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Article

Breast Cancer Incidence in Sjögren Syndrome Patients

by
Jih-Jin Tsai
1,2,3,
Li-Teh Liu
4,
Shiow-Ing Wang
5,6,* and
James Cheng-Chung Wei
6,7,8,9,*
1
Tropical Medicine Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
2
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
3
School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shiquan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
4
Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, No. 89, Wunhua 1st Street, Rende District, Tainan 717302, Taiwan
5
Center for Health Data Science, Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Section 1, Jianguo N. Road, South District, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
6
Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, South District, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
7
Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, South District, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
8
Department of Nursing, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, South District, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
9
Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, South District, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(10), 3500; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103500
Submission received: 26 March 2025 / Revised: 1 May 2025 / Accepted: 13 May 2025 / Published: 16 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Immunology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: The breast cancer risk profiles of SS (Sjögren syndrome) patients have shown inconsistent findings in different reports. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis indicated potential geographical variations in the link between pSS (primary Sjögren syndrome) and the risk of breast cancer. Patients with pSS from European countries exhibited a decreased likelihood of developing breast cancer, whereas an increased risk was observed in individuals from Asia and Argentina. A French study revealed that the incidence of breast cancer in pSS patients is lower. Therefore, we aimed to explore the incidence of breast cancer in SS or pSS through the TriNetX. Methods: Data were retrieved from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2022. The outcome was the development of breast cancer, and Sjögren and non-Sjögren cohorts were compared. The hazard ratio (HR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) of the outcomes were determined. A total of 5103 patients were in each cohort after propensity score matching (PSM). Results: We found a slightly but non-significantly elevated risk of breast cancer incidence in the Sjögren cohort (HR: 1.079, 95% CI: 0.765–1.522). The subgroup analysis showed no difference in age, race, obesity, or diabetes mellitus status. We obtained similar findings in the sensitivity analyses for pSS patients and patients in different networks. The Sjögren cohort of white patients (3.343, 1.315–8.498) and non-obese patients (4.034, 1.309–12.42) had a significantly higher risk of breast cancer occurring in overlapping sites. The risk of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer was significantly higher among the white patients in the Sjögren cohort (1.860, 1.031–3.353). Conclusions: Neither SS nor pSS was significantly related to an increased risk of breast cancer, and the results according to race were similar. The white and non-obese patients in the Sjögren cohort had a significantly higher risk of breast cancer occurring in overlapping sites. White patients in the Sjögren cohort had a significantly higher risk of ER-positive breast cancer. To our knowledge, this study is the first to explore the location and ER status of breast cancer in SS patients.
Keywords: breast cancer; estrogen receptor; incidence; risk factor; Sjögren syndrome breast cancer; estrogen receptor; incidence; risk factor; Sjögren syndrome

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tsai, J.-J.; Liu, L.-T.; Wang, S.-I.; Wei, J.C.-C. Breast Cancer Incidence in Sjögren Syndrome Patients. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 3500. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103500

AMA Style

Tsai J-J, Liu L-T, Wang S-I, Wei JC-C. Breast Cancer Incidence in Sjögren Syndrome Patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(10):3500. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103500

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tsai, Jih-Jin, Li-Teh Liu, Shiow-Ing Wang, and James Cheng-Chung Wei. 2025. "Breast Cancer Incidence in Sjögren Syndrome Patients" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 10: 3500. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103500

APA Style

Tsai, J.-J., Liu, L.-T., Wang, S.-I., & Wei, J. C.-C. (2025). Breast Cancer Incidence in Sjögren Syndrome Patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(10), 3500. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103500

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