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11,736 Results Found

  • Review
  • Open Access
66 Citations
12,174 Views
20 Pages

Lung Fibrosis and Fibrosis in the Lungs: Is It All about Myofibroblasts?

  • Elena Ortiz-Zapater,
  • Jaime Signes-Costa,
  • Paula Montero and
  • Inés Roger

In the lungs, fibrosis is a growing clinical problem that results in shortness of breath and can end up in respiratory failure. Even though the main fibrotic disease affecting the lung is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which affects the interst...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,524 Views
16 Pages

Exploring the Role of Hemogram-Derived Ratios and Liver Fibrosis Scores in Pulmonary Fibrosis

  • Vera Ciornolutchii,
  • Victoria Maria Ruta,
  • Adina Milena Man,
  • Nicoleta Stefania Motoc,
  • Stefan-Lucian Popa,
  • Dan L. Dumitrascu,
  • Abdulrahman Ismaiel and
  • Daniel-Corneliu Leucuta

16 October 2024

Background and Objectives: Pulmonary fibrosis, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and secondary pulmonary fibrosis (SPF), is a progressive lung disease that significantly impairs respiratory function. Accurate differentiation between IPF a...

  • Review
  • Open Access
17 Citations
4,653 Views
18 Pages

HIPK2 as a Novel Regulator of Fibrosis

  • Alessia Garufi,
  • Giuseppa Pistritto and
  • Gabriella D’Orazi

7 February 2023

Fibrosis is an unmet medical problem due to a lack of evident biomarkers to help develop efficient targeted therapies. Fibrosis can affect almost every organ and eventually induce organ failure. Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) is a p...

  • Review
  • Open Access
44 Citations
8,845 Views
29 Pages

Gut Microbiome and Organ Fibrosis

  • Carolina F. F. A. Costa,
  • Benedita Sampaio-Maia,
  • Ricardo Araujo,
  • Diana S. Nascimento,
  • Joana Ferreira-Gomes,
  • Manuel Pestana,
  • Maria J. Azevedo and
  • Ines S. Alencastre

14 January 2022

Fibrosis is a pathological process associated with most chronic inflammatory diseases. It is defined by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and can affect nearly every tissue and organ system in the body. Fibroproliferative disea...

  • Review
  • Open Access
40 Citations
8,475 Views
15 Pages

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Post-COVID-19 Lung Fibrosis: Links and Risks

  • Filippo Patrucco,
  • Paolo Solidoro,
  • Francesco Gavelli,
  • Daria Apostolo and
  • Mattia Bellan

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is considered the paradigmatic example of chronic progressive fibrosing disease; IPF does not result from a primary immunopathogenic mechanism, but immune cells play a complex role in orchestrating the fibrosing re...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,268 Views
11 Pages

11 January 2023

Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are part of a large heterogeneous group of diseases that differ in many ways (in their cause, clinical presentation, and response to therapy, etc.), but there are similar pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the...

  • Review
  • Open Access
7 Citations
6,952 Views
21 Pages

Clinicopathological Outlines of Post-COVID-19 Pulmonary Fibrosis Compared with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

  • Roxana-Elena Cîrjaliu,
  • Mariana Deacu,
  • Ioana Gherghișan,
  • Angela-Ștefania Marghescu,
  • Manuela Enciu,
  • Gabriela Izabela Băltățescu,
  • Antonela Anca Nicolau,
  • Doina-Ecaterina Tofolean,
  • Oana Cristina Arghir and
  • Ariadna-Petronela Fildan

This review brings together the current knowledge regarding the risk factors and the clinical, radiologic, and histological features of both post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis (PCPF) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), describing the similarities...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,184 Views
10 Pages

Enhanced Liver Fibrosis Score for Diagnosing Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis

  • Nobuharu Tamaki,
  • Kenta Takaura,
  • Mayu Higuchi,
  • Yutaka Yasui,
  • Jun Itakura,
  • Kaoru Tsuchiya,
  • Hiroyuki Nakanishi,
  • Namiki Izumi and
  • Masayuki Kurosaki

Background and aims: The enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score is a blood test that combines three markers linked to liver fibrosis. The utility of the ELF score has been demonstrated primarily in Western countries, but whether it is useful in areas wi...

  • Review
  • Open Access
78 Citations
11,935 Views
30 Pages

Is the Macrophage Phenotype Determinant for Fibrosis Development?

  • Lluis Lis-López,
  • Cristina Bauset,
  • Marta Seco-Cervera and
  • Jesús Cosín-Roger

23 November 2021

Fibrosis is a pathophysiological process of wound repair that leads to the deposit of connective tissue in the extracellular matrix. This complication is mainly associated with different pathologies affecting several organs such as lung, liver, heart...

  • Review
  • Open Access
43 Citations
6,971 Views
14 Pages

TRPV4 Mechanotransduction in Fibrosis

  • Ravi K. Adapala,
  • Venkatesh Katari,
  • Lakshminarayan Reddy Teegala,
  • Sathwika Thodeti,
  • Sailaja Paruchuri and
  • Charles K. Thodeti

6 November 2021

Fibrosis is an irreversible, debilitating condition marked by the excessive production of extracellular matrix and tissue scarring that eventually results in organ failure and disease. Differentiation of fibroblasts to hypersecretory myofibroblasts i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
4,296 Views
13 Pages

18 January 2022

Fibrosis is an important feature of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), but its pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Our aim was to identify genes important for fibrosis in IBD by comparison with kidney and liver fibrosis. First, we performed bioi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,781 Views
13 Pages

Lack of Relationship between Fibrosis-Related Biomarkers and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance-Assessed Replacement and Interstitial Fibrosis in Dilated Cardiomyopathy

  • Paweł Rubiś,
  • Ewa Dziewięcka,
  • Magdalena Szymańska,
  • Robert Banyś,
  • Małgorzata Urbańczyk-Zawadzka,
  • Maciej Krupiński,
  • Małgorzata Mielnik,
  • Sylwia Wiśniowska-Śmiałek,
  • Aleksandra Karabinowska and
  • Ewa Wypasek
  • + 6 authors

23 May 2021

The relationship between circulating fibrosis-related molecules and magnetic resonance-assessed cardiac fibrosis in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is poorly understood. To compare circulating biomarkers between DCM patients with high and low fibrosis b...

  • Review
  • Open Access
19 Citations
9,225 Views
24 Pages

How to Evaluate Fibrosis in IBD?

  • Helena Tavares de Sousa and
  • Fernando Magro

In this review, we will describe the importance of fibrosis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by discussing its distinct impact on Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) through their translation to histopathology. We will address t...

  • Review
  • Open Access
36 Citations
5,058 Views
18 Pages

Renal Fibrosis in Lupus Nephritis

  • Savino Sciascia,
  • Martina Cozzi,
  • Alice Barinotti,
  • Massimo Radin,
  • Irene Cecchi,
  • Roberta Fenoglio,
  • Daniele Mancardi,
  • Georgia Wilson Jones,
  • Daniela Rossi and
  • Dario Roccatello

18 November 2022

Fibrosis can be defined as a pathological process in which deposition of connective tissue replaces normal parenchyma. The kidney, like any organ or tissue, can be impacted by this maladaptive reaction, resulting in persistent inflammation or long-la...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
5,470 Views
30 Pages

Asthma is a heterogeneous pulmonary disorder, the progression and chronization of which leads to airway remodeling and fibrogenesis. To understand the molecular mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis development, key genes forming the asthma-specific regul...

  • Review
  • Open Access
324 Views
21 Pages

25 February 2026

Background/Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) commonly arises from chronic liver diseases that show progressing fibrosis and cirrhosis. The molecular mechanisms driving the transition from advanced fibrosis to overt malignancy remain poorly d...

  • Review
  • Open Access
16 Citations
10,038 Views
10 Pages

Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene decrease the structural stability and function of the CFTR protein, resulting in cystic fibrosis. Recently, the effect of CFTR-targeting combination therapy has dramatic...

  • Review
  • Open Access
76 Citations
6,182 Views
19 Pages

18 November 2021

For both the atria and ventricles, fibrosis is generally recognized as one of the key determinants of conduction disturbances. By definition, fibrosis refers to an increased amount of fibrous tissue. However, fibrosis is not a singular entity. Variou...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,731 Views
14 Pages

Sleep Apnea in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Molecular Investigation in an Experimental Model of Fibrosis and Intermittent Hypoxia

  • Liasmine Haine,
  • Juliette Bravais,
  • Céline-Hivda Yegen,
  • Jean-Francois Bernaudin,
  • Dominique Marchant,
  • Carole Planès,
  • Nicolas Voituron and
  • Emilie Boncoeur

15 September 2021

Background: High prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is reported in incident and prevalent forms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We previously reported that Intermittent Hypoxia (IH), the major pathogenic element of OSA, worsens exper...

  • Review
  • Open Access
56 Citations
7,488 Views
14 Pages

Pyroptosis: Mechanisms and Links with Fibrosis

  • Zihao Song,
  • Quan Gong and
  • Jiawei Guo

12 December 2021

Fibrosis is responsible for approximately 45% of deaths in the industrialized world and has been a major global healthcare burden. Excessive fibrosis is the primary cause of organ failure. However, there are currently no approved drugs available for...

  • Article
  • Open Access
835 Views
12 Pages

Assessing Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis B: Liver Biopsy or Non-Invasive Fibrosis Markers?

  • Deniz Borcak,
  • Zuhal Yesilbag,
  • Yusuf Emre Ozdemir,
  • Adile Sevde Demir,
  • Esra Salim Dogdas,
  • Aysegul Inci Sezen,
  • Esra Canbolat Unlu,
  • Sevtap Senoglu,
  • Hayat Kumbasar Karaosmanoglu and
  • Kadriye Kart Yasar

18 November 2025

Background/Objectives: The accurate evaluation of the fibrosis stage is critical for improving chronic hepatitis B (CHB) management and patient outcomes. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive fibrosis markers with liver...

  • Review
  • Open Access
49 Citations
9,053 Views
24 Pages

The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural support and a microenvironmentfor soluble extracellular molecules. ECM is comprised of numerous proteins which can be broadly classified as fibrillar (collagen types I and III) and non-fibrillar (bas...

  • Review
  • Open Access
86 Citations
11,068 Views
24 Pages

The liver is a critical system for metabolism in human beings, which plays an essential role in an abundance of physiological processes and is vulnerable to endogenous or exogenous injuries. After the damage to the liver, a type of aberrant wound hea...

  • Review
  • Open Access
41 Citations
6,243 Views
20 Pages

The Genetic and Epigenetic Footprint in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Familial Pulmonary Fibrosis: A State-of-the-Art Review

  • Claudio Tirelli,
  • Chiara Pesenti,
  • Monica Miozzo,
  • Michele Mondoni,
  • Laura Fontana and
  • Stefano Centanni

9 December 2022

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a rare disease of the lung with a largely unknown etiology and a poor prognosis. Intriguingly, forms of familial pulmonary fibrosis (FPF) have long been known and linked to specific genetic mutations. There is l...

  • Review
  • Open Access
165 Citations
17,322 Views
21 Pages

27 February 2022

Fibrosis is defined as the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the interstitium. It is an essential pathological response to chronic inflammation. ECM protein deposition is initially protective and is critical for wound hea...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
4,709 Views
16 Pages

Interstitial Lung Fibrosis Following COVID-19 Pneumonia

  • Mihai Lazar,
  • Ecaterina Constanta Barbu,
  • Cristina Emilia Chitu,
  • Catalin Tiliscan,
  • Laurentiu Stratan,
  • Sorin Stefan Arama,
  • Victoria Arama and
  • Daniela Adriana Ion

Background and Objectives: Pulmonary fibrosis represents a stage of normal physiologic response to inflammatory aggression, mostly self-limiting and reversible; however, numerous patients treated for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia present after release from ho...

  • Review
  • Open Access
18 Citations
4,023 Views
19 Pages

Angiogenesis—An Emerging Role in Organ Fibrosis

  • Dan Wang,
  • Ying Zhao,
  • Yanni Zhou,
  • Shaojie Yang,
  • Xiong Xiao and
  • Li Feng

15 September 2023

In recent years, the study of lymphangiogenesis and fibrotic diseases has made considerable achievements, and accumulating evidence indicates that lymphangiogenesis plays a key role in the process of fibrosis in various organs. Although the effects o...

  • Review
  • Open Access
19 Citations
4,444 Views
19 Pages

Bile Acids and Biliary Fibrosis

  • Sayed Obaidullah Aseem,
  • Phillip B. Hylemon and
  • Huiping Zhou

2 March 2023

Biliary fibrosis is the driving pathological process in cholangiopathies such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Cholangiopathies are also associated with cholestasis, which is the retention of biliary comp...

  • Review
  • Open Access
52 Citations
9,267 Views
22 Pages

Metabolic Reprogramming of Liver Fibrosis

  • M. Eugenia Delgado,
  • Beatriz I. Cárdenas,
  • Núria Farran and
  • Mercedes Fernandez

20 December 2021

Liver fibrosis is an excessive and imbalanced deposition of fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) that is associated with the hepatic wound-healing response. It is also the common mechanism that contributes to the impairment of the liver function that i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,667 Views
17 Pages

30 January 2025

Background/Objectives: Long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) often results in peritoneal damage and fibrosis, impairing peritoneal membrane function and leading to ultrafiltration failure. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of ninteda...

  • Review
  • Open Access
8 Citations
5,163 Views
21 Pages

Hormonal Regulation of Renal Fibrosis

  • Polina A. Abramicheva and
  • Egor Y. Plotnikov

16 May 2022

Fibrosis is a severe complication of many acute and chronic kidney pathologies. According to current concepts, an imbalance in the synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix by fibroblasts is considered the key cause of the induction and p...

  • Review
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,001 Views
18 Pages

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Cystic Fibrosis and Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes in Children: A Literature Review

  • Anca Daniela Pinzaru,
  • Cristina Maria Mihai,
  • Tatiana Chisnoiu,
  • Alexandru Cosmin Pantazi,
  • Vasile Valeriu Lupu,
  • Mustafa Ali Kassim Kassim,
  • Ancuta Lupu,
  • Elena Grosan,
  • Ahmed Zaki Naji Al Jumaili and
  • Ileana Ion
  • + 2 authors

29 September 2023

The most common inherited condition that results in death, particularly in those of Caucasian heritage, is cystic fibrosis (CF). Of all the young adults diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, 20% will develop hyperglycemia as a complication, later classifie...

  • Review
  • Open Access
98 Citations
10,754 Views
13 Pages

23 December 2020

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease where the main characteristics include cartilage degeneration and synovial membrane inflammation. These changes in the knee joint eventually dampen the function of the joint and restrict joi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,664 Views
18 Pages

Cardiac Fibrosis Automated Diagnosis Based on FibrosisNet Network Using CMR Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

  • Mohamed Bekheet,
  • Mohammed Sallah,
  • Norah S. Alghamdi,
  • Roxana Rusu-Both,
  • Ahmed Elgarayhi and
  • Mohammed Elmogy

Ischemic heart condition is one of the most prevalent causes of death that can be treated more effectively and lead to fewer fatalities if identified early. Heart muscle fibrosis affects the diastolic and systolic function of the heart and is linked...

  • Review
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,796 Views
28 Pages

The Metabolomic Footprint of Liver Fibrosis

  • Diren Beyoğlu,
  • Yury V. Popov and
  • Jeffrey R. Idle

11 August 2024

Both experimental and clinical liver fibrosis leave a metabolic footprint that can be uncovered and defined using metabolomic approaches. Metabolomics combines pattern recognition algorithms with analytical chemistry, in particular, 1H and 13C nuclea...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,031 Views
13 Pages

How Cardiac Fibrosis Assessed via T1 Mapping Is Associated with Liver Fibrosis in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

  • Flavia Vernin de Oliveira Terzi,
  • Gabriel Cordeiro Camargo,
  • Daniella Braz Parente,
  • Ana Maria Pittella,
  • Gilberto Silva-Junior,
  • Gabrielle Gonçalves de Novaes,
  • Jaime Araújo Oliveira Neto,
  • Julia Machado Barroso,
  • Martha Valéria Tavares Pinheiro and
  • Renata Junqueira Moll-Bernardes
  • + 5 authors

29 November 2023

(1) Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide. Although cardiovascular and NAFLD risk factors overlap, an independent association between these conditions may exist. Hepatic and ca...

  • Review
  • Open Access
164 Citations
15,145 Views
31 Pages

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent pathway is one of the most integral pathways linked to cell metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. This pathway is dysregula...

  • Review
  • Open Access
236 Citations
17,147 Views
26 Pages

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Liver Fibrosis Regression

  • Alessandra Caligiuri,
  • Alessandra Gentilini,
  • Mirella Pastore,
  • Stefano Gitto and
  • Fabio Marra

15 October 2021

Chronic liver injury of different etiologies may result in hepatic fibrosis, a scar formation process consisting in altered deposition of extracellular matrix. Progression of fibrosis can lead to impaired liver architecture and function, resulting in...

  • Review
  • Open Access
295 Citations
22,245 Views
22 Pages

Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cells as Drivers of Lung Fibrosis in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

  • Tanyalak Parimon,
  • Changfu Yao,
  • Barry R Stripp,
  • Paul W Noble and
  • Peter Chen

: Alveolar epithelial type II cells (AT2) are a heterogeneous population that have critical secretory and regenerative roles in the alveolus to maintain lung homeostasis. However, impairment to their normal functional capacity and development of a pr...

  • Review
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,452 Views
12 Pages

Staging Fibrosis in Chronic Viral Hepatitis

  • Ana Carolina Cardoso,
  • Claudio Figueiredo-Mendes,
  • Cristiane A. Villela-Nogueira and
  • Patrick Marcellin

23 March 2022

Staging fibrosis accurately has always been a challenge in viral hepatitis and other liver diseases. Liver biopsy is an imperfect gold standard due to its intra and interobserver agreement limitations and additional characteristics such as its safety...

  • Review
  • Open Access
90 Citations
17,013 Views
31 Pages

Immune Mechanisms of Pulmonary Fibrosis with Bleomycin

  • Yuko Ishida,
  • Yumi Kuninaka,
  • Naofumi Mukaida and
  • Toshikazu Kondo

5 February 2023

Fibrosis and structural remodeling of the lung tissue can significantly impair lung function, often with fatal consequences. The etiology of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is diverse and includes different triggers such as allergens, chemicals, radiation, a...

  • Review
  • Open Access
12 Citations
12,339 Views
15 Pages

Cystic Fibrosis: Understanding Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Mutation Classification and Modulator Therapies

  • Saba Anwar,
  • Jin-Liang Peng,
  • Kashif Rafiq Zahid,
  • Yu-Ming Zhou,
  • Qurban Ali and
  • Chong-Rong Qiu

20 July 2024

A common life-threatening hereditary disease, Cystic Fibrosis (CF), affects primarily Caucasian infants. High sweat-salt levels are observed as a result of a single autosomal mutation in chromosome 7 that affects the critical function of the cystic f...

  • Review
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,473 Views
17 Pages

Role of Histone Modifications in Kidney Fibrosis

  • Shengyu Pan,
  • Tianhui Yuan,
  • Yuqi Xia,
  • Weimin Yu,
  • Xiangjun Zhou and
  • Fan Cheng

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by persistent kidney dysfunction, ultimately resulting in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal fibrosis is a crucial pathological feature of CKD and ESRD. However, there is no effective treatment for thi...

  • Review
  • Open Access
32 Citations
8,662 Views
18 Pages

Cell–Matrix Interactions in Renal Fibrosis

  • Kristin P. Kim,
  • Caitlin E. Williams and
  • Christopher A. Lemmon

7 December 2022

Renal fibrosis is a hallmark of end-stage chronic kidney disease. It is characterized by increased accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), which disrupts cellular organization and function within the kidney. Here, we review the bi-directional int...

  • Review
  • Open Access
52 Citations
7,533 Views
21 Pages

The Roles of Various Prostaglandins in Fibrosis: A Review

  • Ke Li,
  • Jing Zhao,
  • Mingxuan Wang,
  • Lingzhi Niu,
  • Yuanping Wang,
  • Yanxia Li and
  • Yajuan Zheng

Organ fibrosis is a common pathological result of various chronic diseases with multiple causes. Fibrosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and eventually leads to the destruction of the tissue structure and impaire...

  • Review
  • Open Access
20 Citations
5,423 Views
15 Pages

HSP47: A Therapeutic Target in Pulmonary Fibrosis

  • Noriho Sakamoto,
  • Daisuke Okuno,
  • Takatomo Tokito,
  • Hirokazu Yura,
  • Takashi Kido,
  • Hiroshi Ishimoto,
  • Yoshimasa Tanaka and
  • Hiroshi Mukae

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disease characterized by a progressive decline in lung function and poor prognosis. The deposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by myofibroblasts contributes to the stiffening of lung tissue...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1,413 Views
18 Pages

Racial, Ethnic and Age Disparities in Liver Fibrosis Screening Using Fibrosis Score Measures: A Critical Review of Diagnostic Equity in Liver Disease

  • Ethan Shamsian,
  • Michael Bebawy,
  • Zachary Israeli,
  • Mahinaz Mohsen,
  • Rohan Karkra,
  • Steven Rella,
  • Raphael Shankman and
  • Paul Gaglio

21 October 2025

Metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease is currently one of the most common causes of liver disease in the world, affecting a large portion of the global population; these patients are at risk of developing advanced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis....

  • Review
  • Open Access
38 Citations
5,730 Views
12 Pages

Galectin 1—A Key Player between Tissue Repair and Fibrosis

  • Anca Hermenean,
  • Daniela Oatis,
  • Hildegard Herman,
  • Alina Ciceu,
  • Giovanbattista D’Amico and
  • Maria Consiglia Trotta

Galectins are ten family members of carbohydrate-binding proteins with a high affinity for β galactose-containing oligosaccharides. Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is the first protein discovered in the family, expressed in many sites under normal and pathol...

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