Effects of Hybridized Organically Modified Montmorillonite and Cellulose Nanocrystals on Rheological Properties and Thermal Stability of K-Carrageenan Bio-Nanocomposite
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Materials
2.2. Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals
2.3. Preparation of Bio-Nanocomposite Films
2.4. Morphological Analysis
2.5. Rheological Analysis
2.6. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.7. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Morphological Analysis
3.1.1. Fiber Morphology
3.1.2. Bio-Nanocomposite Morphology
3.2. Rheological Analysis
3.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.4. Differential Thermal Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Fiber Diameter |
---|---|
Raw kenaf | >100 μm |
Alkali-treated kenaf | 20–90 μm |
Bleach-treated kenaf | 10–14 μm |
Hydrolyzed kenaf (CNC) | 12–15 nm |
Sample | Onset (°C) | Peak (°C) | Endset (°C) | Residue (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
k-carrageenan matrix | 228 | 230 | 236 | 18.32% |
k-carrageenan (4% CNCs) | 264 | 270 | 278 | 25.49% |
k-carrageenan (4% OMMT) | 227 | 233 | 236 | 38.11% |
k-Carrageenan (hybrid) | 268 | 275 | 284 | 42.65% |
Sample | Onset (°C) | Peak (°C) | Endset (°C) | Integral (mJ) |
---|---|---|---|---|
k-Carrageenan matrix | 59.34 | 94.67 | 123.38 | −1440.93 |
k-Carrageenan (4% CNCs) | 54.98 | 94.50 | 120.86 | −1445.04 |
k-Carrageenan (4% OMMT) | 54.00 | 93.67 | 115.48 | −1337.71 |
k-Carrageenan (hybrid) | 64.80 | 103.00 | 129.29 | −2177.67 |
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Zakuwan, S.Z.; Ahmad, I. Effects of Hybridized Organically Modified Montmorillonite and Cellulose Nanocrystals on Rheological Properties and Thermal Stability of K-Carrageenan Bio-Nanocomposite. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1547. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9111547
Zakuwan SZ, Ahmad I. Effects of Hybridized Organically Modified Montmorillonite and Cellulose Nanocrystals on Rheological Properties and Thermal Stability of K-Carrageenan Bio-Nanocomposite. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9(11):1547. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9111547
Chicago/Turabian StyleZakuwan, Siti Zarina, and Ishak Ahmad. 2019. "Effects of Hybridized Organically Modified Montmorillonite and Cellulose Nanocrystals on Rheological Properties and Thermal Stability of K-Carrageenan Bio-Nanocomposite" Nanomaterials 9, no. 11: 1547. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9111547