Detection of Volatile Metabolites of Garlic in Human Breast Milk
1
Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9, Erlangen 91054, Germany
2
Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, Freising 85354, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Per Bruheim
Metabolites 2016, 6(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo6020018
Received: 28 April 2016
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Revised: 21 May 2016
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Accepted: 28 May 2016
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Published: 6 June 2016
The odor of human breast milk after ingestion of raw garlic at food-relevant concentrations by breastfeeding mothers was investigated for the first time chemo-analytically using gas chromatography−mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O), as well as sensorially using a trained human sensory panel. Sensory evaluation revealed a clear garlic/cabbage-like odor that appeared in breast milk about 2.5 h after consumption of garlic. GC-MS/O analyses confirmed the occurrence of garlic-derived metabolites in breast milk, namely allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), allyl methyl sulfoxide (AMSO) and allyl methyl sulfone (AMSO2). Of these, only AMS had a garlic-like odor whereas the other two metabolites were odorless. This demonstrates that the odor change in human milk is not related to a direct transfer of garlic odorants, as is currently believed, but rather derives from a single metabolite. The formation of these metabolites is not fully understood, but AMSO and AMSO2 are most likely formed by the oxidation of AMS in the human body. The excretion rates of these metabolites into breast milk were strongly time-dependent with large inter-individual differences.
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Keywords:
garlic; human milk; gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry; allyl methyl sulfide; allyl methyl sulfoxide; allyl methyl sulfone
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MDPI and ACS Style
Scheffler, L.; Sauermann, Y.; Zeh, G.; Hauf, K.; Heinlein, A.; Sharapa, C.; Buettner, A. Detection of Volatile Metabolites of Garlic in Human Breast Milk. Metabolites 2016, 6, 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo6020018
AMA Style
Scheffler L, Sauermann Y, Zeh G, Hauf K, Heinlein A, Sharapa C, Buettner A. Detection of Volatile Metabolites of Garlic in Human Breast Milk. Metabolites. 2016; 6(2):18. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo6020018
Chicago/Turabian StyleScheffler, Laura, Yvonne Sauermann, Gina Zeh, Katharina Hauf, Anja Heinlein, Constanze Sharapa, and Andrea Buettner. 2016. "Detection of Volatile Metabolites of Garlic in Human Breast Milk" Metabolites 6, no. 2: 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo6020018
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