The Relationship Between Mood, Competitive Anxiety, and Injuries: A Longitudinal Analysis in High-Performance Female Volleyball Players
Abstract
1. Introduction
- To describe the psychological profile of the sample in terms of mood states, pre-competitive anxiety levels, and injury occurrence.
- To analyze the evolution and variability of mood states and pre-competitive anxiety across 16 league matches, comparing injured and non-injured players.
- To explore the relationship between pre-competitive anxiety and mood, analyzing potential patterns of interaction between both constructs.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Instruments
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The psychological profile of high-performance female athletes aligns with the “iceberg profile”, characterized by high vigor and self-confidence and low levels of negative emotions and anxiety. This profile may serve as a protective factor against injury.
- Cognitive anxiety emerged as a specific vulnerability factor. Injured players displayed higher levels of this variable, supporting its role as a psychological risk indicator.
- Emotional instability over time was associated with injury occurrence. Injured players showed more fluctuating moods and anxiety profiles across the season, suggesting that emotional variability may impair regulation and increase injury risk.
- Interdependence between mood and anxiety was confirmed. Higher negative emotions were related to greater somatic anxiety, while higher self-confidence was associated with greater vigor and lower Total Mood Disturbance (TMD).
- Regular monitoring of emotional variables may serve a preventive function by enabling the early identification of psychological risk profiles.
6. Limitations and Future Directions
7. Practical Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
POMS | Profile of Mood States |
TMD | Total Mood Disturbance |
CSAI-2 | Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 |
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Match | Tension M (SD) | Depression M (SD) | Anger M (SD) | Vigor M (SD) | Fatigue M (SD) | TMD M (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 8.05 (3.70) | 3.68 (3.70) | 6.84 (4.54) | 8.95 (6.44) | 3.68 (3.67) | 13.32 (16.76) |
2 | 7.58 (4.74) | 4.63 (5.42) | 6.84 (5.69) | 10.32 (5.33) | 4.05 (4.30) | 12.79 (20.19) |
3 | 6.67 (3.76) | 3.11 (3.77) | 5.56 (3.94) | 9.44 (6.64) | 2.56 (3.07) | 8.44 (17.38) |
4 | 6.95 (3.95) | 4.47 (5.08) | 6.16 (5.22) | 10.84 (5.25) | 3.79 (4.16) | 10.53 (20.08) |
5 | 6.50 (3.74) | 2.94 (3.45) | 5.13 (4.72) | 9.81 (6.30) | 2.50 (3.48) | 7.25 (16.51) |
6 | 6.73 (3.75) | 2.67 (2.74) | 4.80 (3.51) | 9.67 (6.61) | 4.13 (4.90) | 8.67 (15.17) |
7 | 7.70 (4.77) | 4.00 (3.93) | 5.35 (3.39) | 9.35 (6.67) | 2.50 (2.80) | 10.20 (16.96) |
8 | 5.80 (3.83) | 1.65 (1.76) | 6.20 (5.46) | 13.05 (4.81) | 1.85 (1.93) | 2.45 (10.32) |
9 | 5.65 (4.36) | 1.60 (2.14) | 4.70 (2.25) | 11.95 (5.12) | 1.40 (2.06) | 1.40 (11.15) |
10 | 4.05 (3.64) | 1.24 (2.26) | 4.67 (3.94) | 12.76 (4.72) | 1.24 (1.89) | −1.57 (11.50) |
11 | 4.19 (2.89) | 1.67 (2.92) | 4.76 (3.62) | 12.05 (4.02) | 1.43 (1.99) | 7.26 (14.99) |
12 | 5.42 (3.52) | 1.53 (1.95) | 5.68 (5.27) | 14.26 (3.74) | 2.11 (2.90) | 0.47 (12.19) |
13 | 4.05 (3.29) | 1.37 (1.74) | 4.58 (3.78) | 12.47 (4.81) | 2.47 (3.34) | −2.74 (7.12) |
14 | 3.76 (2.49) | 0.76 (0.70) | 4.48 (2.89) | 12.33 (5.94) | 0.52 (1.21) | −4.33 (5.94) |
15 | 5.65 (2.78) | 1.50 (2.46) | 5.25 (3.65) | 12.75 (5.21) | 1.40 (1.73) | −1.95 (7.58) |
16 | 4.45 (3.24) | 1.00 (1.17) | 4.90 (4.24) | 12.80 (5.29) | 1.15 (1.50) | −1.30 (9.66) |
Match | Cognitive Anxiety M (SD) | Somatic Anxiety M (SD) | Self-Confidence M (SD) | CSAI Total M (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 17.12 (4.86) | 13.59 (2.60) | 28.18 (3.17) | 1.65 (7.99) |
2 | 16.41 (5.35) | 14.29 (4.25) | 28.71 (3.12) | 2.00 (7.92) |
3 | 14.68 (3.68) | 12.74 (2.02) | 28.42 (4.31) | −1.00 (6.49) |
4 | 16.88 (4.95) | 13.94 (4.25) | 24.94 (5.85) | 5.88 (8.85) |
5 | 17.44 (6.44) | 13.81 (3.95) | 27.19 (5.38) | 4.06 (9.13) |
6 | 6.73 (3.75) | 2.67 (2.74) | 4.80 (3.51) | 0.33 (7.57) |
7 | 17.38 (4.36) | 14.19 (3.95) | 26.31 (4.74) | 5.25 (6.91) |
8 | 14.95 (4.17) | 13.29 (4.06) | 27.62 (4.32) | 0.62 (7.85) |
9 | 14.29 (4.26) | 12.38 (3.22) | 26.48 (5.19) | 0.19 (7.12) |
10 | 14.48 (4.42) | 12.43 (3.06) | 26.43 (6.31) | 0.48 (7.88) |
11 | 12.95 (3.72) | 12.10 (2.99) | 28.10 (4.84) | −3.05 (6.29) |
12 | 13.37 (4.60) | 12.53 (3.06) | 28.58 (5.43) | 4.79 (33.92) |
13 | 12.32 (3.06) | 12.21 (2.86) | 26.74 (6.17) | −1.84 (7.19) |
14 | 15.35 (5.89) | 12.75 (2.95) | 25.80 (6.98) | 2.75 (10.79) |
15 | 16.85 (6.56) | 13.50 (3.22) | 25.55 (5.74) | 5.00 (10.20) |
16 | 15.30 (6.62) | 12.55 (3.32) | 25.40 (6.59) | 3.10 (9.96) |
Factor | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tension | 1.64 | 12.00 | 5.70 | 2.58 |
Depression | 0.00 | 7.50 | 2.25 | 2.10 |
Anger | 2.19 | 14.50 | 5.28 | 3.02 |
Vigor | 3.71 | 17.31 | 11.58 | 3.88 |
Fatigue | 0.00 | 7.13 | 2.17 | 2.05 |
TMD | −9.25 | 29.75 | 3.75 | 10.88 |
Factor | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cognitive Anxiety | 9.67 | 22.50 | 15.07 | 3.67 |
Somatic Anxiety | 10.00 | 21.25 | 12.91 | 2.62 |
Self-Confidence | 20.47 | 35.00 | 27.13 | 3.84 |
CSAI-2 Total | −9.33 | 11.93 | 0.85 | 6.25 |
Factors | Status | M | SD | Standard Error of the Mean | Z |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tension | Uninjured | 6.54 | 2.44 | 0.65 | −1.557 |
Injured | 4.02 | 2.08 | 0.79 | ||
Depression | Uninjured | 2.36 | 2.23 | 0.59 | −0.078 |
Injured | 2.03 | 1.95 | 0.74 | ||
Anger | Uninjured | 5.62 | 3.31 | 0.89 | −0.389 |
Injured | 4.62 | 2.40 | 0.91 | ||
Vigor | Uninjured | 12.53 | 3.19 | 0.85 | −0.778 |
Injured | 9.69 | 4.68 | 1.77 | ||
Fatigue | Uninjured | 2.22 | 1.98 | 0.53 | 0.000 |
Injured | 2.07 | 2.35 | 0.89 | ||
TMD | Uninjured | 4.04 | 10.55 | 2.82 | −0.389 |
Injured | 3.18 | 12.36 | 4.67 |
Factor | State | M | SD | Standard Error of the Mean | Z |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cognitive anxiety | Uninjured | 14.55 | 3.13 | 0.84 | −0.234 |
Injured | 16.10 | 4.67 | 1.76 | ||
Somatic anxiety | Uninjured | 13.63 | 2.88 | 0.77 | −1.635 |
Injured | 11.48 | 1.15 | 0.43 | ||
Self-confidence | Uninjured | 28.03 | 3.16 | 0.84 | −0.778 |
Injured | 25.32 | 4.68 | 1.77 | ||
CSAI-2 total | Uninjured | 0.14 | 5.83 | 1.56 | −0.078 |
Injured | 2.25 | 7.28 | 2.75 |
Factors | Status | M | SD | Standard Error of the Mean | Z |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tension CV | Uninjured | 0.49 | 0.27 | 0.07 | −1.401 |
Injured | 0.77 | 0.49 | 0.20 | ||
Depression CV | Uninjured | 1.48 | 1.22 | 0.32 | −0.044 |
Injured | 1.19 | 0.71 | 0.32 | ||
Anger CV | Uninjured | 0.44 | 0.26 | 0.07 | −0.934 |
Injured | 0.55 | 0.16 | 0.07 | ||
Vigor CV | Uninjured | 0.35 | 0.28 | 0.07 | −0.934 |
Injured | 0.47 | 0.30 | 0.12 | ||
Fatigue CV | Uninjured | 1.22 | 0.68 | 0.18 | −0.044 |
Injured | 1.26 | 0.91 | 0.41 | ||
TMD CV | Uninjured | −1.14 | 4.07 | 1.09 | −0.545 |
Injured | 0.28 | 1.01 | 0.41 |
Factors | Status | Mean | SD | Standard Error Mean | Z |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cognitive Anxiety CV | Uninjured | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.04 | −0.389 |
Injured | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.03 | ||
Somatic Anxiety CV | Uninjured | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.01 | −0.389 |
Injured | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.03 | ||
Self-Confidence CV | Uninjured | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.02 | −1.479 |
Injured | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.03 | ||
CSAI total CV | Uninjured | −1.17 | 4.16 | 1.07 | −1.012 |
Injured | 0.95 | 2.92 | 1.19 |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Tension | 1 | |||||||||
2. Depression | 0.71 *** | 1 | ||||||||
3. Anger | 0.86 *** | 0.69 *** | 1 | |||||||
4. Vigor | 0.09 | –0.46 * | 0.06 | 1 | ||||||
5. Fatigue | 0.72 *** | 0.94 *** | 0.75 *** | –0.44 * | 1 | |||||
6. TMD | 0.67 *** | 0.92 *** | 0.66 *** | –0.62 ** | 0.94 *** | 1 | ||||
7. Cognitive Anxiety | –0.17 | –0.18 | –0.17 | 0.05 | –0.13 | –0.13 | 1 | |||
8. Somatic Anxiety | 0.64 *** | 0.37 † | 0.52 * | 0.20 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.17 | 1 | ||
9. Self-Confidence | 0.23 | –0.31 | 0.15 | 0.84 *** | –0.31 | –0.48 * | –0.17 | 0.27 | 1 | |
10. CSAI-2 Total | 0.10 | 0.32 | 0.15 | –0.46 * | 0.40 | 0.48 * | 0.65 ** | 0.24 | –0.68 ** | 1 |
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Boladeras, A.; Gil-Caselles, L.; Moreno-Fernández, I.; Guillén-Cots, J.; Garcia-Naveira, A.; Ruiz-Barquín, R.; Olmedilla-Zafra, A. The Relationship Between Mood, Competitive Anxiety, and Injuries: A Longitudinal Analysis in High-Performance Female Volleyball Players. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 7585. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137585
Boladeras A, Gil-Caselles L, Moreno-Fernández I, Guillén-Cots J, Garcia-Naveira A, Ruiz-Barquín R, Olmedilla-Zafra A. The Relationship Between Mood, Competitive Anxiety, and Injuries: A Longitudinal Analysis in High-Performance Female Volleyball Players. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(13):7585. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137585
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoladeras, Ana, Laura Gil-Caselles, Isabel Moreno-Fernández, Joel Guillén-Cots, Alejo Garcia-Naveira, Roberto Ruiz-Barquín, and Aurelio Olmedilla-Zafra. 2025. "The Relationship Between Mood, Competitive Anxiety, and Injuries: A Longitudinal Analysis in High-Performance Female Volleyball Players" Applied Sciences 15, no. 13: 7585. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137585
APA StyleBoladeras, A., Gil-Caselles, L., Moreno-Fernández, I., Guillén-Cots, J., Garcia-Naveira, A., Ruiz-Barquín, R., & Olmedilla-Zafra, A. (2025). The Relationship Between Mood, Competitive Anxiety, and Injuries: A Longitudinal Analysis in High-Performance Female Volleyball Players. Applied Sciences, 15(13), 7585. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137585