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Article

Secondary Volatile Metabolite Composition in Scorzonera pseudolanata Grossh. Plant Parts

by
Aysel Özcan Aykutlu
1,*,
Serdar Makbul
2,
Kamil Coşkunçelebi
3 and
Fatih Seyis
1
1
Field Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, 53300 Pazar-Rize, Türkiye
2
Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, 53100 Rize, Türkiye
3
Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Türkiye
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2025, 14(11), 1624; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14111624
Submission received: 26 March 2025 / Revised: 23 May 2025 / Accepted: 23 May 2025 / Published: 26 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants)
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Abstract

:
Scorzonera species exhibit various biological activities largely dependent on their chemical composition. While numerous studies have investigated these species’ secondary volatile metabolite content, to our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study focused on Scorzonera pseudolanata. The present study aimed to identify and analyze the secondary volatile metabolites in different parts of S. pseudolanata. The composition of these metabolites was determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The resulting data were further analyzed through biplot analysis to differentiate among the plant parts. A total of 46 secondary volatile compounds were identified across all examined tissues. Hexadecane (13.6%) was the dominant compound in the roots, phytone (16.36%) in the leaves, and nonadecane (56.45%) in the seeds. The secondary volatile metabolite profile of S. pseudolanata differs markedly from that of other Scorzonera species, a distinction effectively visualized using a biplot diagram. This study represents the first detailed investigation into the secondary volatile metabolite composition of S. pseudolanata. It offers foundational data that may inform future in-depth research, thereby contributing to a broader understanding of the phytochemistry of this species.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The genus Scorzonera L. is represented by approximately 180–190 species worldwide and constitutes the largest and most widely distributed group within the subtribe Scorzonerinae of the tribe Cichorieae [1,2,3]. Species of the genus Scorzonera are found in temperate and tropical regions of Europe and North Africa, as well as arid, alpine, and mountainous environments of the Iranian–Turanian floristic region. Due to long-standing taxonomic challenges, the genus has undergone numerous revisions. The most recent taxonomic revision proposed that Tourneuxia Coss.; Gelasia Cass.; Epilasia (Bunge) Benth.; Lipschitzia Zaika, Sukhor & N. Kilian; Pterachaenia (Benth.) Stewart; Koelpinia Pall.; Ramaliella Zaika, Sukhor & N. Kilian; Pseudopodospermum (Lipsch. & Krasch.) Kuth.; and Takhtajaniantha Nazarova should be recognized as separate genera from Scorzonera. Consequently, many taxa formerly classified under Scorzonera have been reassigned to these revised genera. Members of the genus Scorzonera typically possess a caudex or tuber and are rarely biennial or dwarf subshrubs. Their leaves range from linear to oblong and from entire to pinnatisect. The capitula are characterized by yellow ligules and an involucre of imbricate phyllaries arranged in several series. Achenes may or may not have a tubular carpopodium and are accompanied by a pappus composed of barbellate or plumose bristles [4]. In Türkiye, the genus is represented by 59 taxa, 31 endemic. Scorzonera species have a rich history of use in traditional medicine in Anatolia and other regions of the world [5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. In European folk medicine, they treat pulmonary diseases, colds, wounds, and gastrointestinal disorders and are valued for their stomachic, diuretic, galactagogue, antipyretic, and appetite-stimulating properties. Traditional Chinese and Mongolian medicine treats diarrhea, lung edema, parasitic diseases, and fevers caused by bacterial and viral infections [7,11].
Scorzonera pseudolanata, a species native to the Iranian–Turanian phytogeographic region, typically grows in the inner, northern, and western regions of Anatolia, Türkiye. The species is characterized by its scapose growth form, with a solitary capitulum, lanceolate-linear leaves, and dense lanate hairs covering all plant parts. It also exhibits yellowish ligules, non-stipitate achenes, and a plumose pappus [5]. These plants prefer alpine steppe meadows and dry calcareous soils. Although S. pseudolanata is not currently classified in any risk category according to the Red Data Book of Turkish Plants [12] and recent assessments [5], it is distributed across a broad geographic area in Anatolia but occurs in limited and localized populations.
Volatile oils exhibit various biological activities, including insecticidal, antiviral, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties [13]. In addition to their role in cancer treatment, they are employed as natural organic compounds and pharmaceuticals. They are widely used in food preservation, aromatherapy, wound healing, and perfumery [14,15,16]. The significance of volatile oils continues to grow due to their diverse applications across various sectors, including the beverage and food industries and the cosmetics and fragrance industries, particularly in producing high-value perfumes with demonstrated bioactivity [17].
Over the years, numerous studies have investigated various Scorzonera species’ chemical composition and biological activities. A comprehensive review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, chemotaxonomy, and other applications was published [18]. Table 1 summarizes the published research on the chemical profiles of different Scorzonera species and their associated biological activities.
The literature shows that no research on the secondary volatile metabolite content of Scorzonera pseudolanata in Türkiye is currently available. Significant differences were observed in the metabolite profiles among the various plant parts, highlighting the chemical diversity within the species.

2. Results

Table 2 and Figure 1 show the distribution of secondary volatile metabolite composition in plant parts of S. pseudolanata.
As shown in Table 2, 46 distinct secondary volatile metabolite compounds were identified across all plant parts of Scorzonera pseudolanata. In the root, 22 compounds accounted for 100.00% of the volatile content; in the leaf, 35 compounds represented 99.9%; and in the seed, 30 compounds comprised 99.66% of the volatile oil profile.
Six major chemical groups were identified: (1) oxygenated monoterpenes; (2) oxygenated sesquiterpenes; (3) sesquiterpene hydrocarbons; (4) alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and furans; (5) alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and arenes; and (6) ethers, carboxylic acids, and esters (Table 2 and Figure 1). Among these, the group of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and arenes was dominantly present in all plant parts analyzed.
The dominant chemical compound in the root was hexadecane (13.6%), in the leaf phytone (16.36%), and in the seed nonadecane (56.45%) (Table 2). Seven compounds were exclusively detected in the root: isoborneol (1.94%), capraldehyde (1.90%), cyclosativene (5.81%), linalyl benzoate (7.26%), civetone (4.06%), geranyl butyrate (1.82%), and dodecalactone (2.76%). In contrast, 11 components were uniquely identified in the leaf, including eucalyptol (2.00%), α-copaene (2.40%), β-bourbonene (1.95%), α-humulene (1.90%), β-ionone (1.88%), δ-cadinene (1.57%), theaspirane (1.42%), tridecylaldehyde (0.95%), phytone (16.36%), and hexadecanoic acid (1.02%). Only three compounds were detected exclusively in the seed: caprylaldehyde (0.17%), undecalactone (0.16%), and myristate (0.16%).
Figure 2 presents a biplot analysis based on 10 selected secondary volatile metabolites with concentrations exceeding 6%, including β-caryophyllene, pentadecanol, linalyl benzoate, hexadecane, octadecane, Nonadecane, heneicosane, phytone, and methyl palmitate.
The total variation observed was fully explained (100%) by the first two principal components derived from the analysis. The leaf samples were clearly distinguished from the root and seed samples, primarily due to the influence of β-caryophyllene and phytone. Conversely, nonadecane and heneicosane were the key compounds that differentiated the seed samples from the root and leaf samples.

3. Discussion

A total of 47 distinct secondary volatile metabolite components were identified across the different plant parts of Scorzonera pseudolanata. However, the proportion and distribution of these compounds varied significantly among the root, leaf, and seed tissues. In the present study, the secondary volatile metabolite profiles of the examined plant parts were distinguishable, as demonstrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
Endogenous factors (such as plant physiology and function) and environmental conditions (including light, precipitation, soil characteristics, and overall growth environment) can contribute to the variation in volatile oil composition. These variables collectively contribute to differentiating chemical profiles among plant parts [53].
Only a few studies have examined other Scorzonera species’ secondary volatile metabolite composition. For instance, in S. hispanica, collected from Germany, hexadecanoic acid (20.3%) was identified as the most abundant compound, followed by octane (7.5%), hexane (4.8%), and octadecanoic acid (3%) [7]. In the roots of S. undulata ssp. deliciosa (Guiss.) Maire, hexadecanoic acid (42.2%), n-tetradecanoic acid (16.1%), octadecanoic acid (7.7%), and hexadecenoic acid (4.5%) were identified as major constituents. Additionally, methyl hexadecanoate (30.4%), methyl linoleate (23.9%), heneicosane (12.2%), and octadecane (4.4%) were reported as dominant compounds in the same subspecies [21].
Trimethyl pentadecanone (27.73%), caryophyllene oxide (16.84%), neophyte diene (7.68%), and (E)-ionone (6.77%) were identified in the oil extracted from the leaves and flowers of Scorzonera calyculata [54]. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes constituted the largest proportion of the volatile oil (20.68%), followed by diterpenes (8.34%), monoterpene hydrocarbons (4.75%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (1.88%), and oxygenated monoterpenes (1.04%).
In S. sandrasica, the most abundant compounds were caryophyllene oxide (19.7%), manoyl oxide (16.05%), manool (11.3%), 2-oxo-manoyloxide (8.9%), sclareol (7.7%), and β-caryophyllene (7.6%). Carvacrol accounted for 2.7% of the total volatile oil content [55].
In S. acuminata, collected from Ankara/Türkiye, α-copaene, β-caryophyllene, β-ionone, capronaldehyde, pelargonaldehyde, pentadecanol, myristic alcohol, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane, heneicosane, and phytone were detected in all plant parts (root, stem, leaf, and seed). The highest concentrations were recorded as 27.16% for β-caryophyllene in the root, 12.97% in the stem, 25.96% in the leaf, and 22.02% for lauryl alcohol in the seed [48].
GC-MS analysis of S. papposa, collected from Erzincan/Türkiye, revealed 56 different volatile oil components in various plant parts. The volatile oil composition showed substantial variation among plant tissues, indicating potential for pharmaceutical applications. The highest concentrations were 16.78% for methyl palmitate in the root, 30.44% for phytone in the stem, 40.17% for phytone in the leaf, and 31.84% for phytol in the seed [49].
Another study investigated the volatile oil compositions of the root, stem, and leaf parts of S. mollis ssp. mollis and S. mollis ssp. szowitzii collected from Tekirdağ/Türkiye [50]. A total of 70 volatile compounds were identified across all plant parts. In S. mollis ssp. mollis, the major constituents included civetone (42.62%) in the root, β-caryophyllene (11.82%) in the stem, and phytol (12.08%) in the leaf. In S. mollis ssp. szowitzii, the highest values were observed for hexadecane (16.42%) in the root, cyclosativene (20.68%) in the stem, and both β-patchoulene and cyclosativene (12.31%) in the leaf. The volatile oil profiles of both species were dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, alcohols/ketones/aldehydes/furans, and alkanes/alkenes/alkynes/arenes.
These findings collectively suggest that the secondary volatile metabolite composition of S. pseudolanata is distinct from that of other Scorzonera species. Furthermore, the secondary metabolites identified in S. pseudolanata have notable biological activities.
Eucalyptol, an oxygenated monoterpene detected in the leaf, is widely used in traditional medicine and occurs naturally in Eucalyptus, Rosmarinus, and Cinnamomum camphora. It has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, bronchodilatory, analgesic, and pro-apoptotic properties [56]. Isoborneol exhibits potent antiviral activity, particularly against the HSV-1 virus [57], and decanal is known for its antioxidant effects [58].
Caryophyllene oxide, one of the oxygenated sesquiterpenes identified, functions as a broad-spectrum antifungal agent in plant defense and has insecticidal and antifeedant properties [59,60]. Alpha-santalol has been shown to possess antitumor and cancer-preventive effects [61]. Cyclosativene is found only in the root of S. pseudolanata and displays antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties [62]. Alpha-copaene (α-COP), present in many medicinal and aromatic plant volatile oils, exhibits antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties [63]. Beta-bourbonene is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and is used as a preventive agent [64]. β-Caryophyllene, present in all parts of S. pseudolanata, has been reported to possess antibacterial, antioxidant, gastroprotective, anxiolytic, and anti-inflammatory activities [65]. Additionally, α-humulene displays antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties [66], and germacrene D has notable antibacterial activity [67,68]. β-Ionone, detected exclusively in the leaf, is a multifunctional compound widely distributed in flowers, fruits, and vegetables. It contributes to flavors, aromas, pigments, growth regulation, and ecological interactions, including insect attraction or repellence, and has antibacterial and fungicidal properties [69]. Furthermore, δ-cadinene has demonstrated antimicrobial activity [70].
Further, several compounds with important biological functions were detected: capronaldehyde (antibacterial) [71], caprylaldehyde (antiviral) [72], phenylacetaldehyde (antimicrobial and DMPD+-scavenging) [73], pelargonaldehyde (antidiarrheal and antimicrobial against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and antifungal) [74,75], theaspirane (antioxidant) [76], lauryl alcohol (bactericidal and fungicidal) [77], tridecylaldehyde (bactericidal and antibacterial) [71,78], tetradecanal (antibacterial) [79], myristic alcohol (antibacterial and anti-inflammatory) [80], pentadecanol (antibacterial) [81], linalyl benzoate (antimicrobial) [82], civetone (noted for its medicinal potential) [83], and phytol (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial) [84].
Alkanes, alkenes, alkyne, and arenes formed the biggest chemical group in S. pseudolanata plant parts (Table 2). Tetradecane is known for its antibacterial and antifungal activity [85]; pentadecane for antimicrobial activity [86,87]; hexadecane for antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity [88,89]; heptadecane for antioxidant activity [90]; octadecane for antifungal, anti-influenza, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties [91]; nonadecane for antimicrobial activity, anti-HIV, and antioxidants [92]; eicosane for antifungal activity [93]; and heneicosane for antibacterial and antifungal activities [94].
Detected components belonging to the ethers, such as carboxylic acids and esters, also have important biological activities. For example, geranyl acetate shows antibacterial activity [95]; geranyl butyrate shows anticancer activity [96]; citronellyl butyrate shows antibacterial activity [97]; undecalactone shows antimicrobial activity [98]; dihydrojasmonate shows anticancer activity [99]; myristate shows repellent activity [100]; dodecalactone shows antifungal activity [101]; apiole shows antitumor activity [102]; phytone shows anti-inflammatory properties [103,104,105,106]; hexadecenoic acid shows antioxidant, hypocholosterolomic, nematicidal, and pesticidal activity [107]; methyl palmitate shows antifungal and antioxidant activity [108]; and geranyl benzoate antifungal and antioxidant activity [109].
As demonstrated, the different secondary volatile oil components identified in various parts of Scorzonera pseudolanata exhibit numerous biologically active properties of medicinal relevance. It is important to note that the present findings are based on samples collected from natural habitats. To better utilize these bioactive compounds, further studies are required to focus on the propagation, agronomic practices, harvesting, and isolation of specific components in S. pseudolanata.
Analytical tools such as biplot analysis are valuable for identifying genotypes and grouping based on chemical similarity [110,111]. Biplot analysis facilitates the differentiation of plant materials and can effectively distinguish species according to their chemical profiles [112,113]. Combined with other analytical approaches, it can also aid in identifying traits critical to genetic variability in crop species [114]. In a biplot, variables contributing to the distinction between different variants can be visualized and categorized [115]. In this study, root, leaf, and seed parts of S. pseudolanata were differentiated based on their secondary volatile metabolite composition using such chemical data.
The Asteraceae family is one of the largest flowering plants worldwide and is known for containing a wide array of biologically active chemical constituents [116,117]. The Scorzonera genus, a member of this family, includes species widely used in food and traditional medicine in Türkiye. There remains a strong need for further investigation into the biological activities of the genus’s chemical constituents to enrich the scientific literature on plant-derived pharmaceuticals.

4. Materials and Methods

S. pseudolanata specimens were collected from the open steppe areas surrounding the Köse district of Gümüşhane, located in the northern region of Türkiye, at elevations ranging from approximately 1600 to 1700 m (Figure 3). Photographs of the plant’s natural habitat and overall morphology are provided in Figure 1. Voucher specimens (Makbul 526 & Coşkunçelebi) have been deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Biology at Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University (RUB), Rize, Türkiye. The additional plant materials used for chemical analysis were air-dried under ambient conditions at room temperature

4.1. Sample Preparation

The instrumental system used for the analysis comprised a Shimadzu GC-2010 Plus gas chromatograph, a QP2020 mass spectrometer, and a multifunctional autosampler (AOC-5000 Plus/SHIMADZU) equipped with a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) module and a split/splitless injection inlet.
The SPME extraction was performed using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber (1 cm × 100 μm thickness) purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA). The fiber was preconditioned for 5 min at 250 °C before analysis and reconditioned for 10 min at 250 °C after each run.
For each sample, 1.0 g of plant material was placed in a 20 mL SPME glass vial, followed by the addition of 100 μL of hexane. The same procedure was applied to all samples, which were sealed with silicone/PTFE septa. Volatile compounds were extracted under optimized headspace SPME (HS-SPME) conditions, consisting of a 5 min equilibration period and a 15 min extraction at 100 °C with an agitation speed of 500 rpm. Analytes were desorbed for 1 min in the GC injection port at 250 °C using a straight Ultra Inert SPME liner operating in split mode. Each sample was analyzed in duplicate.

4.2. Secondary Metabolite Composition Analysis

All analyses employed a Shimadzu GC-2010 Plus gas chromatograph and a QP2020 mass selective detector. The separation procedure used an Rtx-5MS low-bleed capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm; Restek, Bellefonte, PA, USA). Helium served as the carrier gas at a constant pressure of 80 kPa. The oven temperature program was optimized as follows: initial temperature of 40 °C (held for 2 min), increased to 250 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min, and held at 250 °C for 3 min, resulting in a total run time of 55 min. The interface and ion source temperatures were set at 250 °C and 200 °C, respectively. Electron ionization (EI) was conducted at 70 eV with an m/z scan range of 40–500 and a scan speed of 1666 u/s.
Data acquisition and processing were carried out using GCMS solution software Version 4.53 (Shimadzu, Japan). Compound identification was performed by comparing mass spectra to the Wiley FFNSC 3rd Edition Library (Mass Spectra of Flavours and Fragrances of Natural and Synthetic Compounds) and by matching calculated retention indices (RIs) with those listed in the FFNSC 3rd Edition Library, the NIST Chemistry WebBook (SRD 69), and the PubChem database.
The Alkan standard was analyzed using the same method. The index values of substances were calculated by entering the RI values of alkanes into the software. C7–C30 saturated alkanes were used as certified reference material; 1000 μg/mL each component was solved in hexane. Using the present method, RI was calculated using the Sigma-Aldrich standard. Afterwards, the analysis of C7–C30 was conducted.
To calculate the compound percentages, the percentage peak area method was used. This method uses the area of the target component (component A) peak as a proportion of the total area of all detected peaks to analyze quantity.

4.3. Data Analysis

XLSTAT 2024 analysis software (Lumivero) was used to perform Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) to visualize the chemical variability among the different plant parts of Scorzonera pseudolanata. The obtained data were also used to construct a biplot diagram to illustrate further the distribution and differentiation based on secondary volatile metabolite composition [118].

5. Conclusions

This study represents the first investigation into the secondary volatile metabolite composition of Scorzonera pseudolanata. The present results revealed notable differences in the secondary metabolite profiles among the various plant parts of this species. However, further research should validate these findings using additional S. pseudolanata samples.
The data presented here provide a valuable foundation for more comprehensive future studies and contribute to a deeper understanding of the chemical composition of S. pseudolanata.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, F.S. and S.M.; methodology, F.S., S.M., A.Ö.A. and K.C.; resources, S.M. and K.C.; writing—original draft preparation, F.S. and S.M.; writing—review and editing, F.S., S.M., A.Ö.A. and K.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Development Foundation (Grant number: 02025003019363).

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the application engineer Emrah Kalyoncu for his great support during instrumental analysis.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:
GC-MSgas chromatography–mass spectrometry

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Plants 14 01624 g001
Figure 1. Distribution of chemical groups in different plant parts of Scorzonera pseudolanata.
Figure 1. Distribution of chemical groups in different plant parts of Scorzonera pseudolanata.
Plants 14 01624 g001
Plants 14 01624 g002
Figure 2. Distribution of composition of volatile secondary metabolites in the roots, leaves, and seeds of S. pseudolanata.
Figure 2. Distribution of composition of volatile secondary metabolites in the roots, leaves, and seeds of S. pseudolanata.
Plants 14 01624 g002
Plants 14 01624 g003
Figure 3. Scorzonera pseudolanata (Makbul 526 & Coşkunçelebi).
Figure 3. Scorzonera pseudolanata (Makbul 526 & Coşkunçelebi).
Plants 14 01624 g003
Table 1. Research on Scorzonera species based on chemical content.
Table 1. Research on Scorzonera species based on chemical content.
Investigated ComponentsInvestigated PartSpeciesReference
Phenolic compoundsSubaerial partsS. tomentosa Siev. ex Ledeb.[19]
Volatile secondary metabolite composition and phenolic contentRoots [20], capitula and aerial parts [21], aerial parts [22,23],S. Scorzonera undulata ssp. deliciosa (Guiss) Maire.,
Scorzonera undulata Vahl,
Scorzonera sandrasica Hartvig & Strid, Scorzonera calyculata Boiss.		[20,21,22,23]
Phenolic contentFlowering partsS. undulata ssp. deliciosa, S. undulata, S. sandrasica, S. calyculata Boiss.[24]
Chemosystematic studiesAerial parts [25], subaerial parts [26]S. cinerea Boiss., S. incisa DC., S. eriophora DC., S. laciniata Jacq., S. parviflora Jacq., S. cana (C.A. Meyer) Hoffm. var. alpina (Boiss.) D.F.Chamb., S. cana (C.A. Meyer) Hoffm. var. jacquiniana (W.Koch) D.F.Chamb.[25,26]
Phenolic components and in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatoryRoots and leavesS. austriaca Balb., S. aristata Ramond ex DC., S. montana var. boetica Boiss. ex DC., S. hispanica L., S. crispatula Boiss., S. trachysperma Günther ex Spreng.,
S. villosa Scop.		[18]
Phenolic compoundsSubaerial parts [19], roots [27], aerial parts and roots [28]S. hieraciifolia Hayek[19,27,28]
Phytochemical components and antioxidant activityAerial partsS. judaica Eig and S. tomentosa[29]
Chemical compositionDried roots [20], aerial parts [21,22], whole plant [30]S. sandrasica, S. undulata, S. undulata ssp. deliciosa, S. hispanica[20,21,22,30]
Antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activityLeavesS. cinerea[31]
Chemical components (GC-MS), antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial activityAerial partsS. calyculata[23]
Anti-antinociceptive action and natural compoundsLeaves and rootstocksS. latifolia DC., S. mollis ssp. szowitzii Chamb., S. suberosa
K.Koch, S. tomentosa, S. aristata		[32]
Biologically active natural compoundsAerial partsS. divaricata Aucher ex DC., S. pseudodivaricata Lipsch.[10]
Prospective neurobiological
effect		Aerial parts and roots27 different Scorzonera species
including S. pseudolanata Grossh.		[33]
Phenolic compounds and
certain biological activities		Aerial parts and rootsS. pygmaea Sm.[34]
Antidiabetic effectsAerial partsS. tomentosa, S. mollis ssp. szowitzii, S. suberosa, S. eriophora, S. acuminata Boiss., S. sublanata Lipsch., S. cana var. jacquiniana[35]
Pharmacognostic,
antibacterial, and laxative investigation		Aerial parts and rootsS. undulata[36]
Phenolic compoundsAerial partsS. aristata, S. austriaca, S. montana var. boetica, S. crispatula, S. hispanica, S. trachysperma, and S. villosa[25]
InulinRoots and leavesS. hispanica[37]
Antibacterial and antibiofilm activityWhole plant, flowers, stems, leaves and rootsS. mackmeliana Boiss.[38]
Antibacterial potentialWhole plantS. undulata[39]
Wound healingAerial parts
and roots
Aerial parts
and roots		S. cinerea, S. latifolia, S. incisa, S. mollis ssp. szowitzii, S. parviflora, S. tomentosa
S. acuminata, S. cana var. alpina, S. cana var. jacquiniana, S. cana (C.A Meyer) Hoffm. var. radicosa (Boiss.) Chamberlain, S. eriophora, S. suberosa and S. sublanata		[40,41]
Fatty acid compositions,
chemical content, and antioxidant activity		Leaves and rootsS. paradoxa Fisch and C.A. Mey[42]
Chemical constituentsRootsScorzonera divaricata[43]
Phytochemical profile and biological ActivitiesAerial parts
and roots		S. sandrasica, S. coriacea A. Duran and Aksoy, and S. ahmet-duranii Makbul and Coskuncelebi[44]
Chemical profiles and pharmacological effectsAerial parts
and roots		S. hieraciifolia, S. hispanica, S. tomentosa[45]
Biological activityLeavesS. tomentosa[46]
Phenolics, terpenoids, and potential bioactivitiesAerial partsS. incisa[47]
Secondary volatile metabolite composition and phenolic contentRoot, stem, leaf, and seedS. acuminata[48]
Root, stem, leaf, and seedS. papposa DC.[49]
Root, stem, and leavesS. mollis M.Bieb. ssp. mollis and S. mollis ssp. szowitzii[50]
Phenolic contentRoot, stem, leaf, and seed25 Scorzonera species, including S. pseudolanata[51]
Table 2. The secondary volatile metabolite components detected in S. pseudolanata plant parts (%).
Table 2. The secondary volatile metabolite components detected in S. pseudolanata plant parts (%).
NoRI *RI in
Library **		ComponentRootLeafSeed
Area %Measured RI ValueSimilarity %Area %Measured RI ValueSimilarity %Area %Measured RI ValueSimilarity %
1801801Capronaldehyde2.38801961.73801960.3980197
210031006Caprylaldehyde------0.17100894
310321032Eucalyptol---2.00103295---
410421045Phenylacetaldehyde3.511043951.081043950.3104397
511071107Pelargonaldehyde---2.331105960.52110597
611671165Isoborneol1.94116894------
712061208Decanal1.90121189------
813671367Cyclosativene5.81138089------
913751375α Copaene---2,40137695---
1013891382β Bourbonene---1.95138595---
1114001400Tetradecane3.051402891.291402970.32140298
1214181424β Caryophyllene2.181456918.281425981.39142597
1314541450Geranyl acetone---2.301452960.17145298
1414561459Geranyl butyrate1.82146292------
1514581454α Humulene---1.90145698---
1614651447Theaspirane---1.42144993---
1714851480Germacrene D3.341484922.63148492---
1814901490β Ionone---1.88149092---
1914931476Lauryl alcohol---1.871477961.88147796
2015001500Pentadecane3.941502901.691502960.39150298
2115101516Tridecylaldehyde---2.231519940.18151895
2215291518δ Cadinene---1.57152090---
2315321529Citronellyl butyrate---2.441530990.27153099
2415771602Undecalactone------0.16160397
2515891587Caryophyllene oxide---1.601588920.73158891
2616001600Hexadecane13.061602959.76160298152160295
2716151614Tetradecanal---1.821615970.5161593
2816201708Dodecalactone2.7617099---0.3170998
2916571653Dihydrojasmonate---0.971658950.27165891
3016661727Myristate------0.16172997
3116711676α Santalol---2.441678950.16167892
3216871683Apiole3.781687872.771687940.251687
3316951680Myristic alcohol2.791682961.481682950.18168295
3417001700Heptadecane6.551702975.371702961.83170298
3517841784Pentadecanol6.73178691------
3617921796Linalyl benzoate7.26179897------
3718001800Octadecane8.111802972.661802981.46180299
3818411841Phytone---16.361848991.57184897
3919011900Nonadecane3.651903921.6919039056.45190398
4019221977Hexadecenoic acid---1.02197894---
4119251925methyl Palmitate6.751929932.471929971.75192996
4219721968Geranyl benzoate4.63196894------
4320012000Eicosane---1.492002952.19200298
4420202016Civetone4.06202095------
4521002100Heneicosane---3.121039523.82210398
4621152106Phytol---1.291402970.32140298
* Kovats Retention Index (RI); ** [52].
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Özcan Aykutlu, A.; Makbul, S.; Coşkunçelebi, K.; Seyis, F. Secondary Volatile Metabolite Composition in Scorzonera pseudolanata Grossh. Plant Parts. Plants 2025, 14, 1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14111624

AMA Style

Özcan Aykutlu A, Makbul S, Coşkunçelebi K, Seyis F. Secondary Volatile Metabolite Composition in Scorzonera pseudolanata Grossh. Plant Parts. Plants. 2025; 14(11):1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14111624

Chicago/Turabian Style

Özcan Aykutlu, Aysel, Serdar Makbul, Kamil Coşkunçelebi, and Fatih Seyis. 2025. "Secondary Volatile Metabolite Composition in Scorzonera pseudolanata Grossh. Plant Parts" Plants 14, no. 11: 1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14111624

APA Style

Özcan Aykutlu, A., Makbul, S., Coşkunçelebi, K., & Seyis, F. (2025). Secondary Volatile Metabolite Composition in Scorzonera pseudolanata Grossh. Plant Parts. Plants, 14(11), 1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14111624

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