No Post-Activation Performance Enhancement Following a Single Set of Plyometric or Flywheel Exercises in National Team Rugby Players
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Procedures
2.3.1. Tensiomyography Assessment
2.3.2. Vertical Jump
2.3.3. Thirty-Meter Sprint Performance
2.3.4. Zigzag Change-of-Direction Test
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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DJ 45 cm | Flywheel | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Athletes | CMJ (cm) | CV % | % Difference | CMJ (cm) | CV % | % Difference | ||||||||
Pre | Post 5 min | Post 10 min | Pre vs. Post 5 | Pre vs. Post 10 | Post 5 vs. Post 10 | Pre | Post 5 min | Post 10 min | Pre vs. Post 5 | Pre vs. Post 10 | Post 5 vs. Post 10 | |||
1 | 41.4 | 38.5 | 41.3 | 4.1 | −7.1 | −0.3 | 7.3 | 45.6 | 39.3 | 40.8 | 7.9 | −13.9 | −10.5 | 3.9 |
2 | 32.3 | 31.3 | 30.2 | 3.4 | −3.1 | −6.5 | −3.5 | 34.2 | 30.4 | 32.4 | 5.8 | −11.0 | −5.2 | 6.5 |
3 | 36.8 | 35.5 | 35.0 | 2.7 | −3.6 | −5.0 | −1.5 | 39.4 | 34.8 | 36.4 | 6.3 | −11.6 | −7.6 | 4.6 |
4 | 47.0 | 42.4 | 44.9 | 5.1 | −9.8 | −4.5 | 5.9 | 45.6 | 43.4 | 47.1 | 4.1 | −4.9 | 3.3 | 8.6 |
5 | 57.2 | 56.7 | 58.4 | 1.5 | −0.9 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 58.6 | 58.4 | 58.9 | 0.4 | −0.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
6 | 47.0 | 42.1 | 49.6 | 8.2 | −10.4 | 5.6 | 17.8 | 43.9 | 43.6 | 44.6 | 1.2 | −0.7 | 1.7 | 2.4 |
7 | 45.0 | 42.7 | 41.4 | 4.3 | −5.2 | −8.1 | −3.0 | 48.5 | 40.7 | 45.0 | 8.8 | −16.1 | −7.2 | 10.7 |
8 | 41.0 | 37.2 | 38.6 | 4.9 | −9.1 | −5.8 | 3.7 | 41.1 | 38.0 | 39.6 | 3.9 | −7.5 | −3.8 | 4.0 |
9 | 39.4 | 38.0 | 40.5 | 3.2 | −3.5 | 2.8 | 6.6 | 39.6 | 37.2 | 38.6 | 3.0 | −5.9 | −2.4 | 3.7 |
10 | 45.8 | 43.3 | 42.7 | 3.7 | −5.5 | −6.8 | −1.3 | 45.5 | 42.5 | 45.6 | 3.9 | −6.5 | 0.3 | 7.3 |
11 | 38.6 | 35.6 | 39.0 | 4.9 | −7.7 | 1.1 | 9.5 | 42.0 | 39.3 | 41.0 | 3.3 | −6.4 | −2.4 | 4.3 |
12 | 40.7 | 37.5 | 41.8 | 5.6 | −7.8 | 2.8 | 11.5 | 41.3 | 39.0 | 39.7 | 2.9 | −5.4 | −3.8 | 1.8 |
13 | 45.8 | 45.2 | 46.4 | 1.3 | −1.3 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 47.7 | 49.9 | 52.9 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 10.9 | 6.0 |
Mean | 42.9 | 40.5 | 42.3 | 4.1 | −5.8 | −1.6 | 4.5 | 44.1 | 41.3 | 43.3 | 4.4 | −6.6 | −2.0 | 5.0 |
SD | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 1.8 | 3.2 | 4.6 | 6.2 | 5.8 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 2.4 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 2.8 |
p-values | 0.339 | 0.806 | 0.476 | 0.278 | 0.759 | 0.435 | ||||||||
Effect size | 0.38 | 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.43 | 0.12 | 0.31 |
DJ 45 cm | Flywheel | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Athletes | 10 m (s) | CV % | % Difference | 10 m (s) | CV % | % Difference | ||||||||
Pre | Post 5 min | Post 10 min | Pre vs. Post 5 | Pre vs. Post 10 | Post 5 vs. Post 10 | Pre | Post 5 min | Post 10 min | Pre vs. Post 5 | Pre vs. Post 10 | Post 5 vs. Post 10 | |||
1 | 2.09 | 2.05 | 2.06 | 1.2 | −2.2 | −1.7 | 0.5 | 1.96 | 1.96 | 2.00 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 2.2 | 2.1 |
2 | 1.85 | 1.89 | 1.90 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 1.93 | 1.93 | 1.93 | 0.1 | −0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
3 | 2.04 | 2.20 | 2.02 | 4.9 | 8.1 | −1.0 | −8.5 | 2.01 | 2.03 | 2.08 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 3.5 | 2.5 |
4 | 1.93 | 1.98 | 1.86 | 3.1 | 2.6 | −3.6 | −6.1 | 1.94 | 1.94 | 1.88 | 1.6 | −0.2 | −2.9 | −2.7 |
5 | 1.91 | 1.85 | 1.83 | 2.1 | −2.9 | −3.9 | −1.0 | 1.88 | 1.81 | 1.81 | 2.2 | −3.8 | −3.6 | 0.3 |
6 | 1.86 | 1.74 | 1.79 | 3.4 | −6.6 | −3.8 | 3.0 | 1.80 | 1.78 | 1.79 | 0.4 | −0.8 | −0.5 | 0.3 |
7 | 1.95 | 1.95 | 1.89 | 1.8 | −0.2 | −3.2 | −3.0 | 1.80 | 1.74 | 1.75 | 1.7 | −3.3 | −2.5 | 0.8 |
8 | 1.93 | 1.96 | 1.91 | 1.2 | 1.2 | −1.1 | −2.4 | 1.87 | 1.93 | 1.95 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 4.2 | 1.0 |
9 | 1.89 | 1.86 | 1.86 | 0.8 | −1.4 | −1.2 | 0.2 | 1.99 | 1.80 | 1.90 | 4.9 | −9.4 | −4.7 | 5.2 |
10 | 1.78 | 1.85 | 1.82 | 1.8 | 3.7 | 2.2 | −1.4 | 1.84 | 1.85 | 1.81 | 1.1 | 0.9 | −1.3 | −2.2 |
11 | 1.90 | 1.91 | 1.96 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 1.98 | 2.00 | 1.94 | 1.7 | 1.0 | −2.4 | −3.3 |
12 | 1.89 | 1.90 | 1.91 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 1.90 | 1.91 | 1.88 | 0.8 | 0.5 | −1.1 | −1.6 |
13 | 1.80 | 1.84 | 1.83 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 1.8 | −0.6 | 1.80 | 1.80 | 1.91 | 3.5 | 0.3 | 6.3 | 5.9 |
Mean | 1.91 | 1.92 | 1.90 | 1.9 | 0.6 | −0.6 | −1.2 | 1.90 | 1.88 | 1.89 | 1.8 | −0.8 | −0.2 | 0.6 |
SD | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 1.2 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 2.8 |
p-values | 0.729 | 0.696 | 0.462 | 0.634 | 0.879 | 0.745 | ||||||||
Effect size | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.13 |
DJ 45 cm | Flywheel | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Athletes | 30 m (s) | CV % | % Difference | 30 m (s) | CV % | % Difference | ||||||||
Pre | Post 5 min | Post 10 min | Pre vs. Post 5 | Pre vs. Post 10 | Post 5 vs. Post 10 | Pre | Post 5 min | Post 10 min | Pre vs. Post 5 | Pre vs. Post 10 | Post 5 vs. Post 10 | |||
1 | 4.75 | 4.78 | 4.76 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.4 | −0.3 | 4.75 | 4.78 | 4.76 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 0.8 |
2 | 4.39 | 4.50 | 4.38 | 1.5 | 2.5 | −0.2 | −2.7 | 4.39 | 4.50 | 4.38 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 1.2 | −1.3 |
3 | 4.67 | 4.68 | 4.67 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | −0.3 | 4.67 | 4.68 | 4.67 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 0.6 |
4 | 4.34 | 4.48 | 4.36 | 1.8 | 3.3 | 0.5 | −2.8 | 4.34 | 4.48 | 4.36 | 1.1 | 1.2 | −1.0 | −2.2 |
5 | 4.48 | 4.37 | 4.29 | 2.1 | −2.5 | −4.2 | −1.7 | 4.48 | 4.37 | 4.29 | 1.5 | −2.0 | −2.8 | −0.8 |
6 | 4.31 | 4.18 | 4.23 | 1.5 | −2.9 | −1.8 | 1.2 | 4.31 | 4.18 | 4.23 | 2.8 | 0.2 | 5.0 | 4.8 |
7 | 4.36 | 4.51 | 4.33 | 2.1 | 3.3 | −0.7 | −3.9 | 4.36 | 4.51 | 4.33 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
8 | 4.45 | 4.50 | 4.46 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.3 | −0.8 | 4.45 | 4.50 | 4.46 | 2.1 | 4.0 | 3.6 | −0.4 |
9 | 4.36 | 4.42 | 4.35 | 0.9 | 1.5 | −0.1 | −1.6 | 4.36 | 4.42 | 4.35 | 2.1 | −3.9 | −1.0 | 3.0 |
10 | 4.21 | 4.26 | 4.33 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 4.21 | 4.26 | 4.33 | 0.3 | −0.4 | −0.6 | −0.1 |
11 | 4.45 | 4.52 | 4.64 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 4.2 | 2.5 | 4.45 | 4.52 | 4.64 | 1.2 | 1.5 | −0.7 | −2.2 |
12 | 4.38 | 4.54 | 4.51 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 2.9 | −0.7 | 4.38 | 4.54 | 4.51 | 1.4 | −2.0 | −2.6 | −0.6 |
13 | 4.23 | 4.27 | 4.26 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.7 | −0.4 | 4.23 | 4.27 | 4.26 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 1.6 |
Mean | 4.41 | 4.46 | 4.43 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.4 | −0.8 | 4.41 | 4.42 | 4.44 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 |
SD | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.0 |
p-values | 0.442 | 0.816 | 0.591 | 0.798 | 0.660 | 0.855 | ||||||||
Effect size | 0.30 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.07 |
DJ 45 cm | Flywheel | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Athletes | Zigzag (s) | CV % | % Difference | Zigzag (s) | CV % | % Difference | ||||||||
Pre | Post 5 min | Post 10 min | Pre vs. Post 5 | Pre vs. Post 10 | Post 5 vs. Post 10 | Pre | Post 5 min | Post 10 min | Pre vs. Post 5 | Pre vs. Post 10 | Post 5 vs. Post 10 | |||
1 | 6.42 | 6.64 | 6.27 | 2.9 | 3.5 | −2.2 | −5.5 | 6.42 | 6.64 | 6.27 | 1.1 | 1.9 | −0.1 | −2.0 |
2 | 6.23 | 6.35 | 5.99 | 3.0 | 1.8 | −3.9 | −5.7 | 6.23 | 6.35 | 5.99 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 1.2 | −1.7 |
3 | 6.00 | 6.06 | 6.02 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.3 | −0.7 | 6.00 | 6.06 | 6.02 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 0.4 |
4 | 5.99 | 6.08 | 5.99 | 0.8 | 1.4 | −0.1 | −1.5 | 5.99 | 6.08 | 5.99 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.5 |
5 | 6.04 | 6.01 | 5.83 | 1.9 | −0.4 | −3.5 | −3.1 | 6.04 | 6.01 | 5.83 | 1.6 | −2.6 | −2.7 | −0.1 |
6 | 5.79 | 5.68 | 5.69 | 1.1 | −2.0 | −1.7 | 0.3 | 5.79 | 5.68 | 5.69 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.8 | −0.2 |
7 | 5.80 | 5.79 | 5.71 | 0.8 | −0.1 | −1.4 | −1.4 | 5.80 | 5.79 | 5.71 | 2.2 | 3.9 | 0.0 | −3.7 |
8 | 5.93 | 6.06 | 5.90 | 1.5 | 2.3 | −0.4 | −2.7 | 5.93 | 6.06 | 5.90 | 2.0 | 2.8 | −1.1 | −3.8 |
9 | 6.04 | 6.21 | 6.10 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 1.1 | −1.8 | 6.04 | 6.21 | 6.10 | 0.6 | −1.0 | 0.1 | 1.1 |
10 | 5.82 | 5.89 | 5.80 | 0.8 | 1.2 | −0.4 | −1.5 | 5.82 | 5.89 | 5.80 | 0.8 | 0.7 | −0.9 | −1.5 |
11 | 5.80 | 5.86 | 5.78 | 0.7 | 1.0 | −0.3 | −1.3 | 5.80 | 5.86 | 5.78 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 2.9 | 1.7 |
12 | 6.08 | 6.05 | 6.23 | 1.6 | −0.5 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 6.08 | 6.05 | 6.23 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 2.9 | 2.3 |
13 | 6.47 | 6.17 | 6.28 | 2.4 | −4.6 | −2.8 | 1.9 | 6.47 | 6.17 | 6.28 | 1.8 | 0.4 | −2.9 | −3.2 |
Mean | 6.03 | 6.06 | 5.97 | 1.5 | 0.6 | −1.0 | −1.5 | 5.94 | 6.00 | 5.95 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.2 | −0.8 |
SD | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.0 |
p-values | 0.687 | 0.454 | 0.251 | 0.459 | 0.891 | 0.546 | ||||||||
Effect size | 0.16 | 0.30 | 0.45 | 0.29 | 0.05 | 0.24 |
DJ 45 cm | p-Values (ES) | Flywheel | p-Values (ES) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | ||||
BF | Tc (ms) | 17.3 ± 2.2 | 17.5 ± 2.4 | 0.797 (0.10) | 16.0 ± 1.7 | 16.5 ± 2.2 | 0.537 (0.24) |
Td (ms) | 20.9 ± 2.6 | 20.8 ± 3.4 | 0.951 (0.02) | 19.3 ± 2.5 | 19.4 ± 2.7 | 0.947 (0.03) | |
Dm (mm) | 2.34 ± 1.33 | 2.19 ± 1.09 | 0.731 (0.14) | 1.57 ± 0.92 | 1.72 ± 1.06 | 0.737 (0.13) | |
Vc (mm.ms−1) | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.642 (0.18) | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.756 (0.12) | |
RF | Tc (ms) | 22.8 ± 5.9 | 22.3 ± 4.6 | 0.827 (0.09) | 21.3 ± 6.0 | 21.6 ± 6.7 | 0.923 (0.04) |
Td (ms) | 22.5 ± 2.2 | 22.3 ± 2.5 | 0.839 (0.08) | 22.4 ± 3.2 | 21.7 ± 2.2 | 0.493 (0.28) | |
Dm (mm) | 4.87 ± 2.17 | 4.63 ± 2.15 | 0.771 (0.11) | 4.39 ± 1.97 | 4.57 ± 2.18 | 0.835 (0.09) | |
Vc (mm.ms−1) | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 0.759 (0.12) | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 0.790 (0.11) |
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Share and Cite
Loturco, I.; Pereira, L.A.; Zabaloy, S.; Mercer, V.P.; Moura, T.B.M.A.; Freitas, T.T.; Boullosa, D. No Post-Activation Performance Enhancement Following a Single Set of Plyometric or Flywheel Exercises in National Team Rugby Players. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 9786. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219786
Loturco I, Pereira LA, Zabaloy S, Mercer VP, Moura TBMA, Freitas TT, Boullosa D. No Post-Activation Performance Enhancement Following a Single Set of Plyometric or Flywheel Exercises in National Team Rugby Players. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(21):9786. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219786
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoturco, Irineu, Lucas A. Pereira, Santiago Zabaloy, Valter P. Mercer, Túlio B. M. A. Moura, Tomás T. Freitas, and Daniel Boullosa. 2024. "No Post-Activation Performance Enhancement Following a Single Set of Plyometric or Flywheel Exercises in National Team Rugby Players" Applied Sciences 14, no. 21: 9786. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219786
APA StyleLoturco, I., Pereira, L. A., Zabaloy, S., Mercer, V. P., Moura, T. B. M. A., Freitas, T. T., & Boullosa, D. (2024). No Post-Activation Performance Enhancement Following a Single Set of Plyometric or Flywheel Exercises in National Team Rugby Players. Applied Sciences, 14(21), 9786. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219786