Understanding Why Post-Stroke Depression May Be the Norm Rather Than the Exception: The Anatomical and Neuroinflammatory Correlates of Post-Stroke Depression

Wijeratne, Tissa; Sales, Carmela

doi:10.3390/jcm10081674

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Understanding Why Post-Stroke Depression May Be the Norm Rather Than the Exception: The Anatomical and Neuroinflammatory Correlates of Post-Stroke Depression

Tissa Wijeratne

^1,2,3,*

and

Carmela Sales

School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3000, Australia

Department of Neurology, Western Health & University Melbourne, AIMSS, Level Three, WHCRE, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans 3021, Australia

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rajarata, Saliyapura, Anuradhapura 50000, Sri Lanka

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Academic Editors: Aaron S. Dumont and Hugues Chabriat

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(8), 1674; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081674

Received: 10 February 2021 / Revised: 30 March 2021 / Accepted: 7 April 2021 / Published: 14 April 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches for the Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disorders)

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Abstract

Ischemic Stroke precedes depression. Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a major driver for poor recovery, negative quality of life, poor rehabilitation outcomes and poor functional ability. In this systematic review, we analysed the inflammatory basis of post-stroke depression, which involves bioenergetic failure, deranged iron homeostasis (calcium influx, Na influx, potassium efflux etc), excitotoxicity, acidotoxicity, disruption of the blood brain barrier, cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen mediated toxicity, activation of cyclooxygenase pathway and generation of toxic products. This process subsequently results in cell death, maladapted, persistent neuro-inflammation and deranged neuronal networks in mood-related brain regions. Furthermore, an in-depth review likewise reveals that anatomic structures related to post-stroke depression may be localized to complex circuitries involving the cortical and subcortical regions. View Full-Text

Keywords: cytokine; depression; ischemia; stroke; apoptosis; excitotoxicity; oncosis; inflammation

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wijeratne, T.; Sales, C. Understanding Why Post-Stroke Depression May Be the Norm Rather Than the Exception: The Anatomical and Neuroinflammatory Correlates of Post-Stroke Depression. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 1674. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081674

AMA Style

Wijeratne T, Sales C. Understanding Why Post-Stroke Depression May Be the Norm Rather Than the Exception: The Anatomical and Neuroinflammatory Correlates of Post-Stroke Depression. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(8):1674. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081674

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wijeratne, Tissa, and Carmela Sales. 2021. "Understanding Why Post-Stroke Depression May Be the Norm Rather Than the Exception: The Anatomical and Neuroinflammatory Correlates of Post-Stroke Depression" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 8: 1674. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081674

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Understanding Why Post-Stroke Depression May Be the Norm Rather Than the Exception: The Anatomical and Neuroinflammatory Correlates of Post-Stroke Depression

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