Vascular Wall–Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation on 3D Biodegradable Highly Porous CaSi-DCPD Doped Poly (α-hydroxy) Acids Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration
by
Monica Forni 1
, 
Chiara Bernardini 1, 
Fausto Zamparini 2, Augusta Zannoni 1, Roberta Salaroli 1, Domenico Ventrella 1, Greta Parchi 2, Micaela Degli Esposti 3, Antonella Polimeni 4, Paola Fabbri 3, Fabio Fava 3, Carlo Prati 5 and Maria Giovanna Gandolfi 2,*
Monica Forni 1, Chiara Bernardini 1, Fausto Zamparini 2, Augusta Zannoni 1, Roberta Salaroli 1, Domenico Ventrella 1, Greta Parchi 2, Micaela Degli Esposti 3, Antonella Polimeni 4, Paola Fabbri 3, Fabio Fava 3, Carlo Prati 5 and Maria Giovanna Gandolfi 2,*
1
Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
2
Laboratory of Biomaterials, Green Materials and Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy
3
Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
4
Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Sciences, Pediatric Dentistry Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
5
Endodontic Clinical Section, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(2), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020243
Received: 29 November 2019 / Revised: 26 January 2020 / Accepted: 28 January 2020 / Published: 29 January 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Dentistry)
Vascularization is a crucial factor when approaching any engineered tissue. Vascular wall–mesenchymal stem cells are an excellent in vitro model to study vascular remodeling due to their strong angiogenic attitude. This study aimed to demonstrate the angiogenic potential of experimental highly porous scaffolds based on polylactic acid (PLA) or poly-e-caprolactone (PCL) doped with calcium silicates (CaSi) and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), namely PLA-10CaSi-10DCPD and PCL-10CaSi-10DCPD, designed for the regeneration of bone defects. Vascular wall–mesenchymal stem cells (VW-MSCs) derived from pig thoracic aorta were seeded on the scaffolds and the expression of angiogenic markers, i.e. CD90 (mesenchymal stem/stromal cell surface marker), pericyte genes α-SMA (alpha smooth muscle actin), PDGFR-β (platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β), and NG2 (neuron-glial antigen 2) was evaluated. Pure PLA and pure PCL scaffolds and cell culture plastic were used as controls (3D in vitro model vs. 2D in vitro model). The results clearly demonstrated that the vascular wall mesenchymal cells colonized the scaffolds and were metabolically active. Cells, grown in these 3D systems, showed the typical gene expression profile they have in control 2D culture, although with some main quantitative differences. DNA staining and immunofluorescence assay for alpha-tubulin confirmed a cellular presence on both scaffolds. However, VW-MSCs cultured on PLA-10CaSi-10DCPD showed an individual cells growth, whilst on PCL-10CaSi-10DCPD scaffolds VW-MSCs grew in spherical clusters. In conclusion, vascular wall mesenchymal stem cells demonstrated the ability to colonize PLA and PCL scaffolds doped with CaSi-DCPD for new vessels formation and a potential for tissue regeneration.
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Keywords:
vascular wall–mesenchymal stem cells; biodegradable mineral scaffolds; engineered tissue; angiogenesis; oral bone defects; polylactic acid (PLA); poly-e-caprolactone (PCL); green biomaterials; green scaffolds; biobased materials
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MDPI and ACS Style
Forni, M.; Bernardini, C.; Zamparini, F.; Zannoni, A.; Salaroli, R.; Ventrella, D.; Parchi, G.; Degli Esposti, M.; Polimeni, A.; Fabbri, P.; Fava, F.; Prati, C.; Gandolfi, M.G. Vascular Wall–Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation on 3D Biodegradable Highly Porous CaSi-DCPD Doped Poly (α-hydroxy) Acids Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 243.
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