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Volume 13
Issue 21
10.3390/jcm13216352
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Review

From Cells to Plaques: The Molecular Pathways of Coronary Artery Calcification and Disease

by
Andreas Mitsis
1,
Elina Khattab
1,
Evi Christodoulou
2,
Kimon Myrianthopoulos
1,
Michael Myrianthefs
1,
Stergios Tzikas
3,
Antonios Ziakas
4,
Nikolaos Fragakis
5 and
George Kassimis
5,*
1
Cardiology Department, Nicosia General Hospital, State Health Services Organization, Nicosia 2029, Cyprus
2
Cardiology Department, Limassol General Hospital, State Health Services Organization, Limassol 3304, Cyprus
3
Third Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
4
First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
5
Second Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(21), 6352; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216352
Submission received: 22 September 2024 / Revised: 19 October 2024 / Accepted: 21 October 2024 / Published: 23 October 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationship between Coronary Artery Calcification and Coronary Artery Disease: From Diagnosis to Treatment)
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Abstract

Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a hallmark of atherosclerosis and a critical factor in the development and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). This review aims to address the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CAC and its relationship with CAD. We examine the cellular and molecular processes that drive the formation of calcified plaques, highlighting the roles of inflammation, lipid accumulation, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Additionally, we explore the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the heterogeneity in CAC and CAD presentation among individuals. Understanding these intricate mechanisms is essential for developing targeted therapeutic strategies and improving diagnostic accuracy. By integrating current research findings, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathways linking CAC to CAD, offering insights into potential interventions to mitigate the burden of these interrelated conditions.
Keywords: coronary artery calcification (CAC); coronary artery disease (CAD); atherosclerosis; vascular calcification; inflammation; vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs); plaque stability; osteogenic differentiation; molecular pathways coronary artery calcification (CAC); coronary artery disease (CAD); atherosclerosis; vascular calcification; inflammation; vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs); plaque stability; osteogenic differentiation; molecular pathways

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mitsis, A.; Khattab, E.; Christodoulou, E.; Myrianthopoulos, K.; Myrianthefs, M.; Tzikas, S.; Ziakas, A.; Fragakis, N.; Kassimis, G. From Cells to Plaques: The Molecular Pathways of Coronary Artery Calcification and Disease. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 6352. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216352

AMA Style

Mitsis A, Khattab E, Christodoulou E, Myrianthopoulos K, Myrianthefs M, Tzikas S, Ziakas A, Fragakis N, Kassimis G. From Cells to Plaques: The Molecular Pathways of Coronary Artery Calcification and Disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(21):6352. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216352

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mitsis, Andreas, Elina Khattab, Evi Christodoulou, Kimon Myrianthopoulos, Michael Myrianthefs, Stergios Tzikas, Antonios Ziakas, Nikolaos Fragakis, and George Kassimis. 2024. "From Cells to Plaques: The Molecular Pathways of Coronary Artery Calcification and Disease" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 21: 6352. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216352

APA Style

Mitsis, A., Khattab, E., Christodoulou, E., Myrianthopoulos, K., Myrianthefs, M., Tzikas, S., Ziakas, A., Fragakis, N., & Kassimis, G. (2024). From Cells to Plaques: The Molecular Pathways of Coronary Artery Calcification and Disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(21), 6352. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216352

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