A Human Model of the Effects of an Instant Sheer Weight Loss on Cardiopulmonary Parameters during a Treadmill Run
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Clinical Evaluation and Echocardiography
2.3. Resting Spirometry and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
2.3.1. General Settings and Resting Spirometry
2.3.2. CPET1
2.3.3. CPET2
- HR—heart rate.
- VO2—the volume of consumed O2.
- O2 pulse as a ratio of VO2 to HR.
- VCO2—the volume of produced CO2.
- VE—minute ventilation.
- TV—the tidal volume.
- BF—breathing frequency.
- BR%—breathing reserve as a fraction of VE to MVV.
- VE/VO2—the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen.
- VE/VCO2—the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide.
- RER—respiratory exchange ratio.
- PetO2—the end-tidal oxygen tension.
- PetCO2—the end-tidal carbon dioxide tension.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Clinical Characteristics, Echocardiography, and Resting CPET
CPET2 | CPET1 AT | vs. AT | CPET1 RCP | vs. RCP | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | 25th p | 75th p | Median | 25th p | 75th p | p | Median | 25th p | 75th p | p | |
BF (breaths/min) | 47.0 | 44.0 | 50.5 | 35.8 | 31.0 | 39.1 | <0.0001 | 43.0 | 41.0 | 46.5 | 0.6681 |
VCO2 (L/min) | 3.41 | 2.97 | 3.67 | 2.72 | 2.52 | 3.02 | 0.0423 | 3.84 | 3.41 | 4.17 | 0.3003 |
VE/VCO2 | 29.15 | 27.83 | 30.53 | 26.41 | 24.87 | 27.70 | <0.0001 | 28.50 | 27.48 | 29.55 | 1 |
VE/VO2 | 30.05 | 28.30 | 32.55 | 27.15 | 24.78 | 28.38 | 0.0023 | 30.95 | 29.33 | 33.13 | 1 |
VO2 (L/min) | 3.27 | 2.86 | 3.48 | 2.81 | 2.58 | 3.11 | 0.0132 | 3.50 | 3.15 | 3.80 | 1 |
VE (L/min) | 104.40 | 92.83 | 117.84 | 80.52 | 73.94 | 87.30 | 0.0197 | 114.02 | 104.78 | 128.45 | 0.6681 |
TV (L) | 2.24 | 1.98 | 2.38 | 2.43 | 2.24 | 2.62 | 0.3972 | 2.60 | 2.45 | 2.77 | 0.0005 |
RER | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.09 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.0132 | 1.09 | 1.05 | 1.13 | 0.8499 |
HR (beats/min) | 169 | 167 | 178 | 163 | 156 | 166 | 0.0291 | 178 | 174 | 185 | 0.3459 |
O2pulse (mL/beat) | 18.86 | 16.91 | 20.50 | 17.58 | 16.27 | 19.06 | 0.0132 | 19.59 | 17.57 | 22.64 | 1 |
PetO2 (mmHg) | 111.0 | 108.0 | 112.3 | 107.0 | 100.4 | 108.0 | 0.0107 | 111.5 | 109.8 | 113.3 | 1 |
PetCO2 (mmHg) | 41.0 | 40.4 | 43.0 | 39.1 | 38.2 | 40.0 | 0.0001 | 40.0 | 38.8 | 42.0 | 0.224 |
% | AT | RCP | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | 25th p | 75th p | Median | 25th p | 75th p | |
BF | −28.13 | −32.94 | −20.00 | −4.36 | −12.15 | 0.00 |
VCO2 | −16.64 | −23.21 | −12.55 | 12.06 | 5.52 | 20.98 |
VE/VCO2 | −9.18 | −11.99 | −6.03 | −3.09 | −6.83 | 0.35 |
VE/VO2 | −13.34 | −17.89 | −6.71 | 4.02 | −2.95 | 7.97 |
VO2 | −11.69 | −17.16 | −8.23 | 8.40 | 0.72 | 15.35 |
VE | −19.84 | −28.50 | −13.16 | 11.18 | 2.40 | 19.17 |
TV | 11.35 | 2.82 | 20.67 | 21.55 | 4.89 | 27.65 |
RER | −4.96 | −11.80 | −4.23 | 4.62 | 1.22 | 9.56 |
HR | −6.21 | −8.44 | −3.57 | 4.73 | 2.89 | 6.84 |
O2 pulse | −7.18 | −11.94 | −1.97 | 1.59 | −2.83 | 10.09 |
PetO2 | −5.69 | −7.66 | −2.82 | 0.92 | −0.90 | 2.08 |
PetCO2 | −4.88 | −5.53 | −2.88 | −3.36 | −4.88 | 0.00 |
p-Value | BF | VCO2 | VE/VCO2 | VE/VO2 | VO2 | VE | TV | RER | HR | O2pulse | PetO2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VCO2 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
VE/VCO2 | 0.0347 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
VE/VO2 | 0.2909 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
VO2 | 0.6629 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
VE | 1 | 1 | 0.7417 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
TV | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0004 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | - | - | - | - | - |
RER | 0.0003 | 0.0917 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.0166 | 0.0400 | - | - | - | - |
HR | 0.0001 | 0.0300 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.0048 | 0.1197 | 1 | - | - | - |
O2pulse | <0.0001 | 0.0224 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.0035 | 0.1553 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
PetO2 | <0.0001 | 0.0011 | 1 | 0.4695 | 0.2004 | 0.0001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
PetCO2 | <0.0001 | 0.0013 | 1 | 0.5274 | 0.2272 | 0.0001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
3.2. Comparison with the CPET1 Run at AT
3.3. Comparison with the CPET1 Run at RCP
3.4. Relative Changes of CPET Parameters between CPET2 and CPET1 at AT
3.5. Comparison of Relative Changes of CPET Parameters between CPET2 and CPET1 at AT
3.6. Correlation of Relative Changes of CPET Parameters (between CPET2 and CPET1 at AT) and Change in Weight
4. Discussion
4.1. Breathing Mechanics
4.2. O2 Consumption and CO2 Production
4.3. Energy Metabolism in Aerobic and Aerobic-Anaerobic Zones
4.4. Effects of Body Weight Reduction on PetO2
4.5. Effects of Body Weight Reduction on CPET Parameters
4.6. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Median | LQ | UQ | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 26 | 23 | 42 |
Training days a week (days) | 5 | 4 | 7 |
Training hours a week (hours) | 8 | 5 | 16 |
Height (cm) | 182 | 175 | 184 |
Body mass (kg) | 73.5 | 67.0 | 78.5 |
Delta mass (%) | 14.04 | 13.26 | 15.19 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.20 | 21.18 | 25.86 |
BMI +12 kg (kg/m2) | 25.81 | 25.03 | 29.82 |
Treadmill velocity at AT (km/h) | 12.4 | 11.7 | 13.0 |
Treadmill velocity at RCP (km/h) | 15.50 | 14.48 | 16.15 |
Maximal treadmill velocity (km/h) | 17.15 | 16.25 | 17.93 |
RVIDd (mm) | 34.0 | 31.0 | 37.5 |
IVSd (mm) | 9 | 8 | 9 |
LVIDd (mm) | 50.0 | 47.5 | 54.5 |
LVPWd (mm) | 9.0 | 9.0 | 10.5 |
LVIDs (mm) | 40.5 | 34.0 | 42.0 |
LVEF (%) | 63.2 | 61.4 | 64.4 |
LADs (mm) | 38 | 34 | 41 |
MV E (m/s) | 0.75 | 0.65 | 0.84 |
MV A (m/s) | 0.44 | 0.41 | 0.53 |
E/E’ mean | 4.83 | 4.70 | 5.47 |
AV Vmax (m/s) | 1.19 | 1.10 | 1.31 |
LAI (mL/m2) | 41.99 | 30.79 | 49.62 |
Rest | Peak Exercise | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | LQ | UQ | Median | LQ | UQ | |
BF (breaths/min) | 17.0 | 13.3 | 21.0 | 50.5 | 47.5 | 59.5 |
VCO2 (L/min) | 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.48 | 4.54 | 3.98 | 4.78 |
VE/VCO2 | 32.4 | 29.9 | 34.0 | 30.9 | 29.1 | 32.0 |
VE/VO2 | 27.0 | 23.9 | 29.6 | 36.8 | 32.9 | 38.2 |
VO2 (L/min) | 0.46 | 0.37 | 0.54 | 3.83 | 3.46 | 4.12 |
VO2kg (L/min × kg) | 5.92 | 5.23 | 7.21 | 50.16 | 47.49 | 52.69 |
VE (L/min) | 14.33 | 9.97 | 16.42 | 146.41 | 126.48 | 160.39 |
TV (L) | 0.84 | 0.68 | 1.15 | 2.72 | 2.51 | 3.01 |
RER | 0.85 | 0.78 | 0.92 | 1.17 | 1.12 | 1.21 |
HR (beats/min) | 79 | 70 | 88 | 184 | 181 | 195 |
O2pulse (mL/beat) | 5.78 | 5.04 | 6.64 | 20.26 | 18.18 | 22.79 |
PetO2 (mmHg) | 110.0 | 104.0 | 111.3 | 116.5 | 112.8 | 118.0 |
PetCO2 (mmHg) | 35.5 | 34.5 | 37.0 | 37.5 | 36.8 | 40.0 |
Correlation between the Relative Body Weight Reduction and CPET Parameters between Running with a +12 kg Vest at vAT and | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Without the Vest at vAT | Without the Vest at vRCP | |||
rho | p-Value | rho | p-Value | |
BF | −0.07 | 0.7821 | 0.00 | 0.9849 |
VCO2 | −0.18 | 0.4410 | 0.09 | 0.7113 |
VE/VCO2 | −0.24 | 0.3052 | −0.12 | 0.6212 |
VE/VO2 | 0.04 | 0.8696 | 0.01 | 0.9824 |
VO2 | −0.24 | 0.3067 | −0.14 | 0.5573 |
VE | −0.16 | 0.4884 | −0.09 | 0.6995 |
VT | −0.13 | 0.5900 | −0.06 | 0.7931 |
RER | 0.03 | 0.9095 | 0.24 | 0.3146 |
HR | 0.02 | 0.9245 | 0.39 | 0.0871 |
O2 pulse | −0.31 | 0.1834 | −0.22 | 0.3575 |
PetO2 | −0.10 | 0.6646 | −0.31 | 0.1767 |
PetCO2 | −0.02 | 0.9332 | 0.06 | 0.8109 |
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Pytka, M.J.; Domin, R.A.; Tarchalski, J.L.; Lubarska, M.I.; Żołyński, M.S.; Niziński, J.; Piskorski, J.; Wykrętowicz, A.; Guzik, P. A Human Model of the Effects of an Instant Sheer Weight Loss on Cardiopulmonary Parameters during a Treadmill Run. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010098
Pytka MJ, Domin RA, Tarchalski JL, Lubarska MI, Żołyński MS, Niziński J, Piskorski J, Wykrętowicz A, Guzik P. A Human Model of the Effects of an Instant Sheer Weight Loss on Cardiopulmonary Parameters during a Treadmill Run. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(1):98. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010098
Chicago/Turabian StylePytka, Michał J., Remigiusz A. Domin, Jacek L. Tarchalski, Marta I. Lubarska, Mikołaj S. Żołyński, Jan Niziński, Jarosław Piskorski, Andrzej Wykrętowicz, and Przemysław Guzik. 2023. "A Human Model of the Effects of an Instant Sheer Weight Loss on Cardiopulmonary Parameters during a Treadmill Run" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 1: 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010098