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5 May 2023

Endotrophin Levels Are Associated with Allograft Outcomes in Kidney Transplant Recipients

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1
Nordic Bioscience, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
2
Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
3
Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
4
Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
Biomolecules2023, 13(5), 792;https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13050792
This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Biomarkers of Kidney Diseases
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Abstract

Early prediction of kidney graft function may assist clinical management, and for this, reliable non-invasive biomarkers are needed. We evaluated endotrophin (ETP), a novel non-invasive biomarker of collagen type VI formation, as a prognostic marker in kidney transplant recipients. ETP levels were measured with the PRO-C6 ELISA in the plasma (P-ETP) of 218 and urine (U-ETP/Cr) of 172 kidney transplant recipients, one (D1) and five (D5) days, as well as three (M3) and twelve (M12) months, after transplantation. P-ETP and U-ETP/Cr at D1 (P-ETP AUC = 0.86, p < 0.0001; U-ETP/Cr AUC = 0.70, p = 0.0002) were independent markers of delayed graft function (DGF) and P-ETP at D1 had an odds ratio of 6.3 (p < 0.0001) for DGF when adjusted for plasma creatinine. The results for P-ETP at D1 were confirmed in a validation cohort of 146 transplant recipients (AUC = 0.92, p < 0.0001). U-ETP/Cr at M3 was negatively associated with kidney graft function at M12 (p = 0.007). This study suggests that ETP at D1 can identify patients at risk of delayed graft function and that U-ETP/Cr at M3 can predict the future status of the allograft. Thus, measuring collagen type VI formation could aid in predicting graft function in kidney transplant recipients.

1. Introduction

Although kidney transplantation improves patient prognosis compared to dialysis, allograft function eventually declines, leading to the need for dialysis or the requirement for a new transplant. Better predictors of a successful transplant and graft fibrosis are required to monitor kidney transplant recipients for individual treatment [1,2]. One step towards improved outcomes and better decisions tailored to the individual patient may be the use of novel biomarkers.
Here we propose endotrophin (ETP), a novel non-invasive biomarker of collagen type VI (COL VI) formation, as a tool to monitor and predict the status of the allograft over time. COL VI is one of the major components of the renal stroma of the fibrotic kidney [3]. Renal fibrosis is seen in a large proportion of kidney allografts within six months and increasingly at two years following transplantation [4], and the imbalance in tissue turnover is an essential part of chronic kidney transplant rejection [5]. Assessment of the extent and formation of COL VI in the kidney would be a valuable tool, as tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the best predictor of progression to kidney failure [6], and COL VI is predominantly localized in the tubulointerstitial matrix. The PRO-C6 (C-terminal C5 domain of type VI collagen α3 chain released by BMP-1) assay measures the C-terminal of COL VI, which is cleaved off from newly assembled tetramers after their release in the extracellular space and may therefore be used as a measure of COL VI formation. Interestingly, the released fragment also contains ETP, a bioactive fragment derived from the proteolytic cleavage of the C-terminal fragment. ETP has been associated with pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory properties in animal and cell models of fibrosis [7,8,9]. High levels of ETP in plasma may therefore identify patients with a high level of COL VI formation that, due to the effects of ETP, are more likely to have increased inflammation (e.g., macrophage infiltration) and fibrogenesis (e.g., enhanced TGFβ signaling), e.g., in the transplanted kidney. Previously, it has been shown that pretransplant ETP can predict delayed graft function [10] and that ETP is associated with graft failure and mortality [11].
To further evaluate the potential of ETP as a biomarker of poor outcomes in kidney transplantation we measured ETP in the plasma of 218 and urine of 172 kidney transplant recipients enrolled in the trial cohort “Remote Ischemic Conditioning in Renal Transplantation—Effect on Immediate and Extended Kidney Graft Function (CONTEXT)” [12] at different time points after transplantation. Our hypothesis is that ETP is associated with the onset of kidney graft function and with kidney graft function at twelve months. A prospective, observational cohort including 146 kidney transplant recipients was used as a validation cohort for the association of ETP with delayed graft function.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Clinical Cohorts

The CONTEXT cohort (NCT01395719), enrolled patients receiving a kidney transplant from a deceased donor were used to test whether remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) could improve outcomes after renal transplantation [12,13]. The CONTEXT cohort was approved by the national data protection agencies and ethical committees in the countries involved (Denmark: The National Committee on Health Research Ethics; Sweden: Regional Ethical Board; the Netherlands: METc UMCG). Blood and urine samples were collected just before transplantation (baseline, BL) and one (D1) and five (D5) days and three (M3) and twelve (M12) months after transplantation. EDTA-blood and urine samples were collected, centrifuged at 2800× g at 4 °C for 10 min within 2 h, aliquoted in 1 mL vials, and stored at −80 °C. The immunosuppressive regimen included induction with intravenous basiliximab and methylprednisolone or corresponding oral doses of prednisolone followed by oral tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone [14].
The prospective, observational “Monitoring after kidney transplantation (MoMoTx)” cohort was used as a validation cohort. MoMoTx includes 146 incident patients receiving a kidney allograft in a single center. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the Region of Southern Denmark (Project-ID: 8-20100098). Blood and urine samples were collected at D1. Heparin plasma was prepared by centrifugation (1620× g for 4 min) of blood samples within 2 h of obtaining the samples, aliquoted in 1 mL vials, and stored at −70 °C. Induction therapy and immunosuppressive therapy (including basiliximab, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil) were administered according to the local protocol. Recipients with ABO-incompatible donors (17% of the MoMoTx patients) received rituximab, immunoabsorption, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone before transplantation [15]. The baseline characteristics of kidney transplant recipients and donors were retrieved from medical records.
In both cohorts, delayed graft function (DGF) was defined by at least one session of dialysis within seven days of transplantation [15,16].
Informed and written consent was obtained prior to inclusion and the two studies were performed in adherence to the Declarations of Helsinki and Istanbul.

2.2. Biochemical Analysis

We measured ETP in the EDTA plasma (P-ETP) of 218 patients and in urine (U-ETP/Cr) of 172 patients enrolled in the CONTEXT cohort at BL, D1, D5, M3, and M12. Data from BL were previously described [10] and only included in this work to study the pre- to post-transplantation change of ETP. Data from D5 were only used to observe the changes in the biomarkers over time and were not used for any further analysis, due to a lack of other measurements (i.e., plasma creatinine (P-Cr) and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (U-ACR)) at the same time point. In addition, we measured ETP in heparin plasma and urine of 146 kidney transplant recipients at D1 in the prospective, observational cohort MoMoTx. There is a strong correlation between ETP levels measured in EDTA and heparin plasma when measured in matched samples from healthy subjects (Figure S1, Supplementary Materials).
ETP was measured with the PRO-C6 competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed at Nordic Bioscience (Denmark). The PRO-C6 assay detects the 10 amino acids at the C-terminal of the α3 chain of COL VI. The technical characteristics and procedure of the assay have been previously described [17]. The concentration of ETP in urine was normalized using the concentration of urinary creatinine (mg/mL) measured using the QuantiChromTM Creatinine Assay Kit (BioAssay Systems, Hayward, CA, USA) to account for urine output.
In CONTEXT, P-Cr (µmol/L) was measured twice daily for the first week and twice weekly until 30 days after transplantation. If dialysis was needed post-transplantation, P-Cr was measured twice a week until 30 days after dialysis. The time to a 50% reduction in P-Cr (tCr50) was calculated by modeling the changes in P-Cr for each patient as previously described [12,18]. U-ACR (mg/g) was measured at the local Department of Clinical Biochemistry using automated, standard clinical assays. Estimated GFR (eGFR) was calculated using the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) creatinine-based equation [19] without correction for race, as >90% of the included patients were Caucasian.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

In the CONTEXT cohort, P-ETP and U-ETP/Cr were not normally distributed at any time point. The biomarker values were log2-transformed, and all parametric statistical analyses were performed on log2-transformed data. Non-parametric statistical analyses were performed on untransformed data.
Clearance of creatinine and ETP was calculated: Cr clearance = (U-Cr/P-Cr) × (U-volume/collection time) and ETP clearance = (U-ETP/P-ETP) × (U-volume/collection time).
Spearman correlation was used to study the correlation of P-ETP and U-ETP/Cr with P-Cr, U-ACR, and eGFR, as well as the correlation between P-ETP and U-ETP/Cr at the different time points.
To analyze the prognostic value of P-ETP and U-ETP/Cr to predict future kidney function, multiple linear regression using log2(P-ETP) or log2(U-ETP/Cr) and log2(P-Cr) was used to determine the association of the markers at different time points with eGFR at M3 and M12, as well as the change of eGFR from M3 to M12 (delta eGFR = (eGFR at M3 − eGFR at M12)/eGFR at M3).
To analyze the prognostic value of P-ETP and U-ETP/Cr to predict DGF, we observed the area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) curve for D1 P-ETP as well as D1 U-ETP/Cr in both the discovery and validation cohorts. C-statistics were used to compare receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. The odds ratio (OR) of log2(P-ETP) and log2(U-ETP/Cr) were calculated using logistic regression. For the analysis of tCr50, we excluded patients with primary non-function. Cox-proportional hazard regression analysis was used to analyze the association of P-ETP and U-ETP/Cr at D1 with tCr50.

3. Results

3.1. Baseline Characteristics of the Cohorts

The recipient and transplant characteristics of the analyzed patients in CONTEXT and MoMoTx are reported in Table 1.
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of kidney transplant recipients in the CONTEXT cohort and in the MoMoTx cohort.

3.2. Change in Endotrophin over Time

In CONTEXT, P-ETP and U-ETP/Cr levels decreased by 20–28% from BL to D1, 30–50% from D1 to D5 after transplantation, and stabilized between D5 and M3 after transplantation (Figure 1). The decrease was more marked in urine than in plasma.
Figure 1. Change in ETP levels in CONTEXT. Change in (A) P-ETP and (B) U-ETP/Cr over time before (baseline) and after transplantation. Data are presented as mean ± 95% CI. Statistical differences were assessed with paired ANOVA test (A: n = 61 and B: n = 34) and Kruskal–Wallis (all samples); p-values (**** p < 0.0001) indicate the statistical difference between all groups except those marked as ns (not significant).
To evaluate the effect of restored filtration on ETP levels, the clearance of P-ETP at D1 was compared to the clearance of P-Cr at D1. For both P-ETP (r = −0.44, p < 0.0001) and P-Cr (r = −0.60, p < 0.0001) measured at D1, clearance decreased with increasing biomarker levels (Figure S2, Supplementary Materials).

3.3. Effect of Remote Ischemic Conditioning

In the CONTEXT study, a randomized controlled intervention study with an RIC and a sham-RIC group, there was no effect of RIC on patient outcomes as previously published [12,13]. Hence, it seems reasonable to combine the data and to exclude any effect of the RIC on ETP levels, and we compared ETP levels in the RIC and sham-RIC groups. In our study, we found no difference in P-ETP and U-ETP/Cr levels at any time point in patients stratified by RIC (Table 2). Therefore, all subsequent analyses were performed on pooled data from the RIC and the sham-RIC group in the CONTEXT study.
Table 2. Levels of P-ETP and U-ETP/Cr in patients receiving RIC or Sham-RIC at different time points in CONTEXT.

3.4. Association of Endotrophin with Kidney Graft Function at Different Time Points

In CONTEXT, P-ETP correlated positively with P-Cr at every time point. P-ETP correlated with U-ACR at D1 but not at M12 (U-ACR at M3 was not available) and it correlated inversely with eGFR at M3 and M12. U-ETP/Cr correlated positively with P-Cr and U-ACR and negatively with eGFR at all time points where such measurements were available. In addition, P-ETP correlated with U-ETP/Cr at every time point (Table 3).
Table 3. Correlation table for P-ETP and U-ETP/Cr with P-Cr, U-ACR, and eGFR at the different time points in CONTEXT.

3.5. Prognostic Value of Endotrophin for Future Kidney Graft Function

When measured at M3 in CONTEXT, U-ETP/Cr was significantly and negatively associated with kidney function (eGFR) at M12 independently from P-Cr. In addition, U-ETP/Cr at M3 was associated with the change in eGFR from M3 to M12 (delta eGFR). P-ETP measured at M3 was not associated with kidney function (eGFR) at M12 or with delta eGFR (Table 4).
Table 4. Association of ETP with future eGFR in CONTEXT.

3.6. Prognostic Value of Endotrophin for Delayed Graft Function

In CONTEXT, 70 patients (32.1%) required dialysis during the first week after transplantation (DGF). P-ETP at D1 was more elevated in patients experiencing DGF compared to no-DGF (Figure 2A) and was a good discriminator of patients with DGF (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.86; p < 0.0001; Figure 2C and Table 5). U-ETP/Cr (AUC = 0.70, p = 0.0002), P-Cr (AUC = 0.80, p < 0.0001), and U-ACR (AUC = 0.83, p < 0.0001) were also able to discriminate patients with DGF when measured at D1 (Figure 2B,C and Table 5). P-ETP at D1 was a better discriminator than P-Cr at D1 (comparison of ROC curves, p = 0.006; Table 5). When patients were stratified according to D1 ETP levels into quartiles, higher P-ETP (AUC = 0.83, p < 0.0001) and U-ETP/Cr (AUC = 0.68, p = 0.0003) levels were prognostic for DGF (Table 5).
Figure 2. Delayed graft function in CONTEXT. Levels of (A) P-ETP and (B) U-ETP/Cr at D1 in patients from CONTEXT without DGF and with DGF. (C) ROC curve comparison for DGF for P-ETP, U-ETP/Cr, P-Cr, and U-ACR at D1. Statistical differences between groups were assessed by Mann-Whitney; *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.
Table 5. Prognostic analyses for DGF in CONTEXT. AUC for P-ETP, U-ETP/Cr, P-Cr, U-ACR, and quartiles of ETP at D1 for DGF. Odds ratio for log2(P-ETP) and log2(U-ETP/Cr) in univariate and multivariate logistic regression (including log2(P-Cr)) for DGF.
In a multiple logistic regression analysis including P-Cr, both P-ETP and U-ETP/Cr at D1 were independently associated with risk of DGF at D1 with an OR of 6.3 (p < 0.0001) and 1.5 (p = 0.006), respectively (Table 5).

3.7. Association with 50% Reduction in Plasma Creatinine

The time to 50% reduction in plasma creatinine, tCr50, is a measure of the time for kidney graft recovery [12,18]. In CONTEXT, P-ETP at D1 was significantly negatively associated with tCr50, independently of P-Cr at D1 (Table 6).
Table 6. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis for time to a 50% decrease in plasma creatinine in CONTEXT. The univariate analysis included log2(P-ETP) or log2(U-ETP/Cr). The multivariate analysis included log2(P-ETP) or log2(U-ETP/Cr) and log2(P-Cr).

3.8. Validation of the Prognostic Value of Endotrophin for Delayed Graft Function

Samples from MoMoTx, a prospective, observational cohort, were included to validate the D1 ETP data obtained in the CONTEXT cohort. The transplant recipients in the MoMoTx validation cohort had significantly lower age and D1 P-Cr as well as higher body mass index. In contrast to CONTEXT, MoMoTx included living donors and the donor age was significantly higher in the CONTEXT cohort (Table 1). The levels of P-ETP and U-ETP/Cr at D1 were significantly lower in the transplant recipients in the MoMoTx cohort compared to the recipients in the CONTEXT cohort (Table 1).
In the MoMoTx cohort, recipients receiving transplants from both brain-dead (n = 54) and living donors (n = 92) were included. A total of 13 of the 146 transplant recipients (8.9%) experienced DGF and 8 of these received transplants from brain-dead donors. Levels of P-ETP at D1 were significantly higher in transplant recipients experiencing DGF (Figure 3A,C), and P-ETP at D1 had a good discriminatory power (deceased donors AUC = 0.92, p < 0.0001, Figure 3E and all donors AUC = 0.93, p < 0.0001, Figure 3F), confirming the findings in the CONTEXT cohort (Figure 2A,C). In MoMoTx, the ROC curves for DGF for D1 P-ETP were not significantly different from the ROC curves for D1 P-Cr (deceased donors p = 0.88, and all donors p = 0.35). U-ETP/Cr at D1 was unable to predict DGF in the validation cohort (deceased donors AUC = 0.58, p = 0.49, Figure 3E, and all donors AUC = 0.57, p = 0.42, Figure 3F).
Figure 3. Delayed graft function in MoMoTx. Levels of (A,C) P-ETP and (B,D) U-ETP/Cr measured at D1 in kidney transplant recipients from brain-dead and all donors in MoMoTx. ROC curve comparison for DGF for P-ETP and U-ETP/Cr at D1 in kidney transplant recipients from (E) brain-dead donors and (F) all donors. All donors include living and brain-dead donors. Statistical differences between groups were assessed by Mann-Whitney; **** p < 0.0001, ns = not significant.

4. Discussion

Our main findings in this study were: (i) ETP measured in plasma one day after transplantation was prognostic for DGF in both the CONTEXT and MoMoTx cohort, independently from plasma creatinine. In addition, plasma ETP was associated with the speed of P-Cr decline as evaluated by tCr50, suggesting that patients with lower day one P-ETP levels recovered kidney graft function more rapidly, and (ii) ETP measured in urine at three months after transplantation was independently associated with kidney function at twelve months and with the change in kidney function between three months and twelve months after transplantation.
From our data, we can conclude that measuring the same markers at different time points during the course of transplantation and in different matrices may provide different information. Early after transplantation (one and five days after transplantation), ETP may reflect restoration of filtration; three months after transplantation, ETP levels are significantly lower, but still prognostic for future graft function in the CONTEXT study (twelve months after transplantation).
Non-invasive biomarkers that can inform on the risk of post-transplantation problems are needed. Here we evaluated ETP, a biomarker of COL VI formation previously associated with poor outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients [3,20,21], in the plasma and urine of kidney transplant recipients, to evaluate its prognostic potential as a biomarker of allograft outcome.
The main results described in this study are based on the CONTEXT cohort. Here we showed that patients with higher levels of both P-ETP and U-ETP/Cr one day after transplantation were at higher risk of experiencing DGF. Moreover, patients with low levels of P-ETP at D1 (independently of plasma creatinine levels at D1) were able to recover functionality in the transplanted kidney (time to halving of P-Cr) significantly faster than patients with high levels of P-ETP.
The exact mechanism for this association is unclear. Since the levels of ETP in both plasma and urine can be affected by the recovered GFR in the graft, as suggested by the strong correlation with D1 P-Cr, we could consider D1 ETP a marker of filtration. ETP levels at D1 were approximately twice as high in CONTEXT compared to MoMoTx, which was likely mostly related to the fact that CONTEXT only included deceased donors, whereas MoMoTx also included living donors with known faster onset of function. It remains to be investigated whether the contribution to the plasma pool of ETP fragments from the donor kidney can be significant and related to the health of the transplanted organ, as these data may indicate.
When looking at the multivariate logistic regression analyses for the risk of DGF, the prognostic ability of P-ETP at D1 as well as U-ETP/Cr at D1 were independent of P-Cr, despite the strong correlation of the ETP with P-Cr. This suggests that the clinical utility of ETP goes beyond the information provided by established markers of kidney function (GFR). This aspect, as well as the suggested contribution of the donor organ to the marker levels, needs further corroboration and understanding in future studies.
The MoMoTx cohort validated the prognostic value of ETP measured one day after transplantation for DGF. Investigating the prognostic value of ETP in cohorts with different recipient and donor characteristics gives an indication of whether the biomarker can be used in a heterogeneous population. The MoMoTx and CONTEXT cohorts were quite different in terms of transplant recipient characteristics (age, BMI, P-Cr, and ETP levels) and donor characteristics (type and age). Urinary ETP at D1 was not able to predict DGF in MoMoTx, which may be explained by the lower levels of U-ETP/Cr at D1 in MoMoTx compared to CONTEXT combined with the lower sensitivity of urinary compared to plasma levels of ETP. Nevertheless, plasma ETP measured at D1 was still able to predict DGF, which highlights the robustness of the biomarker.
ETP measured in both plasma and urine three months after transplantation may reflect the fibrosis activity in the transplanted kidney, at a time at which the hemodynamics of the new organ are stable. Here we showed that high levels of ETP in urine were associated with lower kidney function at twelve months and with a decline in kidney function between three and twelve months after transplantation. Kidney fibrosis has been proposed as one of the main promoters of the progression of CKD to kidney failure [6], and tubulointerstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy are common findings in biopsies of renal allografts after transplantation [4]. We have previously established a link between the levels of ETP in both the serum and urine of patients with CKD and fibrosis in the renal tissue [22], and we have shown how COL VI deposition is markedly increased in the kidneys of patients with evident fibrosis [3]. Moreover, we have shown, in studies using populations with different CKD etiologies, that high levels of ETP in serum and urine are prognostic for a detrimental outcome [3,20,21,23]. ETP is a signaling molecule derived from the processing of the C-terminal end of the COL VI α3 chain (detected by PRO-C6) and has been associated with pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cell recruitment and activation [8,24]. It is therefore tempting to associate the deleterious effects of ETP with the increased risk of kidney function deterioration, likely triggered by an increase in kidney fibrosis, seen in patients with high levels of excreted ETP.
Several biomarkers are currently being evaluated to monitor the status of the renal allograft after transplantation. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a biomarker vastly explored in the context of acute kidney injury, was proposed as a prognostic marker for loss of graft function when measured 3 months after transplantation [25]. In the CONTEXT cohort, it was previously shown [26] that plasma NGAL measured at D1 showed a good prognostic potential for DGF, but it failed to show an association with long-term graft function. In this study, ETP showed both good prognostic potential for DGF and an association with long-term graft function. Nielsen et al. also evaluated the prognostic values of liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (U-L-FABP), U-cystatin C, and U-chitinase-3-like protein 1 (U-YKL-40) for DGF but showed only a weak correlation and may not be useful to predict DGF [26]. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) has been evaluated in kidney transplant recipients in several studies reporting conflicting results. While four reports showed plasma FGF23 to be prognostic for mortality [27], another study failed to find an independent association between FGF23 and death and loss of allograft function [28]. As with FGF23, the prognostic potential of other biomarkers, such as soluble CD30 [29,30] and collectin liver 1 (CL-L1) [31], in kidney transplant recipients remains unclear. Taken together this indicates that ETP has significant prognostic potential to monitor the status of the allograft and identify the patients at higher risk of having DGF when measured one day after transplantation, as well as to predict long-term outcomes when measured three months after transplantation. This could be of importance for future intervention studies for the prolongation of kidney graft function.
This study has some limitations: there were no available graft biopsies to confirm that the soluble levels of ETP at M3 after transplantation are associated with fibrosis development in the graft. Moreover, it is at present challenging to confirm that ETP could reflect ongoing fibrosis and that it is not just a marker of filtration, given its high association with P-Cr at all studied time points. The data will need to be replicated in independent cohorts with available biopsies.
Further exploration of the incremental predictive value of ETP to the routinely assessed variables currently used to monitor kidney transplant recipients is needed in order to consider the possibility of adding this test to the currently used models of risk prediction in transplantation. If this marker proves to be of significant utility in the evaluation of the kidney transplant recipient, an advantage of ETP is that it is tested through a simple ELISA platform, which is easy to perform and can be readily implemented and maintained in centralized clinical laboratories.
In conclusion, in this study we have for the first time described the prognostic potential of ETP as a biomarker to identify the patients at higher risk of DGF when measured one day after transplantation and as a biomarker to monitor the future status of the allograft when measured three months after transplantation.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/biom13050792/s1, Figure S1: Correlation between heparin and EDTA plasma ETP levels; Figure S2: Biomarker clearance in CONTEXT.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, N.S., F.G., B.J., M.T. and R.N.; methodology, formal analysis, visualization, and writing—original draft preparation, N.S. and F.G.; project administration, N.S.; investigation and data curation, N.S., F.G., D.G.K.R., M.A.K., N.V.K., M.B.N., M.H., S.N., H.B., The CONTEXT Study Group, B.J., M.T. and R.N.; Writing—review and editing, N.S., F.G., D.G.K.R., M.A.K., N.V.K., M.B.N., M.H., S.N., H.B., B.J., M.T. and R.N.; resources and supervision, M.A.K., B.J., M.T. and R.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The authors thank for the financial support for the CONTEXT study of the Danish Council for Independent Research, the Danish Society of Nephrology, the Lundbeck Foundation, the Novo Nordic Foundation, Nyreforeningen (the Danish kidney patient association), A.P. Møller og hustru Chastine Mc-Kinney Møllers Fond til Almene Formaal, Swedish Medical Association, Aarhus University, and Aarhus University Hospital.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The studies were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Istanbul, and CONTEXT was approved by the national data protection agencies and ethical committees in the countries involved (Denmark: The National Committee on Health Research Ethics; Sweden: Regional Ethical Board; the Netherlands: METc UMCG) and MoMoTx was approved by the ethical committee of the Region of Southern Denmark (Project-ID: 8-20100098).

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

The authors of this study thank the associated authors of The CONTEXT Study Group; M. Oltean, The Transplant Institute, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg Sweden; G. J. Nieuwenhuijs-Moeke, Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; F. J. M. F. Dor, Division of HPB & Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Imperial College NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom for the collection and preparation of patient samples included in this study. Moreover, we would like to thank all patients participating in the CONTEXT study and the MoMoTx study.

Conflicts of Interest

N.S., F.G., D.G.K.R. and M.A.K. are full-time employees at Nordic Bioscience. Nordic Bioscience is a privately owned, small to medium-sized enterprise partly focused on the development of biomarkers. None of the authors received fees, bonuses, or other benefits for the work described in this article. F.G., D.G.K.R. and M.A.K. hold stock in Nordic Bioscience. The patent for the PRO-C6 ELISA used in this work is owned by Nordic Bioscience. The funder provided support in the form of salaries for authors N.S., F.G., D.G.K.R. and M.A.K., but did not have any additional role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. All other authors report no competing financial interests relevant to this article. The results presented in this article have not been published previously in whole or part, except in abstract format.

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