average absolute relative error (ARE) and normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) for model calibration and validation were the lowest at 9.1% and 10.1%, respectively. The CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut model effectively simulated peanut growth and development as well as soil moisture dynamics under mulched drip irrigation conditions in Xinjiang, with the highest simulation accuracy observed under full irrigation conditions. The findings provide a basis for using the CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut model to develop suitable irrigation and nitrogen application regimes for peanuts under mulched drip irrigation in Xinjiang. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies to Improve Water-Use Efficiency in Plant Production)

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12 pages, 2417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses Provides Insights into Ovule Abortion in Camellia oleifera

by Yayan Zhu, Jiajuan Xu, Gang Wang, Feng Xiao, Minggang Zhang, Qinmeng Zeng and Jie Xu

Plants 2025, 14(4), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040613 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 274

Abstract

Camellia oleifera is a unique woody edible oil tree species in China, and the ovule development affects the yield of seeds. This study selected three different types of C. oleifera clones and used LC-MS, RNA-seq, and other techniques to compare the endogenous hormone [...] Read more.

Camellia oleifera is a unique woody edible oil tree species in China, and the ovule development affects the yield of seeds. This study selected three different types of C. oleifera clones and used LC-MS, RNA-seq, and other techniques to compare the endogenous hormone contents, gene expression levels, and metabolite changes between normal and aborted ovules. The results showed that high levels of ABA, JA, and SA may lead to the phenotype of ovule abortion. A total of 270 differential metabolites were identified in the metabolome, with L-methionine, citrulline, L-tryptophan, L-phenylalanine, and indolepyruvate being downregulated to varying degrees in the aborted ovules. Genes involved in plant hormone synthesis and response, such as GH3.1, IAA14, PIN1, AUX22, ARF1_2, BZR1_2, GA2ox, ERFC3, ABF2, and PYL8, responded to ovule development. This study elucidates the physiological, metabolic, and transcriptional responses to ovule abortion, providing a theoretical basis for understanding ovule development and yield regulation in C. oleifera. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Oil Tea)

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26 pages, 14395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Structure of Storage Triacylglycerols of Mature Seeds of Lunaria rediviva L., a Hyperaccumulator of Very Long-Chain Monounsaturated Fatty Acids, from the Perspective of Statistical Distribution Theories and New Insights Based on Simple Calculations

by Roman Sidorov, Giorgi Kazakov, Vasily Kotsuba and Tatiana Tyurina

Plants 2025, 14(4), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040612 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 490

Abstract

This article represents the first consideration of the peculiarities of the fatty acid (FAs) composition and structure of storage triacylglycerols (TAGs) of the relict plant Lunaria rediviva L. The composition of storage TAGs was found to comprise 21 individual FAs, with an unsaturated [...] Read more.

This article represents the first consideration of the peculiarities of the fatty acid (FAs) composition and structure of storage triacylglycerols (TAGs) of the relict plant Lunaria rediviva L. The composition of storage TAGs was found to comprise 21 individual FAs, with an unsaturated FA content of 96.8%. Additionally, monounsaturated acids with a very long chain (VLCFAs), specifically C20:1–C24:1, constituted over 60% of the total FAs. The ethylene bond position isomers of unsaturated FAs were accurately identified and the presence of unusual isomers, including 20:1

Δ

13, 22:1

Δ

15, and 24:1

Δ

17 acids. Furthermore, the unusual minor 24:2

Δ

15,18 acid was identified and characterised for the first time. The pathways of the mentioned VLCFA’s biosynthesis have been proposed. The distribution of FA acyls between the sn positions of triacylglycerols was found to be highly specific. Thus, VLCFAs exclusively acylate the

α

positions of the carbon atoms of the glycerol residue of the TAG molecule (sn-1 and sn-3 positions), while unsaturated C18 acids exclusively acylate the

β

-carbon atom (sn-2 position). The composition of the molecular species of TAGs was analysed using a calculation method based on the Vander Wal model and by RP-HPLC-ESI-MS. A significant discrepancy from the statistical model was observed, indicating a preference for the formation of symmetrical TAGs, such as sn-1,3-dierucoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol and related molecular species. This observation led to the formulation of a hypothesis regarding the potential existence of at least two specialised enzyme isoforms involved in the biosynthesis of such TAGs via the Kennedy pathway, exhibiting unusual substrate specificity. Consequently, this plant can be regarded not only as a producer of unusual molecular types of triacylglycerols but also as a source of genetic material for the search of genes encoding the aforementioned enzymes with unusual substrate specificity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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21 pages, 5323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mixed Ammonium-Nitrate Nutrition Regulates Enzymes, Gene Expression, and Metabolic Pathways to Improve Nitrogen Uptake, Partitioning, and Utilization Efficiency in Rice

by Xianting Fan, Chusheng Lu, Zaid Khan, Zhiming Li, Songpo Duan, Hong Shen and Youqiang Fu

Plants 2025, 14(4), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040611 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 367

Abstract

Ammonium and nitrate nitrogen are the two main forms of inorganic nitrogen (N) available to crops. However, it is not clear how mixtures of ammonium and nitrate N affect N uptake and partitioning in major rice cultivars in southern China. This study investigated [...] Read more.

Ammonium and nitrate nitrogen are the two main forms of inorganic nitrogen (N) available to crops. However, it is not clear how mixtures of ammonium and nitrate N affect N uptake and partitioning in major rice cultivars in southern China. This study investigated the effects of different ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen mixture treatments (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100) on the growth, photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen uptake, gene expression, and yield of different rice cultivars (Mei Xiang Zhan NO. 2: MXZ2; Nan Jing Xiang Zhan: NJXZ). Rice root biomass, tiller number, and yield were increased by 69.5%, 42.5%, and 46.8%, respectively, in the 75:25 ammonium-nitrate mixed treatment compared to the 100:0 ammonium-nitrate mixed treatment. The nitrogen content in rice roots, stems, leaves, and grains increased by 69.5%, 64.0%, 65.5%, and 17.5%, respectively. In addition, compared with MXZ2, NJXZ had a greater proportion of N allocated to leaves and grains. Analysis of root enzyme activities revealed that the 75:25 ammonium-nitrate mixed nutrient treatment increased rice root glutamine synthetase activity by an average of 35.0% and glutamate synthetase activity by an average of 52.0%. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the 75:25 mixed ammonium-nitrate nutrient treatment upregulated the expression of genes related to the nitrogen metabolism transporter pathway. Weighted correlation network analysis revealed that some differentially expressed genes (HISX and RPAB5) regulated the activities of nitrogen-metabolizing enzymes in rice and some (SAT2, CYSKP, SYIM, CHI1, and XIP1) modulated amino acid synthesis; greater expression of these genes was detected in the 75:25 ammonium-nitrate mixed nutrient treatment. The expression characteristics of the above genes were further confirmed by RT‒qPCR. Interestingly, the expression levels of the above genes were significantly correlated with the glutamate synthase activity, photosynthetic rate, and root volume. It is noteworthy that increasing the expression of the aforementioned genes coupled with nitrogen uptake was observed in the three main rice cultivars. These results suggest that the 75:25 ammonium-nitrate mixture may have increased nitrogen-metabolizing enzyme activities and promoted nitrogen uptake through the upregulated expression of nitrogen metabolism-related genes, thereby increasing tiller number and improving rice yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Approaches of Plant Nutrient and Environment Management to Plant Production)

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24 pages, 4324 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controlled-Release Phosphorus Fertilizers Manufactured with Chitosan Derivatives: An Effective Alternative for Enhanced Plant Development

by Eva García-Ilizaliturri, Enrique Ibarra-Laclette, Nicolaza Pariona-Mendoza, Carlos Espinoza-González, Antonio Cárdenas-Flores, José Humberto Valenzuela-Soto, Alan Josué Pérez-Lira and Claudia-Anahí Pérez-Torres

Plants 2025, 14(4), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040610 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 350

Abstract

In modern agriculture, fertilizers are commonly used to increase crop yields; however, their negligent use can lead to environmental pollution and the waste of essential nutrients such as inorganic phosphate (Pi). Encapsulated fertilizers are a feasible alternative that could prevent these issues, as [...] Read more.

In modern agriculture, fertilizers are commonly used to increase crop yields; however, their negligent use can lead to environmental pollution and the waste of essential nutrients such as inorganic phosphate (Pi). Encapsulated fertilizers are a feasible alternative that could prevent these issues, as they can protect Pi from leaching and extend the interval between applications. In this study, we developed and tested innovative fertilizers (IFs) manufactured with KH₂PO₄, encapsulated with chitosan modified via high-frequency ultrasound treatment. The characterization of these fertilizers consisted of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis and scanning transmission electron microscopy to determine their sizes and forms. In addition, we evaluated the phosphate release profile using electrical conductivity. The IFs were spheroidal microcapsules with an average diameter of 0.5–2 μM and showed slow-release behavior. Their efficacy was assessed via in vivo and in vitro assays, using Arabidopsis thaliana as a study model. As expected, the IFs promoted the growth of seedlings. One of the IFs showed enhanced growth promotion, contrasting with the control. This phenotype was likely promoted by this fertilizer due to the synergistic effect of Pi and the modified chitosan used as an encapsulant matrix. Our results highlight the potential of these formulations, which have unique properties and could be used on a large scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fertilizer Management: Enhancing Crop Yield and Produce Quality)

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20 pages, 2315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fulvic Acid, Amino Acids, and Vermicompost Enhanced Yield and Improved Nutrient Profile of Soilless Iceberg Lettuce

by Beyza Keskin, Yelderem Akhoundnejad, Hayriye Yildiz Dasgan and Nazim S. Gruda

Plants 2025, 14(4), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040609 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 394

Abstract

Soilless cultivation systems are sustainable innovations in modern agriculture, promoting high efficiency per unit area, supporting food sustainability, and addressing the growing demand for high-quality produce with minimal environmental impact. This study evaluates the effects of fulvic acid, amino acid, and vermicompost biostimulants [...] Read more.

Soilless cultivation systems are sustainable innovations in modern agriculture, promoting high efficiency per unit area, supporting food sustainability, and addressing the growing demand for high-quality produce with minimal environmental impact. This study evaluates the effects of fulvic acid, amino acid, and vermicompost biostimulants on the growth, yield, and nutrient profile of soilless-grown iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata) in floating culture under controlled glasshouse conditions. Two experiments were conducted to determine the most effective concentrations and combinations of biostimulants. In the first experiment, varying doses of fulvic acid (40 and 80 ppm), amino acid (75 and 100 ppm), and vermicompost (1 and 2 mL L⁻¹) were tested alongside a control. Optimal doses were identified based on their positive effects on lettuce growth and yield. The second experiment examined combinations of fulvic acid, amino acid, and vermicompost extract compared to a control. Biostimulants improved lettuce growth, nutrient uptake, and antioxidants. Vermicompost boosted root biomass and leaf area, while fulvic acid and amino acid reduced nitrates and increased dry matter. Fulvic acid and vermicompost resulted in the highest yield (17.15 kg/m², 18.2% increase), and the combined treatment maximized antioxidants, increasing vitamin C by 17.16%, total phenols by 52.54%, and flavonoids by 52.38%. These findings highlight the potential of biostimulants as eco-friendly solutions for optimizing lettuce production in soilless systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Driving Sustainability: Innovations in Producing Eco-Friendly Substrates for Soilless Culture Systems)

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17 pages, 6263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Variation of Leaves and Pseudobulbs in Prosthechea karwinskii (Orchidaceae) in Oaxaca, Mexico

by Gabriela Soledad Barragán-Zarate, Beatriz Adriana Pérez-López, Manuel Cuéllar-Martínez, Rodolfo Solano and Luicita Lagunez-Rivera

Plants 2025, 14(4), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040608 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 487

Abstract

Prosthechea karwinskii is an endemic orchid of Mexico with significant value for its traditional uses: ornamental, ceremonial, and medicinal. The pharmacological activity of this plant has been studied using specimens recovered from religious use during Holy Week in Oaxaca, Mexico, sourced from various [...] Read more.

Prosthechea karwinskii is an endemic orchid of Mexico with significant value for its traditional uses: ornamental, ceremonial, and medicinal. The pharmacological activity of this plant has been studied using specimens recovered from religious use during Holy Week in Oaxaca, Mexico, sourced from various localities within this state. Geographical variability can influence the chemical composition of plants, as environmental factors affect the production of their secondary metabolites, which impact their biological properties. This research evaluated the variability in the chemical composition of leaves and pseudobulbs of P. karwinskii obtained from different localities in Oaxaca, comprising 95–790 g and 376–3900 g of fresh material for leaves and pseudobulbs, respectively, per locality. Compounds were identified using UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS following ultrasound-assisted hydroethanolic extraction. Twenty-one compounds were identified in leaves and twenty in pseudobulb. The findings revealed differences in chemical composition across localities and between leaves and pseudobulbs of the species. The Roaguia locality exhibited the highest extraction yield and pharmacological potential in leaves. For pseudobulbs, Cieneguilla specimens showed the highest yield, and El Lazo had the lowest yield but the highest pharmacological potential. This study represents the first comprehensive analysis of the variation in the chemical composition of a native Mexican orchid. In all localities, leaves and pseudobulbs contained compounds with known biological activity, validating the use of the species in traditional medicine and highlighting its potential for medical and biological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactivities of Nature Products)

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18 pages, 3417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Divergent Photosynthetic Strategies of Lupinus polyphyllus and Helleborus viridis During Cold Acclimation and Freezing–Thaw Recovery

by Pengyuan Xie, Yining Zhao, Xin Zhao, Linbo Xu, Kai Wang, Ruidong Jia, Yaping Kou, Hong Ge, Wenjun Wang and Shuhua Yang

Plants 2025, 14(4), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040607 - 17 Feb 2025

Viewed by 321

Abstract

Low temperatures can significantly affect the growth of ornamental plants, emphasizing the importance of improving their cold tolerance. However, comparative studies on the photosynthetic responses of sun and shade plants to low temperatures remain limited. In this study, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence in [...] Read more.

Low temperatures can significantly affect the growth of ornamental plants, emphasizing the importance of improving their cold tolerance. However, comparative studies on the photosynthetic responses of sun and shade plants to low temperatures remain limited. In this study, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence in Photosystem II (PSII) and Photosystem I (PSI), the antioxidant system, the osmoregulator substance, and lipid peroxidation were investigated in the shade plant Helleborus viridis (Hv) and the sun plant Lupinus polyphyllus (Lp) during cold acclimation (CA) and the freezing–thaw recovery (FTR). The CA treatment significantly declined the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) in Hv and Lp, indicating the photoinhibition occurred in both species. However, Hv exhibited a much better photosynthetic stability to maintain Pn, Fv/Fm, and carboxylation efficiency (CE) than Lp during CA, suggesting that Hv had a greater photosynthetic resilience compared to Lp. Furthermore, Hv preferred to maintain Pn, Fv/Fm, the actual photosynthetic efficiency of PSII (Y(II)), and the actual photosynthetic efficiency of PSI (Y(I)) to consistently provide the necessary energy for the carbon assimilation process, while Lp tended to divert and dissipate excess energy by thermal dissipation and cyclic electron flow during CA. Moreover, there were higher soluble sugar contents in Hv in comparison to Lp. These traits allowed Hv to recover photosynthetic efficiency and maintain cellular integrity better than Lp after the freezing stress. In conclusion, CA significantly reduced the photosynthetic capacity and led to the divergent photosynthetic strategies of both species, which finally resulted in a different freezing tolerance after the freezing–thaw recovery. These findings provide insights into the divergent photoprotective strategies of sun and shade plants in response to cold temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Basis and Physiological Responses of Horticultural Plants and Crops to Abiotic Stresses)

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20 pages, 2582 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Transcriptome Analysis Within the Realm of Low Arsenic Rice Breeding

by Guanrong Huang, Guoping Yu, Huijuan Li, Haipeng Yu, Zengying Huang, Lu Tang, Pengfei Yang, Zhengzheng Zhong, Guocheng Hu, Peng Zhang and Hanhua Tong

Plants 2025, 14(4), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040606 - 17 Feb 2025

Viewed by 389

Abstract

Arsenic (As), a toxic element, is widely distributed in soil and irrigation water. Rice (Oryza sativa L.), the staple food in Southern China, exhibits a greater propensity for As uptake compared to other crops. Arsenic pollution in paddy fields not only impairs [...] Read more.

Arsenic (As), a toxic element, is widely distributed in soil and irrigation water. Rice (Oryza sativa L.), the staple food in Southern China, exhibits a greater propensity for As uptake compared to other crops. Arsenic pollution in paddy fields not only impairs rice growth but also poses a serious threat to food security and human health. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism underlying the response to As toxicity has not been completely revealed until now. Transcriptome analysis represents a powerful tool for revealing the mechanisms conferring phenotype formation and is widely employed in crop breeding. Consequently, this review focuses on the recent advances in transcriptome analysis within the realm of low As breeding in rice. It particularly highlights the applications of transcriptome analysis in identifying genes responsive to As toxicity, revealing gene interaction regulatory modules and analyzing secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms underlying rice As tolerance are updated, and the recent outcomes in low As breeding are summarized. Finally, the challenges associated with applying transcriptome analysis to low-As breeding are deliberated upon, and future research directions are envisioned, with the aim of providing references to expedite high-yield and low-arsenic breeding in rice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Genetic Mechanisms of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops, Third Edition)

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16 pages, 861 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Synthetic Review of Feedbacks and Drivers of Shrub–Grass Interaction in the Process of Grassland Shrub Encroachment

by Huiyang Hou, Haoran Yan, Xue Bai, Yuzhen Zhang, Yanjun Guo, Jianwei Zhou and Shaobo Gao

Plants 2025, 14(4), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040605 - 17 Feb 2025

Viewed by 293

Abstract

Many grasslands around the world are affected by shrub encroachment. The essence of shrub encroachment into a grassland habitat is a change in the direction and intensity of shrub–grass interactions, which leads to an alteration in the grassland community structure. Recent research progress [...] Read more.

Many grasslands around the world are affected by shrub encroachment. The essence of shrub encroachment into a grassland habitat is a change in the direction and intensity of shrub–grass interactions, which leads to an alteration in the grassland community structure. Recent research progress can be summarized as encompassing the primary factors influencing shrub encroachment and the physical, biological, and chemical ways through which they affect grassland community succession and shrub–grass interactions. The purpose of this study was to explore how shrub–grass interactions and relationships change under the influence of various environmental factors and their impact on grassland communities to provide a theoretical basis for grassland restoration and the management of shrubs within grassland from the perspective of shrub–grass interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Management of Invasive Plants—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 11115 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ATP Synthase Members of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Rubber Trees (Hevea brasiliensis) Response to Plant Hormones

by Bingbing Guo, Songle Fan, Mingyang Liu, Hong Yang, Longjun Dai and Lifeng Wang

Plants 2025, 14(4), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040604 - 17 Feb 2025

Viewed by 328

Abstract

ATP synthase is a key enzyme in photophosphorylation in photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation in respiration, which can catalyze the synthesis of ATP and supply energy to organisms. ATP synthase has been well studied in many animal species but has been poorly characterized in [...] Read more.

ATP synthase is a key enzyme in photophosphorylation in photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation in respiration, which can catalyze the synthesis of ATP and supply energy to organisms. ATP synthase has been well studied in many animal species but has been poorly characterized in plants. This research identified forty ATP synthase family members in the rubber tree, and the phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, cis-elements, and expression pattern were analyzed. These results indicated that the ATP synthase of mitochondria was divided into three subgroups and the ATP synthase of chloroplast was divided into two subgroups, respectively. ATP synthase in the same subgroup shared a similar gene structure. Evolutionary relationships were consistent with the introns and exons domains, which were highly conserved patterns. A large number of cis elements related to light, phytohormones and stress resistance were present in the promoters of ATP synthase genes in rubber trees, of which the light signal accounts for the most. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR analysis showed that HbATP synthases responded to cold stress and hormone stimulation, and the response to ethylene was most significant. HbMATPR3 was strongly induced by ethylene and salicylic acid, reaching 122-fold and 17-fold, respectively. HbMATP7-1 was 41 times higher than the control after induction by jasmonic acid. These results laid a foundation for further studies on the function of ATP synthase, especially in plant hormone signaling in rubber trees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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18 pages, 4193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reaction Mechanism of Aluminum Toxicity on Leaf Growth of Shatian Pomelo Seedlings

by Dan Tan, Jingfu Yan, Yali Yang, Shaoxia Yang, Lubin Zhang, Yingbin Xue and Ying Liu

Plants 2025, 14(4), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040603 - 17 Feb 2025

Viewed by 307

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the effects of aluminum (Al) stress on the leaves of Shatian pomelo (Citrus maxima “Shatian Yu”) and its underlying response mechanisms. Leaf phenotype analysis, physiological response index determination, transcriptome analysis, and genome verification were employed to [...] Read more.

This study aimed to examine the effects of aluminum (Al) stress on the leaves of Shatian pomelo (Citrus maxima “Shatian Yu”) and its underlying response mechanisms. Leaf phenotype analysis, physiological response index determination, transcriptome analysis, and genome verification were employed to investigate the effects of Al toxicity in detail. Al toxicity stress inhibited leaf growth and development, reducing leaf area, girth, and both dry and fresh weights. Antioxidant enzyme activity and soluble protein content in leaves significantly increased with rising Al stress levels. Additionally, Al toxicity caused an accumulation of Al ions in leaves and a decline in boron, magnesium, calcium, manganese, and iron ion content. RNA sequencing identified 4868 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under 0 mM (Control) and 4 mM (Al stress) conditions, with 1994 genes upregulated and 2874 downregulated, indicating a complex molecular regulatory response. These findings were further validated by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The results provide critical insights into the molecular mechanisms of Shatian pomelo leaf response to Al toxicity and offer a theoretical basis and practical guidance for improving citrus productivity in acidic soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance to Environmental Stresses)

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18 pages, 607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Amnat Charoen Healers in Thailand and Their Medicinal Plants

by Auemporn Junsongduang, Surapon Saensouk and Henrik Balslev

Plants 2025, 14(4), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040602 - 17 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Medicinal plants remain vital in the Phu Tai community in Amnat Charoen in Thailand. Traditional healers’ knowledge is largely undocumented in the literature. Our objective was to document their medicinal plant practices to preserve this valuable knowledge. Our informants were 15 Phu Tai [...] Read more.

Medicinal plants remain vital in the Phu Tai community in Amnat Charoen in Thailand. Traditional healers’ knowledge is largely undocumented in the literature. Our objective was to document their medicinal plant practices to preserve this valuable knowledge. Our informants were 15 Phu Tai healers. We calculated use values (UV), family importance values (FIV), and informant agreement ratios (IAR) to gauge the significance of the 211 medicinal plants used by the healers. The most important plant families were Fabaceae and Zingiberaceae (FIV = 93). Kha min (Curcuma longa) was the most important medicinal species (UV = 0.66). The decoction was the most common preparation method (85%). Skin/subcutaneous cellular tissue disorders had the highest informant agreement ratio (IAR = 0.73). Shrubs were the most common life form (36%) among the medicinal plants; the majority were collected from community forests (51%) and were native to Thailand (86%). The most frequently used plant part for medicine was the leaf (27%). Medicinal plants that can be purchased were Ueang mai na (Hellenia speciosa), Thep tharo (Cinnamomum parthenoxylon), and Som khon (Talinum paniculatum). Interestingly, monks served as traditional healers. The healer’s age and education were not correlated with the number of medicinal plants they knew. The Amnat Charoen healers possess a rich traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. The information reported here is invaluable for further research in the field of cross-cultural ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Resources and Ethnobotany in Aromatic and Medicinal Plants)

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Plants, Volume 14, Issue 4 (February-2 2025) – 136 articles

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