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Review

Relevance of the Adjuvant Effect between Cellular Homeostasis and Resistance to Antibiotics in Gram-Negative Bacteria with Pathogenic Capacity: A Study of Klebsiella pneumoniae

by
Mildred Azucena Rivera-Galindo
1,
Félix Aguirre-Garrido
2,
Ulises Garza-Ramos
3,
José Geiser Villavicencio-Pulido
2,
Francisco José Fernández Perrino
4 and
Marcos López-Pérez
2,*
1
Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, México Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco Calz, del Hueso 1100, Coapa, Villa Quietud, Coyoacán CP 04960, Mexico
2
Environmental Sciences Department, Division of Biological and Health Sciences, Autonomous Metropolitan University (Lerma Unit), Av. de las Garzas N◦ 10, Col. El Panteón, Lerma de Villada CP 52005, Mexico
3
Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas (CISEI), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca CP 62100, Mexico
4
Department of Biotechnology, Division of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Leyes de Reforma, México City CP 09340, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antibiotics 2024, 13(6), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13060490
Submission received: 5 April 2024 / Revised: 17 May 2024 / Accepted: 23 May 2024 / Published: 26 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Therapy in Gram-Negative Bacterial Infection)

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance has become a global issue. The most significant risk is the acquisition of these mechanisms by pathogenic bacteria, which can have a severe clinical impact and pose a public health risk. This problem assumes that bacterial fitness is a constant phenomenon and should be approached from an evolutionary perspective to develop the most appropriate and effective strategies to contain the emergence of strains with pathogenic potential. Resistance mechanisms can be understood as adaptive processes to stressful conditions. This review examines the relevance of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms in antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. We focus on the interactions in the cellular physiology of pathogenic bacteria, particularly Gram-negative bacteria, and specifically Klebsiella pneumoniae. From a clinical research perspective, understanding these interactions is crucial for comprehensively understanding the phenomenon of resistance and developing more effective drugs and treatments to limit or attenuate bacterial sepsis, since the most conserved adjuvant phenomena in bacterial physiology has turned out to be more optimized and, therefore, more susceptible to alterations due to pharmacological action.
Keywords: adjuvant effect; antibiotic resistance; drug development; homeostatic regulation; Klebsiella pneumoniae adjuvant effect; antibiotic resistance; drug development; homeostatic regulation; Klebsiella pneumoniae

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rivera-Galindo, M.A.; Aguirre-Garrido, F.; Garza-Ramos, U.; Villavicencio-Pulido, J.G.; Fernández Perrino, F.J.; López-Pérez, M. Relevance of the Adjuvant Effect between Cellular Homeostasis and Resistance to Antibiotics in Gram-Negative Bacteria with Pathogenic Capacity: A Study of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antibiotics 2024, 13, 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13060490

AMA Style

Rivera-Galindo MA, Aguirre-Garrido F, Garza-Ramos U, Villavicencio-Pulido JG, Fernández Perrino FJ, López-Pérez M. Relevance of the Adjuvant Effect between Cellular Homeostasis and Resistance to Antibiotics in Gram-Negative Bacteria with Pathogenic Capacity: A Study of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antibiotics. 2024; 13(6):490. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13060490

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rivera-Galindo, Mildred Azucena, Félix Aguirre-Garrido, Ulises Garza-Ramos, José Geiser Villavicencio-Pulido, Francisco José Fernández Perrino, and Marcos López-Pérez. 2024. "Relevance of the Adjuvant Effect between Cellular Homeostasis and Resistance to Antibiotics in Gram-Negative Bacteria with Pathogenic Capacity: A Study of Klebsiella pneumoniae" Antibiotics 13, no. 6: 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13060490

APA Style

Rivera-Galindo, M. A., Aguirre-Garrido, F., Garza-Ramos, U., Villavicencio-Pulido, J. G., Fernández Perrino, F. J., & López-Pérez, M. (2024). Relevance of the Adjuvant Effect between Cellular Homeostasis and Resistance to Antibiotics in Gram-Negative Bacteria with Pathogenic Capacity: A Study of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antibiotics, 13(6), 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13060490

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