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Volume 12
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10.3390/plants12193417
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Article

Moroccan Citrus clementina Peels: Optimization of Pectin Extraction and Determination of Chemical and Functional Properties

by
Hanane Azzouzi
1,2,
Loubna Elhajji
2,
Mouad Achchoub
1,2,
Souad Salmaoui
2,
Abdelillah Ammadi
1,
Hasnaa Harrak
1,
Rachid Touzani
3,
Younes Noutfia
1 and
Kaoutar Elfazazi
1,*
1
National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Avenue Ennasr, BP 415 Rabat Principal, Rabat 10090, Morocco
2
Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Ecology and Agro-Industry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
3
Laboratory of Environment and Applied Chemistry (LCAE), Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2023, 12(19), 3417; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193417
Submission received: 17 July 2023 / Revised: 19 August 2023 / Accepted: 21 August 2023 / Published: 28 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue ICMES2023: Natural Products and Their Valorizations)
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Abstract

Citrus peels are considered a rich source of valuable biomolecules. Pectin is a polymer of polysaccharide acid and is composed of galacturonic acid monosaccharides. In this study, response surface methodology was used to optimize pectin extraction from Citrus × clementina Hort. ex Tan. (Rutaceae) peels using citric acid as an extraction solvent. The effect of the parameters conditioning the extraction process and pectin yield (pH level, temperature, extraction time, solid/liquid ratio, and raw material particle size) was investigated using a Box–Behnken design. The quality of the extracted pectin was assessed both chemically (moisture, ash, protein, and carbohydrate content) and functionally (gelling power and emulsifying activity). According to the screening experiment, the pH level, temperature, and particle size were the main factors influencing the pectin yield. The adjusted mathematical model enabled us to plot response surfaces in order to determine the optimal extraction conditions. The highest production yield of pectin (26.6%) was obtained at the optimal conditions of pH = 1.5, temperature = 100 °C, and particle size = 0.1 mm for an extraction time of 30 min. Compared to the predicted value of 26.6%, the experimental extraction yield of C. clementina was about 21.4% of pectin. Concerning the functional properties, the extracted pectin had a high gelling power of 164 ° SAG and an emulsifying activity of 38.5%.
Keywords: citrus by-products; pectin extraction; optimization; characterization; response surface methodology; functional properties citrus by-products; pectin extraction; optimization; characterization; response surface methodology; functional properties

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MDPI and ACS Style

Azzouzi, H.; Elhajji, L.; Achchoub, M.; Salmaoui, S.; Ammadi, A.; Harrak, H.; Touzani, R.; Noutfia, Y.; Elfazazi, K. Moroccan Citrus clementina Peels: Optimization of Pectin Extraction and Determination of Chemical and Functional Properties. Plants 2023, 12, 3417. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193417

AMA Style

Azzouzi H, Elhajji L, Achchoub M, Salmaoui S, Ammadi A, Harrak H, Touzani R, Noutfia Y, Elfazazi K. Moroccan Citrus clementina Peels: Optimization of Pectin Extraction and Determination of Chemical and Functional Properties. Plants. 2023; 12(19):3417. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193417

Chicago/Turabian Style

Azzouzi, Hanane, Loubna Elhajji, Mouad Achchoub, Souad Salmaoui, Abdelillah Ammadi, Hasnaa Harrak, Rachid Touzani, Younes Noutfia, and Kaoutar Elfazazi. 2023. "Moroccan Citrus clementina Peels: Optimization of Pectin Extraction and Determination of Chemical and Functional Properties" Plants 12, no. 19: 3417. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193417

APA Style

Azzouzi, H., Elhajji, L., Achchoub, M., Salmaoui, S., Ammadi, A., Harrak, H., Touzani, R., Noutfia, Y., & Elfazazi, K. (2023). Moroccan Citrus clementina Peels: Optimization of Pectin Extraction and Determination of Chemical and Functional Properties. Plants, 12(19), 3417. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193417

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