Search Results (7,011)

Objectives: As widely used first-line antihypertensive drugs, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (DHP-CCBs) have relatively few studies comparing their adverse reactions based on real-world data. This study aims to identify and compare the potential adverse drug reaction (ADR) signals of four DHP-CCBs (amlodipine, felodipine, nicardipine, and nifedipine) through the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), providing a reference for further drug safety assessment and clinical medication risk awareness. Methods: Adverse event reports from medical professionals (Q3 2014–Q4 2024) were analyzed using signal detection methods, including reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), information component (IC), and the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) methods. Risk signals for the four DHP-CCBs were compared with both the full database and the DHP-CCBs background. For high-risk signals in amlodipine, multivariate logistic regression was used for validation. The analysis reveals distinct ADR profiles for the four DHP-CCBs. Results: Amlodipine is strongly linked to suicide-related risks, confirmed by logistic regression. Nicardipine and nifedipine show significant risks for pregnancy-related events, such as premature delivery and exposure during pregnancy. Nicardipine is also associated with hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and lactic acidosis. These adverse events are not yet included in the FDA labeling for any of the DHP-CCBs. Although palpitations and angioedema are listed for felodipine, their signal strength is much higher compared to the other DHP-CCBs. Conclusions: The ADR risk profiles of the four DHP-CCBs differ significantly. This study identified several high-risk adverse events not included in current labels. Clinical use should consider each drug’s risk profile and patient-specific factors, with particular attention to serious risk signals. For pregnant and postpartum women, the benefits and risks of using nicardipine and nifedipine should be carefully evaluated. Full article

Background: Elevated levels of the C-3 epimer (3-epi-25(OH)D) of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) have been identified in premature infants as compared to most adults, and an immature liver has been suggested as a possible cause. We hypothesised that patients with cirrhosis might present with elevated C-3 epimerisation due to impaired liver function. The aim was to assess whether 3-epi-25(OH)D levels differ in patients with chronic liver disease with cirrhosis vs. those without cirrhosis. Methods: A total of 309 patients were included (254 patients with cirrhosis vs. 55 without cirrhosis). Serum 25(OH)D and 3-epi-25(OH)D levels were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: Patients with cirrhosis had significantly higher median relative 3-epi-25(OH)D concentrations, as compared to patients without cirrhosis (7.4% (5.5–10.4) vs. 4.8% (2.4–5.7), respectively; p < 0.001). They also had similar absolute 3-epi-25(OH)D levels (despite having lower 25(OH)D serum concentrations) than patients without cirrhosis. A progressive increase in relative 3-epi-25(OH)D levels was observed with more advanced cirrhosis (p < 0.001). An analysis of the ROC area under the curve determined 6% as the optimal cut-off for relative 3-epi-25(OH)D. All patients with Child–Pugh stage C and 88.6% with stage B were above the 6% cut-off and had significantly higher absolute serum 3-epi-25(OH)D concentrations (0.9 ng/mL vs. 0.6 ng/mL; p < 0.05) and lower serum 25(OH)D levels (9.3 vs. 14.1 ng/mL; p < 0.001) than patients <6% cut-off. Conclusions: These results reflect the marked increases in relative 3-epi-25(OH)D levels that occur with cirrhosis. The specific hepatic metabolic alterations still need to be unravelled, including whether cirrhosis might lead to reduced epimer clearance. Full article

Background: Children with β-thalassemia major (β-TM) survive longer due to advances in transfusion and chelation therapy; however, cardiovascular complications have emerged as a leading cause of long-term morbidity. Chronic hemolysis, oxidative stress, and iron overload may promote early endothelial dysfunction and premature vascular aging, yet their impact on myocardial deformation in pediatric patients remains incompletely characterized. Objectives: To evaluate subclinical myocardial dysfunction and arterial stiffness in children with β-TM and to investigate hemolysis-related changes in asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and L-arginine as biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in relation to cardiovascular involvement. Methods: Twenty-four children with β-TM and 20 age-matched healthy controls were included. Cardiac structure and myocardial deformation were assessed by conventional echocardiography, tissue Doppler imaging, and speckle-tracking strain analysis. Arterial stiffness was evaluated using oscillometric pulse wave analysis and bilateral carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT). Serum ADMA and L-arginine levels were measured, and hemoglobin, reticulocyte count, and ferritin levels were recorded. Results: Children with β-thalassemia major demonstrated significantly increased arterial stiffness compared with controls, including higher PWV (4.61 ± 0.37 vs. 4.38 ± 0.31), AIx@75 (augmentation index at 75 bpm) (28.5 ± 8.34 vs. 22.8 ± 6.51), left CIMT [0.45 (0.39–0.51) vs. 0.41 (0.38–0.46)], and right CIMT [0.43 (0.39–0.54) vs. 0.40 (0.34–0.46)]. In addition, patients exhibited reduced global longitudinal strain (−19.3 ± 2.91 vs. −21.84 ± 1.91), prolonged isovolumetric relaxation time [53 (37–71) vs. 45 (37–55)], and elevated E/Em (8.44 ± 2.19 vs. 6.92 ± 1.10). ADMA levels were significantly higher in patients (0.54 ± 0.19 vs. 0.39 ± 0.22) and were positively associated with reticulocyte counts and inversely correlated with hemoglobin levels. In addition, both ADMA and ferritin levels were positively correlated with arterial stiffness indices and left ventricular filling pressures. Conclusions: Children with β-thalassemia major exhibit features suggestive of early cardiovascular aging, including impaired myocardial deformation, diastolic involvement, and increased arterial stiffness. The observed association between ADMA levels and markers of hemolysis, vascular stiffness, and myocardial deformation highlights the potential involvement of endothelial dysfunction in premature myocardial–vascular remodeling. These findings suggest that ADMA may serve as a promising biomarker for early cardiovascular risk in pediatric β-thalassemia major; however, further longitudinal and multi-center studies are needed to confirm its clinical utility for risk stratification. Full article

Background and Objectives: Very preterm infants are vulnerable to late-onset infection and prolonged NICU exposure, with potential downstream effects on caregiver health. We evaluated neonatal outcomes and caregiver psychosocial status across culture-confirmed infection phenotypes. Methods: We investigated a single-center prospective cohort (March 2023–December 2025) of 87 preterm infants assigned to one of three groups: no proven infection (n = 44), bacterial sepsis (n = 31), or candidemia (n = 12). Neonatal outcomes included a composite adverse endpoint (death or major morbidity) and resource utilization. Caregivers completed the SF-36, WHOQOL-BREF, HADS, PHQ-9, GAD-7, and Body Image Scale near discharge. Results: Candidemia occurred later than bacterial sepsis (day of life 17.8 ± 4.8 vs. 10.1 ± 3.9; p < 0.001) and had a longer time to effective therapy (23.3 ± 9.5 vs. 13.3 ± 5.3 h; p = 0.004). The composite adverse outcome was 27.3% in the no-infection group versus 54.8% in the bacterial group and 58.3% in the candidemia group (p = 0.025); ROP requiring treatment increased from 4.5% to 29.0% and 25.0% (p = 0.012). Length of stay rose from 39.7 ± 10.2 to 50.1 ± 11.9 and 60.9 ± 13.1 days (p < 0.001), and ventilation days from 15.7 ± 7.6 to 23.3 ± 7.5 and 34.2 ± 10.4 (p < 0.001). Caregiver SF-36 mental health (MCS) scores decreased from 44.7 ± 7.5 to 38.5 ± 6.0 and 36.7 ± 6.4 (p < 0.001), while PHQ-9 scores increased from 9.4 ± 3.9 to 11.6 ± 3.3 and 15.5 ± 4.6 (p < 0.001); NICU burden correlated with PHQ-9 scores (r = 0.52, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Culture-confirmed infection, particularly candidemia, was associated with higher neonatal morbidity, markedly greater resource use, and substantial caregiver distress at discharge. Full article

Background/Objectives: Early intervention is associated with improved outcomes for young children with developmental delays, yet many with mild delays are ineligible for services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The Early Discovery (ED) Program addressed this gap by providing short-term, targeted intervention for children ages 0–5 who did not qualify for publicly funded services. This study evaluated program outcomes across intervention types. Methods: During 2024–2025, 342 families completed the ED Program, receiving one of the following: speech-language (68%), general developmental (12%), occupational (14%), or behavioral (6%) intervention across 8–20 sessions. Eligibility required Miami-Dade residency and ineligibility for IDEA-funded services. Standardized pre- and post-intervention assessments were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, and group comparisons. Results: Most households reported incomes <$70,000 (71%), with many experiencing additional risk factors including prematurity (15%), public or no insurance (47%), limited English proficiency (21%), and single-caregiver households (30%). Overall, 85% of children met criteria for improvement. Improvement rates varied by child ethnicity. No statistically significant differences were observed by child age, race, gender, prematurity, insurance status, caregiver demographics, household characteristics, or intervention type. Sensitivity analyses largely confirmed the primary findings, with ethnicity no longer significant and younger age emerging as a significant predictor of improvement. Conclusions: Findings suggest short-term, targeted intervention may support developmental progress among young children with mild delays who would otherwise remain unserved. Community-based programs such as ED may play a critical role in advancing developmental equity by reaching children with developmental and socioeconomic risk factors prior to school entry. Full article

The digital transformation of oil and gas pipeline networks has generated substantial volumes of unstructured maintenance documentation from communication systems, creating an urgent need for automated summarization to improve operational efficiency. However, domain-specific text summarization for pipeline communication maintenance remains challenging due to scarce labeled data and the high computational cost of fine-tuning large pretrained models. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning alleviates this issue, but its effectiveness strongly depends on appropriate hyperparameter selection. This paper proposes a unified framework that combines weight-decomposed low-rank adaptation with an enhanced Artificial Bee Colony algorithm for automated hyperparameter optimization. The enhanced algorithm addresses two specific limitations of the standard Artificial Bee Colony algorithm: uninformed random initialization that ignores promising regions, and premature abandonment of stagnated solutions that discards partially useful search directions. These two components represent principled design choices, each targeting a distinct bottleneck in applying swarm intelligence search to high-dimensional mixed-type hyperparameter spaces. The method introduces a hybrid initialization strategy to exploit prior knowledge and a stagnation-guided local search mechanism to refine stagnated solutions instead of discarding them, achieving a better balance between exploration and exploitation. Experimental results on a public Chinese summarization benchmark and an industrial oil and gas pipeline communication maintenance corpus show that the proposed approach consistently outperforms full fine-tuning, manually tuned parameter-efficient methods, and several evolutionary optimization baselines in terms of ROUGE metrics. The automated search introduces modest additional computational overhead compared to manual tuning while eliminating expert-dependent hyperparameter configuration and achieving consistent performance gains across both datasets. Overall, the proposed framework provides an efficient and robust solution for adapting large language models to specialized summarization tasks in the context of pipeline communication system maintenance. Full article

This study presents an experimental investigation into a novel hybrid strengthening system for reinforced concrete (RC) beams that combines externally bonded carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets with a spray-applied polyurea coating (Linex XS-350). Seven beams were tested under four-point bending to evaluate the effects of two main parameters, CFRP thickness and single vs. double layers, and polymer coating configurations, i.e., none, thin with 2 mm, thick with 4 mm, and embedded. The coating was intended to act as an elastic confinement layer that mitigates peeling stresses and enhances CFRP concrete bond performance. The results demonstrated significant improvements in strength, ductility, and strain capacity for coated specimens compared with CFRP-only beams. The inclusion of Linex increased the ultimate load by up to 24% in single-layer beams and 20% in double-layer beams, while bottom-fiber strain at failure increased by more than fivefold, indicating enhanced CFRP utilization. The uncoated beams failed prematurely by CFRP peeling, whereas the coated and embedded specimens transitioned to CFRP rupture with more gradual and ductile behavior. The combined use of multiple CFRP layers and polymer coating produced the most effective performance, with the double-layer embedded configuration (B7) achieving the highest load, strain, and energy absorption. The findings confirm that integrating polyurea coatings with CFRP can effectively delay debonding and significantly improve the reliability and toughness of strengthened RC members, offering a practical solution for more resilient structural retrofitting. Full article

This study investigates the operation of an air source heat pump (ASHP) working with combined radiant floor (RF) and fan coil unit (FCU) heating systems in hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) regions. Intermittent heating demands and ASHP sensitivity to supply water temperature in these regions lead to insufficient steady-state assumptions, while experimental evidence on transient heating behavior, thermal comfort development, and operational limits remains limited. In this study, experiments were conducted to analyze six supply water temperatures (ranging from 35 °C to 45 °C) with respect to the system’s dynamic thermal response, vertical air temperature difference, floor surface temperature, power consumption, and coefficient of performance (COP). The results show that start-up heating is dominated by FCU convection, causing pronounced vertical temperature stratification, while radiant heat becomes dominant as the system approaches steady operation. A good vertical air temperature difference with respect to breathing zones and ankle-level temperature differences below 2 °C was achieved after sufficient operating time. Increasing the supply water temperature accelerated the heating response, where the time required for the average indoor temperature to reach 18 °C decreased from 5.5 h at 35 °C to 2.2 h at 45 °C. However, this improvement was accompanied by reduced energy efficiency, with the mean ASHP unit COP declining from 2.5 to 2.3. Excessively high supply temperatures further induced premature indoor overheating and the frequent start–stop cycling of the heat pump, thereby limiting thermal benefits and increasing power demand. These findings provide experimentally grounded insight into the operation and performance limits of ASHP RF–FCU heating systems. Full article

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is widely used in medical, cosmetic, and nutraceutical applications, yet the systemic fate of orally administered HA, particularly non-animal forms, remains poorly characterised. This study investigates the stability, absorption, metabolism, and biological effects of a novel fungal-derived HA extracted from Tremella fuciformis using a sequential in vitro multi-barrier model simulating human physiological compartments, including gastric, intestinal, hepatic, renal, chondrocyte, and keratinocyte environments. Across the gastrointestinal stages, fungal-derived HA demonstrated high structural stability, maintained molecular weight, and exerted superior antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity compared with sodium hyaluronate. It efficiently crossed the intestinal barrier without increasing hyaluronidase activity, indicating protection from premature enzymatic degradation. In hepatic cells, fungal-derived HA exhibited reduced intracellular uptake and greater extracellular persistence, suggesting lower first-pass metabolism and suggesting improved persistence under in vitro conditions. At peripheral targets, it increased the cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) expression and HA internalisation in chondrocytes and keratinocytes, supporting anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative effects. Renal assessments revealed minimal excretion and no cytotoxicity, supporting potential systemic availability. Overall, these results provide the first integrated in vitro evidence describing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion process of fungal-derived HA. This supports the conclusion that this form of HA is stable, biocompatible, and bioactive with therapeutic potential for joint and skin health, as suggested by the in vitro models. Full article

Autonomous vegetation management in unstructured forest environments imposes a conflicting requirement: maximizing wide-area coverage while maintaining close-proximity safety around irregular obstacles. Conventional repulsion-based avoidance methods often fail to meet mowing requirements by prematurely steering robots away from target trees, resulting in significant unmowed gaps. To address this limitation, this paper proposes a Hybrid Path Planning (HPP) framework that combines a shared global Boustrophedon coverage scaffold with a local orbital maneuvering strategy inspired by celestial two-body dynamics. Rather than redefining the full environment model, the proposed method treats the currently active tree as the dominant local interaction center and generates orbit-like trunk-proximal motion around it. A variable virtual mass model is introduced so that the local attraction weakens as mowing progresses, thereby supporting transition to a rejoining phase governed by a finite state machine (FSM). MATLAB simulations indicate that the proposed framework can improve the trade-off among near-tree coverage, clearance preservation, and trajectory continuity relative to repulsion-centered local-avoidance baselines under the same global traversal scaffold. Full article

Concrete infrastructure in coastal regions is prone to premature degradation due to crack formation under aggressive environmental exposure. Conventional repair methods remain costly and often ineffective. This study evaluates a biomineral self-healing system incorporating Paenibacillus polymyxa spores and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) to improve the durability and mechanical performance of medium-strength concrete with a design compressive strength of 21 MPa, intended for vulnerable coastal housing. A full factorial experimental program was conducted using three bacterial concentrations (1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% of mixing water volume) and three CaCO₃ dosages (3%, 5%, 7% as cement replacement). Specimens were pre-cracked under compressive loading, exposed to a simulated coastal environment, and monitored for 28 days. The optimal formulation (2% bacteria + 5% CaCO₃) yielded an 8.8% increase in compressive strength and a 24% increase in flexural strength compared with the control. Crack width reduction reached up to 0.23 mm (65.7%) under wet curing, with effective sealing observed for cracks ≤ 0.5 mm. Recovered compressive strength after healing reached 17.3 MPa, equivalent to 71% of the design strength. These findings demonstrate the potential of P. polymyxa as a viable non-ureolytic agent for self-healing concrete, offering a simple and scalable strategy to extend service life in resource-limited coastal regions while supporting Sustainable Development Goals 9 and 11. Full article

Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells represent a promising clean energy technology due to their high efficiency, environmental sustainability, and wide applicability in transportation and stationary power systems. Accurate parameter extraction from PEM fuel cell models is critical for reliable performance prediction, control, and optimization. However, this task is challenging because of the nonlinear, multimodal, and highly coupled characteristics of fuel cell models. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an Enhanced Elk Herd Optimizer (EEHO), incorporating a novel best-bull–guided differential reproduction mechanism to improve search accuracy, convergence speed, and robustness. The proposed enhancement enables a portion of offspring solutions to be generated by perturbing the global best solution using scaled differences between randomly selected herd members. This mechanism strengthens exploitation around promising regions while maintaining population diversity and preventing premature convergence. The EEHO is applied to extract seven unknown parameters of PEM fuel cell models by minimizing the sum of squared errors between experimental and simulated voltage data. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated using two commercial PEM fuel cell stacks, namely a 250 W stack and a BCS 500 W stack. Extensive comparative evaluations against the conventional Elk Herd Optimizer and several well-established methods demonstrate that the EEHO achieves superior performance in terms of accuracy, convergence speed, robustness, and statistical consistency. The proposed algorithm attains lower error values, faster convergence, and more stable performance across multiple independent runs. Furthermore, the extracted parameters produce highly accurate voltage and power characteristics, closely matching experimental observations. The results confirm that the proposed EEHO provides an efficient, reliable, and robust optimization framework for PEM fuel cell parameter extraction and offers strong potential for broader applications in energy system modeling, intelligent optimization, and renewable energy optimization problems. Quantitatively, the proposed EEHO achieved a significant reduction in the averages of the Sum of Squared Errors (SSE) of up to 24.96% and 23.29% compared with the conventional EHO for the 250 W stack and a BCS 500 W stack, respectively, demonstrating its superior accuracy in parameter estimation. To further validate the robustness and generalization capability of the proposed EEHO, two additional commercial PEM fuel cell datasets, of Ballard Mark V and Modular SR-12, are investigated and compared against several state-of-the-art optimization algorithms. The results, supported by Wilcoxon and Friedman statistical tests and boxplot analyses, confirm that EEHO consistently achieves superior accuracy, stability, and convergence reliability across different operating conditions. Full article

Background: Sortilin (SORT1), linked to the 1p13.3 coronary risk locus, is implicated in lipid trafficking and atherogenesis; however, clinical studies of circulating SORT1 have produced inconsistent results. We evaluated whether circulating SORT1 is associated with angiographic burden and lesion localization in patients with premature or early clinical debut coronary atherosclerosis. Methods: This single-center, cross-sectional study analyzed a dataset collected from January to May 2023. Participants were classified as coronary atherosclerosis cases if the dataset contained an age of clinical debut of clinically significant atherosclerosis (n = 101). Controls had no recorded debut age and 0% stenosis in all assessed coronary segments (n = 27). Blood was collected in clot activator tubes; serum was stored at −40 °C until analysis. SORT1 (ng/mL) was measured using an Aviscera Bioscience ELISA. Coronary stenoses were recorded as percent diameter stenosis for left main (LM), proximal/mid/distal LAD, proximal/mid/distal LCx, and proximal/mid/distal RCA. Burden metrics included the number of segments with any stenosis (>0%), the number of obstructive segments (≥50%), the number of diseased vessels, and maximum stenosis. The prespecified primary endpoint was obstructive proximal LAD stenosis (≥50%). Nonparametric tests and Spearman correlations were used. Logistic regression evaluated the association between log2-transformed SORT1 and proximal LAD obstruction, adjusted for age, sex, LDL-C, statin use, and smoking/diabetes/hypertension durations. Results: SORT1 was higher in cases than controls (8.60 [2.60–17.10] vs. 2.30 [1.25–10.65] ng/mL; p = 0.0058). Within cases, SORT1 did not correlate with global angiographic burden (any-stenosis segments: ρ = −0.066, p = 0.513; obstructive segments: ρ = −0.060, p = 0.552; diseased vessels: ρ = −0.045, p = 0.652; maximum stenosis: ρ = −0.084, p = 0.403). Obstructive proximal LAD stenosis occurred in 44/101 (43.6%) and was associated with higher SORT1 (12.25 [4.18–17.45] vs. 4.10 [2.20–11.60] ng/mL; p = 0.0093). Each doubling of SORT1 was independently associated with proximal LAD obstruction (adjusted OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.12–1.95; p = 0.005). Conclusions: In this cross-sectional cohort, circulating SORT1 was associated with obstructive proximal LAD stenosis but not with global angiographic burden metrics. These findings are hypothesis-generating and warrant validation in independent cohorts with standardized preanalytics and prospective designs to assess temporal relationships and clinical utility. Full article

Objectives: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of intraovarian platelet-rich plasma (PRP) administration in women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) and related conditions, given the growing clinical interest and the conflicting evidence from uncontrolled and controlled studies. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Comprehensive searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Scopus up to January 2026. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective cohort studies, and before–after studies investigating PRP-based interventions in women diagnosed with DOR, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), or poor ovarian response (POR). Given the limited availability of controlled data, these populations were analyzed together with cautious interpretation. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklists and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool for RCTs. Pooled estimates were calculated using random- or fixed-effects models depending on heterogeneity (I²). Results: Nineteen studies involving 1794 women were included, of which two were randomized controlled trials. In single-arm and before–after analyses, PRP administration was associated with increases in serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels and antral follicle count (AFC), as well as a reduction in serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In addition, the number of metaphase II (MII) oocytes retrieved and transferable embryos increased following PRP treatment. However, pooled analyses of controlled studies, including RCTs, did not demonstrate consistent improvements in mature oocyte yield compared with control groups. In single-arm analyses, the pooled clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate following PRP treatment were 15.5% (95% CI: 11.1–21.2%) and 10.7% (95% CI: 6.7–16.6%), respectively. No major procedure-related adverse events were reported across included studies. Conclusions: In conclusion, intraovarian PRP is associated with improvements in ovarian reserve markers such as AMH and AFC in uncontrolled studies. However, evidence from randomized controlled trials does not demonstrate a consistent benefit in pregnancy and live birth. Well-designed RCTs with standardized protocols are needed before clinical recommendation. Full article

Donor human milk (DHM) provided by human milk banks is considered the optimal feeding alternative to mother’s own milk for premature or medically compromised infants. Before distribution, DHM is subjected to Holder pasteurization (HoP) by milk banks to eliminate potential pathogens. In this study, FT-IR, GC and GC-MS were applied to characterize changes in the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and lipid components of human milk (HM) samples that were treated by HoP. FT-IR analysis revealed changes in specific band regions, indicating modifications to triglycerides and fatty acid (FA) organization and possible disruption of the milk fat globule membrane. There was also an increase in ester groups, suggesting that HoP increases lipid oxidation. GC analysis showed a reduction in long-chain FAs, including certain omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs). GC-MS analysis showed that HoP-treated samples contained higher levels of alkanes, aldehydes, aromatics and ketones than raw HM. Conversely, other compounds, including furans, and alkynes, were found exclusively in pasteurized HM. These results show that HoP affects the lipid and VOC components of HM, highlighting the need for research into alternative pathogen elimination strategies in human milk bank practices. Full article