Mimickers of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Case Series and Literature Overview
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Case Series
3. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Non-SLE systemic connective tissue and autoimmune disease |
Dermatomyositis, Sjögren’s disease, mixed connective tissue disease, Still’s disease, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease, multiple sclerosis, and Castleman disease. |
Monogenic diseases |
Interferonopathies (i.e., Aicardi–Goutières, SAVI, PRAAS, and Singleton–Merten syndrome). |
Complement deficiencies (i.e., c1q/c1s/c1r/c2/complete C4 deficiency). |
Other Inborn Errors of Immunity (i.e., HELIOS deficiency, SOCS1 haploinsufficiency, TLR7 deficiency, UNC93B1 deficiency, IRE1α deficiency, DOCK11 deficiency, autoimmune lymphoproliferative disorder, DNASE1L3 deficiency, and SPENCD). |
Infections |
Parvovirus B19, endocarditis, hepatitis, HIV, EBV, CMV, Borrelia, toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis, mycobacterial diseases, leishmaniasis, and Whipple’s disease. |
Malignancies |
Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, other lymphomas, and myelodysplastic syndrome. |
Solid malignancies w/wo paraneoplastic features. |
Atrial myxoma. |
Miscellaneous |
Drug-induced lupus. |
Graft-versus-host disease. |
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Roest, K.L.; Hak, A.E.; van Leeuwen, E.M.M.; de Bree, G.J.; Kwakernaak, A.J. Mimickers of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Case Series and Literature Overview. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 7070. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14197070
Roest KL, Hak AE, van Leeuwen EMM, de Bree GJ, Kwakernaak AJ. Mimickers of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Case Series and Literature Overview. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(19):7070. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14197070
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoest, Kaj L., A. (Liesbeth) E. Hak, Ester M. M. van Leeuwen, Godelieve J. de Bree, and Arjan J. Kwakernaak. 2025. "Mimickers of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Case Series and Literature Overview" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 19: 7070. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14197070
APA StyleRoest, K. L., Hak, A. E., van Leeuwen, E. M. M., de Bree, G. J., & Kwakernaak, A. J. (2025). Mimickers of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Case Series and Literature Overview. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(19), 7070. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14197070