Preterm Delivery; Who Is at Risk?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Population and Study Design
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic: | Extreme PTB: 24 + 0–27 + 6 Weeks | Very PTB: 28 + 1–31 + 6 Weeks | Moderate–Late PTB: 32 + 0- 36 + 6 Weeks | Term Birth: >37 + 0 weeks | p-Value * | p-Value ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 1155 | 2490 | 25,344 | 304,732 | ||
Maternal Age (mean ± SD) | 28.07 ± 6.642 | 28.32 ± 6.362 | 28.40 ± 6.186 | 28.19 ± 5.798 | 0.176 | 0.499 |
Ethnicity: Jewish Bedouin | 46.7 | 42.9 | 48.1 | 48.4 | <0.001 | 0.268 |
53.3 | 57.1 | 51.9 | 51.6 | |||
Nulliparity | 37.3 | 31.9 | 29.7 | 23.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Previous PTB *** | 27.5 | 30.1 | 28.8 | 11.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Previous cesarean delivery | 25.7 | 27.9 | 25.9 | 15.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Recurrent pregnancy loss | 8.7 | 7.8 | 6.6 | 4.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 2.3 | 6.1 | 7.9 | 5.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 9.1 | 14.8 | 12.2 | 4.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
In vitro fertilization | 7.2 | 8.6 | 6.4 | 1.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Ovulation induction | 2.9 | 4.7 | 3.5 | 0.9 | ||
Lack of prenatal care | 13.5 | 12.4 | 8.4 | 9.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Gestational diabetes mellitus | 1.2 | 4.1 | 5.4 | 4.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Preeclampsia | 7 | 13.6 | 10.5 | 3.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Placenta previa | 3.6 | 3.3 | 2.1 | 0.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Placental abruption | 12.8 | 10.2 | 2.4 | 0.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Cesarean delivery | 16.1 | 19.1 | 18.2 | 11.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Assisted delivery | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 3.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Blood transfusion | 7.8 | 6.5 | 3.6 | 1.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Postpartum hemorrhage | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | <0.001 | 0.030 |
Multiple gestation | 22.1 | 26.9 | 23.2 | 1.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Neonate’s Gender: | ||||||
Male | 53.0 | 53.1 | 52.4 | 50.8 | <0.001 | 0.164 |
Female | 47.0 | 46.9 | 47.6 | 49.2 | ||
Small for gestational age neonate | 14.2 | 6.2 | 4.3 | 4.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
5-min APGAR < 7 | 28.6 | 6.4 | 1.3 | 0.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Umbilical Cord pH < 7 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.007 | 0.026 |
Intrapartum death | 5.0 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Characteristic | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | Significance (p-Value) |
---|---|---|---|
Lack of prenatal care | 2.019 | 1.694–2.407 | <0.001 |
In vitro fertilization | 1.338 | 1.038–1.723 | 0.024 |
Nulliparity | 2.304 | 2.006–2.647 | 0.071 |
Previous cesarean delivery | 1.444 | 1.212–1.720 | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.322 | 0.217–0.477 | <0.001 |
Preeclampsia | 1.033 | 0.816–1.307 | <0.001 |
Placenta previa | 5.884 | 4.149–8.344 | <0.001 |
Recurrent pregnancy loss | 1.815 | 1.468–2.245 | <0.001 |
Placental abruption | 20.606 | 17.006–24.969 | <0.001 |
Induction of labor | 1.410 | 1.220–1.626 | <0.001 |
Multiple gestation | 7.714 | 6.581–9.042 | <0.001 |
Characteristic: | Extreme PTB: 24 + 0–27 + 6 Weeks | Very PTB: 28 + 1–31 + 6 Weeks | Moderate–Late PTB: 32 + 0–36 + 6 Weeks | Term Birth: >37 + 0 weeks | p-Value * | p-Value ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 204 | 514 | 5173 | 26,046 | – | |
Ethnicity: Bedouin Jewish | 64.7 | 62.8 | 58.1 | 63.5 | <0.001 | 0.537 |
35.3 | 37.6 | 41.9 | 36.5 | |||
Previous cesarean delivery | 31.9 | 40.3 | 36.9 | 29.0 | <0.001 | 0.661 |
Diabetes mellitus | 1.5 | 6.6 | 9.1 | 6.7 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
Hypertension | 12.7 | 17.9 | 12.3 | 5.3 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
In vitro fertilization | 4.4 | 4.7 | 3.7 | 1.3 | <0.001 | 0.005 |
Ovulation induction | 1.5 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 0.5 | ||
Gestational diabetes mellitus | 1.5 | 4.1 | 5.7 | 5.0 | <0.001 | 0.018 |
Preeclampsia | 11.3 | 15.4 | 9.5 | 3.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Placenta previa | 4.4 | 3.5 | 1.8 | 0.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Placental abruption | 14.2 | 11.5 | 2.8 | 0.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Characteristic | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | Significance (p-Value) |
---|---|---|---|
Lack of prenatal care | 2.174 | 1.391–3.399 | 0.001 |
In vitro fertilization | 1.358 | 0.659–2.797 | 0.407 |
Previous cesarean delivery | 1.013 | 0.746–1.378 | 0.932 |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.162 | 0.051–0.510 | 0.002 |
Preeclampsia | 1.888 | 1.193–2.991 | 0.007 |
Placenta previa | 4.161 | 1.958–8.839 | <0.001 |
Recurrent pregnancy loss | 2.370 | 1.664–3.374 | <0.001 |
Placental abruption | 13.579 | 8.757–21.057 | <0.001 |
Induction of labor | 1.478 | 1.018–2.145 | 0.040 |
Multiple gestation | 6.177 | 4.202–9.080 | <0.001 |
Characteristic: | Extreme PTB: 24 + 0–27 + 6 Weeks | Very PTB: 28 + 1–31 + 6 Weeks | Moderate–Late PTB: 32 + 0–36 + 6 Weeks | Term Birth: >37 + 0 Weeks | p-Value * | p-Value ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 905 | 1829 | 19,508 | 299,814 | - | |
Ethnicity: Bedouin Jewish | 53.3 | 58.0 | 53.9 | 51.7 | <0.001 | 0.386 |
46.7 | 42.0 | 46.1 | 48.3 | |||
Nulliparity | 35.4 | 29.1 | 28.9 | 23.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Previous PTB | 18.4 | 22.1 | 22.9 | 8.6 | <0.001 | |
Previous cesarean delivery | 17.6 | 19.5 | 19.5 | 11.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Recurrent pregnancy loss | 8.4 | 8.0 | 6.7 | 4.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 2.1 | 4.8 | 7.4 | 5.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 10.3 | 17.1 | 12.0 | 4.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
In vitro fertilization | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Ovulation induction | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.8 | ||
Lack of prenatal care | 15.6 | 13.7 | 9.7 | 9.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Gestational diabetes mellitus | 1.0 | 3.2 | 4.9 | 4.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Preeclampsia | 8.2 | 15.8 | 10.2 | 3.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Placenta Previa | 4.1 | 4.1 | 2.5 | 0.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Characteristic | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | Significance |
---|---|---|---|
Lack of prenatal care | 2.136 | 1.772–2.574 | <0.001 |
In vitro fertilization | 1.687 | 1.104–2.580 | 0.016 |
Nulliparity | 2.226 | 1.902–2.605 | <0.001 |
Previous cesarean delivery | 1.592 | 1.314–1.929 | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.345 | 0.218–0.545 | <0.001 |
Preeclampsia | 1.432 | 1.117–1.837 | 0.005 |
Placenta previa | 5.845 | 4.022–8.945 | <0.001 |
Recurrent pregnancy loss | 1.747 | 1.368–2.232 | <0.001 |
Placental abruption | 24.619 | 20.063–30.210 | <0.001 |
Previous PTB | 2.305 | 1.980–2.784 | <0.001 |
Induction of labor | 1.528 | 1.312–1.778 | <0.001 |
Characteristic: | Extreme PTB: 24 + 0–27 + 6 Weeks | Very PTB: 28 + 1–31 + 6 Weeks | Moderate–Late PTB: 32 + 0–36 + 6 Weeks | Term Birth: >37 + 0 Weeks | p-Value * | p-Value ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 255 | 670 | 5888 | 4960 | – | |
Ethnicity: Bedouin Jewish | 53.3 | 54.6 | 45.1 | 47.1 | <0.001 | 0.031 |
46.7 | 45.4 | 54.9 | 52.9 | |||
Nulliparity | 43.9 | 39.4 | 32.5 | 24.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Previous PTB | 14.9 | 16.6 | 12.3 | 7.1 | <0.001 | |
Previous cesarean delivery | 11.0 | 18.1 | 13.9 | 10.4 | <0.001 | 0.436 |
Recurrent pregnancy loss | 9.8 | 7.3 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 0.084 | 0.023 |
Diabetes mellitus | 2.7 | 9.7 | 9.4 | 8.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 4.7 | 8.5 | 12.9 | 8.3 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
In vitro fertilization | 23.5 | 25.7 | 20.4 | 14.9 | <0.001 | 0.106 |
Ovulation induction | 9.4 | 13.9 | 11.6 | 8.9 | ||
Lack of prenatal care | 6.3 | 9.0 | 4.1 | 5.3 | <0.001 | 0.308 |
Gestational diabetes mellitus | 2.0 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 6.9 | 0.013 | 0.002 |
Preeclampsia | 2.7 | 7.6 | 11.6 | 7.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Placenta Previa | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Placental Abruption | 7.1 | 4.5 | 0.9 | 0.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Characteristic | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | Significance |
---|---|---|---|
Lack of prenatal care | 1.396 | 0.823–2.368 | 0.216 |
In vitro fertilization | 1.171 | 0.856–1.604 | 0.324 |
Nulliparity | 2.483 | 1.855–3.323 | <0.001 |
Previous cesarean delivery | 0.909 | 0.589–1.401 | 0.664 |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.280 | 0.131–0.598 | 0.001 |
Preeclampsia | 0.229 | 0.107–0.490 | <0.001 |
Placenta previa | 4.775 | 1.779–12.819 | 0.002 |
Recurrent pregnancy loss | 1.853 | 1.207–2.846 | 0.005 |
Placental abruption | 7.467 | 4.398–12.677 | <0.001 |
Previous PTB | 2.113 | 1.435–3.112 | <0.001 |
Induction of Labor | 0.424 | 0.198–0.907 | 0.027 |
Characteristic: | Extreme PTB: 24 + 0–27 + 6 Weeks | Very PTB: 28 + 1–31 + 6 Weeks | Moderate–Late PTB: 32 + 0- 36 + 6 Weeks | Term Birth: >37 + 0 Weeks | p-Value * | p-Value ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 281 | 346 | 4153 | 70,615 | ||
Ethnicity: Bedouin Jewish | 44.8 | 55.2 | 42.7 | 38.5 | <0.001 | 0.083 |
55.2 | 44.8 | 57.3 | 61.5 | |||
Nulliparity | 40.6 | 32.7 | 42.0 | 39.4 | <0.001 | 0.719 |
Previous PTB | 13.5 | 16.2 | 17.4 | 6.2 | <0.001 | |
Previous cesarean delivery | 10.0 | 11.3 | 5.3 | 4.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Recurrent pregnancy loss | 7.8 | 7.5 | 6.6 | 4.8 | <0.001 | 0.023 |
Diabetes mellitus | 2.5 | 5.2 | 8.6 | 9.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 11.7 | 14.7 | 24.3 | 9.0 | <0.001 | 0.313 |
In vitro fertilization | 2.5 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 1.8 | <0.001 | 0.672 |
Ovulation induction | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 1.4 | ||
Lack of prenatal care | 11.7 | 12.4 | 5.7 | 4.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Gestational diabetes mellitus | 1.4 | 3.2 | 5.8 | 6.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Preeclampsia | 8.9 | 13.9 | 21.3 | 7.5 | <0.001 | 0.716 |
Placenta previa | 1.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Placental Abruption | 7.1 | 7.2 | 1.8 | 0.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Characteristic | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | Significance |
---|---|---|---|
Lack of prenatal care | 2.585 | 1.771–3.713 | <0.001 |
In vitro fertilization | 1.205 | 0.557–2.608 | 0.635 |
Nulliparity | 1.331 | 1.024–1.729 | 0.032 |
Previous cesarean delivery | 2.177 | 1.430–3.315 | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.262 | 0.123–0.556 | <0.001 |
Preeclampsia | 0.954 | 0.628–1.449 | 0.825 |
Placenta previa | 9.193 | 2.867–29.484 | <0.001 |
Recurrent pregnancy loss | 1.611 | 1.030–2.521 | 0.037 |
Placental abruption | 14.175 | 8.654–23.218 | <0.001 |
History of PTD | 2.013 | 1.383–2.292 | <0.001 |
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Kluwgant, D.; Wainstock, T.; Sheiner, E.; Pariente, G. Preterm Delivery; Who Is at Risk? J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2279. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112279
Kluwgant D, Wainstock T, Sheiner E, Pariente G. Preterm Delivery; Who Is at Risk? Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(11):2279. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112279
Chicago/Turabian StyleKluwgant, Dvora, Tamar Wainstock, Eyal Sheiner, and Gali Pariente. 2021. "Preterm Delivery; Who Is at Risk?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 11: 2279. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112279
APA StyleKluwgant, D., Wainstock, T., Sheiner, E., & Pariente, G. (2021). Preterm Delivery; Who Is at Risk? Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(11), 2279. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112279