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Antioxidants
Volume 14
Issue 1
10.3390/antiox14010092
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Article

Cobalt Protoporphyrin Downregulates Hyperglycemia-Induced Inflammation and Enhances Mitochondrial Respiration in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

by
Peng-Hsiang Fang
1,
Tzu-Yu Lin
2,
Chiu-Chen Huang
3,
Yung-Chang Lin
4,
Cheng-Hung Lai
1,* and
Bill Cheng
2,*
1
Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
2
Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
3
Department of Post-Baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
4
Department of Animal Health, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antioxidants 2025, 14(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14010092
Submission received: 2 December 2024 / Revised: 6 January 2025 / Accepted: 10 January 2025 / Published: 15 January 2025
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Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by hyperglycemic retinal pigment epithelial cells that secrete excessive pro-inflammatory cytokines and VEGF, leading to retinal damage and vision loss. Cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) is a compound that can reduce inflammatory responses by inducing high levels of HO-1. In the present study, the therapeutic effects of CoPP were examined in ARPE-19 cells under hyperglycemia. ARPE-19 cells were incubated in culture media containing either 5.5 mM (NG) or 25 mM (HG) glucose, with or without the addition of 0.1 µM CoPP. Protein expressions in samples were determined by either Western blotting or immunostaining. A Seahorse metabolic analyzer was used to assess the impact of CoPP treatment on mitochondrial respiration in ARPE-19 cells in NG or HG media. ARPE-19 cells cultured in NG media displayed different cell morphology than those cultured in HG media. CoPP treatment induced high HO-1 expressions and significantly enhanced the viability of ARPE-19 cells under hyperglycemia. Moreover, CoPP significantly downregulated expressions of inflammatory and apoptotic markers and significantly upregulated mitochondrial respiration in APRPE-19 cells under hyperglycemia. CoPP treatment significantly enhanced cell viability in ARPE-19 cells under hyperglycemia. The treatment also downregulated the expressions of pro-inflammatory and upregulated mitochondrial respiration in the hyperglycemic cells.
Keywords: cobalt protoporphyrin; diabetic retinopathy; hyperglycemia; ARPE-19; mitochondria cobalt protoporphyrin; diabetic retinopathy; hyperglycemia; ARPE-19; mitochondria

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MDPI and ACS Style

Fang, P.-H.; Lin, T.-Y.; Huang, C.-C.; Lin, Y.-C.; Lai, C.-H.; Cheng, B. Cobalt Protoporphyrin Downregulates Hyperglycemia-Induced Inflammation and Enhances Mitochondrial Respiration in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants 2025, 14, 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14010092

AMA Style

Fang P-H, Lin T-Y, Huang C-C, Lin Y-C, Lai C-H, Cheng B. Cobalt Protoporphyrin Downregulates Hyperglycemia-Induced Inflammation and Enhances Mitochondrial Respiration in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants. 2025; 14(1):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14010092

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fang, Peng-Hsiang, Tzu-Yu Lin, Chiu-Chen Huang, Yung-Chang Lin, Cheng-Hung Lai, and Bill Cheng. 2025. "Cobalt Protoporphyrin Downregulates Hyperglycemia-Induced Inflammation and Enhances Mitochondrial Respiration in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells" Antioxidants 14, no. 1: 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14010092

APA Style

Fang, P.-H., Lin, T.-Y., Huang, C.-C., Lin, Y.-C., Lai, C.-H., & Cheng, B. (2025). Cobalt Protoporphyrin Downregulates Hyperglycemia-Induced Inflammation and Enhances Mitochondrial Respiration in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants, 14(1), 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14010092

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