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Volume 14
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10.3390/plants14020231
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Article

Unveiling the Role of GhP5CS1 in Cotton Salt Stress Tolerance: A Comprehensive Genomic and Functional Analysis of P5CS Genes

by
Hui Fang
1,†,
Xin Gao
1,†,
Yunhao Wu
1,
Ke Zhang
1,
Ying Wu
1,
Junyi Li
1,
Dongmei Qian
1,
Ruochen Li
1,
Haijing Gu
1,
Teame Gereziher Mehari
1,2,
Xinlian Shen
3,* and
Baohua Wang
1,*
1
Institute of Modern Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
3
Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed (Nanjing) of the Ministry of Agriculture, The Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Plants 2025, 14(2), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020231
Submission received: 20 December 2024 / Revised: 8 January 2025 / Accepted: 14 January 2025 / Published: 15 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Fruit Development and Abiotic Stress)
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Abstract

Proline, a critical osmoregulatory compound, is integral to various plant stress responses. The P5CS gene, which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme in proline biosynthesis, known as ∆1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase, is fundamental to these stress response pathways. While the functions of P5CS genes in plants have been extensively documented, their specific roles in cotton remain inadequately characterized. In this study, we identified 40 P5CS genes across four cotton species with diverse sequence lengths and molecular weights. Phylogenetic analysis of 100 P5CS genes from nine species revealed three subgroups, with Gossypium hirsutum closely related to Gossypium barbadense. Collinearity analysis highlighted significant differences in collinear gene pairs, indicating evolutionary divergence among P5CS genes in tetraploid and diploid cotton. Exon–intron structures and conserved motifs correlated with phylogenetic relationships, suggesting functional differentiation. Stress-responsive elements in P5CS promoters suggest involvement in abiotic stress. Expression analysis under salt stress revealed differential expressions of GhP5CS genes, with GhP5CS1 emerging as a potential key regulator. Virus-induced gene silencing confirmed the pivotal role of GhP5CS1 in cotton’s salt stress response, as evidenced by increased salt sensitivity in the silenced plants. This study enhances our understanding of the functional diversity and roles of P5CS genes in cotton under stress conditions.
Keywords: cotton genomics; P5CS gene family; GhP5CS1 function; salt stress; proline; virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) cotton genomics; P5CS gene family; GhP5CS1 function; salt stress; proline; virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)

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MDPI and ACS Style

Fang, H.; Gao, X.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, K.; Wu, Y.; Li, J.; Qian, D.; Li, R.; Gu, H.; Mehari, T.G.; et al. Unveiling the Role of GhP5CS1 in Cotton Salt Stress Tolerance: A Comprehensive Genomic and Functional Analysis of P5CS Genes. Plants 2025, 14, 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020231

AMA Style

Fang H, Gao X, Wu Y, Zhang K, Wu Y, Li J, Qian D, Li R, Gu H, Mehari TG, et al. Unveiling the Role of GhP5CS1 in Cotton Salt Stress Tolerance: A Comprehensive Genomic and Functional Analysis of P5CS Genes. Plants. 2025; 14(2):231. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020231

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fang, Hui, Xin Gao, Yunhao Wu, Ke Zhang, Ying Wu, Junyi Li, Dongmei Qian, Ruochen Li, Haijing Gu, Teame Gereziher Mehari, and et al. 2025. "Unveiling the Role of GhP5CS1 in Cotton Salt Stress Tolerance: A Comprehensive Genomic and Functional Analysis of P5CS Genes" Plants 14, no. 2: 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020231

APA Style

Fang, H., Gao, X., Wu, Y., Zhang, K., Wu, Y., Li, J., Qian, D., Li, R., Gu, H., Mehari, T. G., Shen, X., & Wang, B. (2025). Unveiling the Role of GhP5CS1 in Cotton Salt Stress Tolerance: A Comprehensive Genomic and Functional Analysis of P5CS Genes. Plants, 14(2), 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020231

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