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Volume 12
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Article

Cross-Sectional Study for Detection and Risk Factor Analysis of ESBL-Producing Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Associated with Backyard Chickens in Pakistan

by
Muhammad Adnan Saeed
1,
Muhammad Saqlain
1,
Usman Waheed
1,
Syed Ehtisham-ul-Haque
1,
Aman Ullah Khan
1,
Aziz ur Rehman
1,
Muhammad Sajid
1,
Farhan Ahmad Atif
2,
Heinrich Neubauer
3 and
Hosny El-Adawy
3,4,*
1
Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
2
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
3
Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany
4
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 35516, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antibiotics 2023, 12(5), 934; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050934
Submission received: 20 April 2023 / Revised: 12 May 2023 / Accepted: 18 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Used in Animals Disease Control)
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Abstract

The increasing incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia (E.) coli in backyard chicken farming in Pakistan is of serious concern. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance patterns and risk factors associated with ESBL avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) isolated from backyard chickens in the Jhang district, Punjab, Pakistan. In total, 320 cloacal swabs were collected from four breeds of backyard chicken (Aseel, Golden, Misri and Necked Neck). ESBL E. coli were phenotypically identified using double disc synergy test (DDST) and corresponding genes were confirmed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR). Out of the 320 samples, 164 (51.3%) were confirmed as E. coli, while 74 (45.1%) were characterized as ESBL E. coli. The frequency of isolation of ESBL E. coli was highest in Aseel chickens (35.1%). Of the 164 confirmed E. coli, 95.1%, 78.6%, 76.8%, 71.3%, 70.1%, 68.9%, 60.4% and 57.3% were resistant against tylosin, doxycycline, cefotaxime, enrofloxacin, colistin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol and gentamicin, respectively. The ESBL gene types detected and their corresponding proportions were blaCTX-M (54.1 %, 40/74), blaTEM, (12.2%, 9/74) and co-existence (blaCTX-M and blaTEM) were shown in 33.8% (25/74). The blaCTX-M gene sequence showed homology to blaCTX-M-15 from clinical isolates. The mean multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was found to be higher among ESBL E. coli (0.25) when compared to non-ESBL E. coli (0.17). Both free-range husbandry management system (p = 0.02, OR: 30.00, 95% CI = 1.47–611.79) and high antimicrobial usage in the last 6 months (p = 0.01, OR: 25.17, 95% CI = 1.81–348.71) were found significantly associated with isolation of ESBL-producing E. coli in the tested samples using binary logistic regression analysis. This study confirmed the potential of backyard chickens as a reservoir for ESBL E. coli in the Jhang district, Punjab, Pakistan.
Keywords: backyard chickens; extended-spectrum β-lactamase; Escherichia coli; risk factors; Pakistan backyard chickens; extended-spectrum β-lactamase; Escherichia coli; risk factors; Pakistan

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MDPI and ACS Style

Saeed, M.A.; Saqlain, M.; Waheed, U.; Ehtisham-ul-Haque, S.; Khan, A.U.; Rehman, A.u.; Sajid, M.; Atif, F.A.; Neubauer, H.; El-Adawy, H. Cross-Sectional Study for Detection and Risk Factor Analysis of ESBL-Producing Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Associated with Backyard Chickens in Pakistan. Antibiotics 2023, 12, 934. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050934

AMA Style

Saeed MA, Saqlain M, Waheed U, Ehtisham-ul-Haque S, Khan AU, Rehman Au, Sajid M, Atif FA, Neubauer H, El-Adawy H. Cross-Sectional Study for Detection and Risk Factor Analysis of ESBL-Producing Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Associated with Backyard Chickens in Pakistan. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(5):934. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050934

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saeed, Muhammad Adnan, Muhammad Saqlain, Usman Waheed, Syed Ehtisham-ul-Haque, Aman Ullah Khan, Aziz ur Rehman, Muhammad Sajid, Farhan Ahmad Atif, Heinrich Neubauer, and Hosny El-Adawy. 2023. "Cross-Sectional Study for Detection and Risk Factor Analysis of ESBL-Producing Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Associated with Backyard Chickens in Pakistan" Antibiotics 12, no. 5: 934. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050934

APA Style

Saeed, M. A., Saqlain, M., Waheed, U., Ehtisham-ul-Haque, S., Khan, A. U., Rehman, A. u., Sajid, M., Atif, F. A., Neubauer, H., & El-Adawy, H. (2023). Cross-Sectional Study for Detection and Risk Factor Analysis of ESBL-Producing Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Associated with Backyard Chickens in Pakistan. Antibiotics, 12(5), 934. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050934

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