Metabolites 2016, 6(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo6020018
Detection of Volatile Metabolites of Garlic in Human Breast Milk
Laura Scheffler 1, Yvonne Sauermann 1, Gina Zeh 1, Katharina Hauf 1, Anja Heinlein 1, Constanze Sharapa 1,2 and Andrea Buettner 1,2,*
1
Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9, Erlangen 91054, Germany
2
Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, Freising 85354, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Per Bruheim
Received: 28 April 2016 / Revised: 21 May 2016 / Accepted: 28 May 2016 / Published: 6 June 2016
Abstract
The odor of human breast milk after ingestion of raw garlic at food-relevant concentrations by breastfeeding mothers was investigated for the first time chemo-analytically using gas chromatography−mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O), as well as sensorially using a trained human sensory panel. Sensory evaluation revealed a clear garlic/cabbage-like odor that appeared in breast milk about 2.5 h after consumption of garlic. GC-MS/O analyses confirmed the occurrence of garlic-derived metabolites in breast milk, namely allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), allyl methyl sulfoxide (AMSO) and allyl methyl sulfone (AMSO2). Of these, only AMS had a garlic-like odor whereas the other two metabolites were odorless. This demonstrates that the odor change in human milk is not related to a direct transfer of garlic odorants, as is currently believed, but rather derives from a single metabolite. The formation of these metabolites is not fully understood, but AMSO and AMSO2 are most likely formed by the oxidation of AMS in the human body. The excretion rates of these metabolites into breast milk were strongly time-dependent with large inter-individual differences. View Full-TextKeywords:
garlic; human milk; gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry; allyl methyl sulfide; allyl methyl sulfoxide; allyl methyl sulfone
▼
Figures
Figure 1
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. (CC BY 4.0).
Share & Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Scheffler, L.; Sauermann, Y.; Zeh, G.; Hauf, K.; Heinlein, A.; Sharapa, C.; Buettner, A. Detection of Volatile Metabolites of Garlic in Human Breast Milk. Metabolites 2016, 6, 18.
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
Related Articles
Article Metrics
Comments
[Return to top]
Metabolites
EISSN 2218-1989
Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland
RSS
E-Mail Table of Contents Alert