Animals

19 pages, 3737 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heterozygosity-Rich Regions in Canine Genome: Can They Serve as Indicators of Balancing Selection?

by Adrián Halvoník, Nina Moravčíková, Luboš Vostrý, Hana Vostra-Vydrova, Gábor Mészáros, Eymen Demir, Monika Chalupková and Radovan Kasarda

Animals 2025, 15(4), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040612 - 19 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Compared to the negative effect of directional selection on genetic diversity, balancing selection acts oppositely and maintains variability across the genome. This study aims to articulate whether balancing selection leads to heterozygosity-rich region islands (HRRIs) forming in the canine genome by investigating 1000 [...] Read more.

Compared to the negative effect of directional selection on genetic diversity, balancing selection acts oppositely and maintains variability across the genome. This study aims to articulate whether balancing selection leads to heterozygosity-rich region islands (HRRIs) forming in the canine genome by investigating 1000 animals belonging to 50 dog breeds via 153,733 autosomal SNPs. A consecutive SNP-based approach was used to identify heterozygosity-rich regions (HRRs). Signals of balancing selection in the genome of studied breeds were then assessed with Tajima’s D statistics. A total of 72,062 HRRs with an average length of 324 kb were detected to be unevenly distributed across the genome. A total of 509 and 450 genomic regions were classified as HRRIs and balancing selection signals, respectively. Although the genome-wide distributions of HRRIs varied across breeds, several HRRIs were found in the same locations across multiple breeds. A total of 109 genomic regions were classified as both HRRIs and signals of balancing selection. Even though the genomic coordinates of HRRIs and balancing selection signals did not fully overlap across all genomic regions, balancing selection may play a significant role in maintaining diversity in regions associated with various cancer diseases, immune response, and bone, skin, and cartilage tissue development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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15 pages, 1653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships Between the Quantity and Quality of Pollen and the Quantity of Capped Brood in Apis mellifera carnica and Apis mellifera caucasica

by Krzysztof Młynek, Kalina Wnorowska and Grzegorz Pawluk

Animals 2025, 15(4), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040611 - 19 Feb 2025

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Abstract

An important aspect in improving the efficiency of apiary production is knowledge of factors stimulating the condition of colonies. In view of climate change, one important factor is bee behavior associated with meteorological conditions. Studying the effect of selected meteorological parameters on honeybee [...] Read more.

An important aspect in improving the efficiency of apiary production is knowledge of factors stimulating the condition of colonies. In view of climate change, one important factor is bee behavior associated with meteorological conditions. Studying the effect of selected meteorological parameters on honeybee colony development can help enhance management of the apiary economy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the connections between the quantity and quality of collected pollen and the quantity of capped brood, as an indicator of the rate of development against the background of weather condition indicators. We studied colonies of two relatively old subspecies: Apis mellifera carnica L. (CR) and Apis mellifera caucasica L. (CC) colonies. It was hypothesized that the quantity of pollen gathered is dependent on meteorological conditions, while the amount of capped brood depends on the quality and quantity of pollen. The study was carried out from April to July. Until May, both groups collected similar amounts of pollen. In the second part of the study, CC collected more pollen (averaging 32.3 g more). CR bees, however, exhibited greater development potential, with 6.32 g more capped brood on average (p ≤ 0.05). The greatest differences were noted in the spring period, which indicates faster development in CR colonies. The capped brood weight was positively correlated (0.391, p ≤ 0.05) with the amount of protein in the pollen. Trends in capped brood mass indicate that CR colonies were stronger during spring development. To some extent, this can be explained by the dependency of this behavior on meteorological conditions, specifically wind speed. In comparison to the CC subspecies (−0.600, p ≤ 0.05), CR bees were less sensitive to this factor, as indicated by the stronger correlation between pollen collection and wind strength (−0.642, p ≤ 0.05). The results indicate that some of the features of the subspecies we studied may have some potential in improving colony strength management in the context of changes related to the course of spring weather in eastern Poland. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human-Animal Interactions, Animal Behaviour and Emotion)

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19 pages, 5304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hepatotoxicity in Carp (Carassius auratus) Exposed to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS): Integrative Histopathology and Transcriptomics Analysis

by Lin Tang, Guijie Hao, Dongren Zhou, Yunpeng Fan, Zihao Wei, Dongsheng Li, Yafang Shen, Haoyu Fang, Feng Lin, Meirong Zhao and Haiqi Zhang

Animals 2025, 15(4), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040610 - 19 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) contamination poses a significant environmental threat due to its widespread distribution and persistence. However, the hepatotoxic effects of PFOS on key aquatic species, such as crucian carp, remain understudied. This study systematically investigated the hepatotoxicity and underlying molecular mechanisms associated [...] Read more.

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) contamination poses a significant environmental threat due to its widespread distribution and persistence. However, the hepatotoxic effects of PFOS on key aquatic species, such as crucian carp, remain understudied. This study systematically investigated the hepatotoxicity and underlying molecular mechanisms associated with PFOS exposure in crucian carp over a 21 day period. We determined a 96 h 50% lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of 23.17 mg/L. Histopathological and transcriptomic analyses confirmed PFOS-induced liver damage in the carp, characterized by venous congestion, nucleolar dissolution and cellular vacuolation. Transcriptomic profiling further identified 1036 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), involving critical pathways related to lipid and energy metabolism, immunity, and endocrine regulation. These pathways are integral to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Specifically, DEGs related to lipid metabolism showed significant changes, while those involved in energy metabolism indicated disrupted ATP production and mitochondrial function. Genes associated with immune response revealed an upregulation of pro-inflammatory markers, and hormone regulation genes highlighted alterations in endocrine signaling. Our findings emphasized that PFOS exhibits acute toxicity to crucian carp, potentially inducing hepatotoxicity by disrupting multiple physiological systems. This research provides a theoretical foundation for mitigating aquatic pollution and protecting eco-health, contributing to broader ecological and conservation biology discussions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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19 pages, 3310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Neural Network Connectivity and Modularity of Pigeon Nidopallium Caudolaterale During Target Detection

by Zhizhong Wang, Hu Wang, Juncai Zhu, Deyu Zhao, Rui Wang, Zhuangzhuang Ma, Shaoju Zeng and Jiangtao Wang

Animals 2025, 15(4), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040609 - 19 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Accurate target detection in natural environments is an important function of the visual systems of vertebrates and has a direct impact on animal survival and environmental adaptation. Existing studies have shown that the mammalian prefrontal cortex plays an important role in target detection. [...] Read more.

Accurate target detection in natural environments is an important function of the visual systems of vertebrates and has a direct impact on animal survival and environmental adaptation. Existing studies have shown that the mammalian prefrontal cortex plays an important role in target detection. However, target detection mechanisms in brain regions similar to other species, such as the avian nidopallium caudolaterale, have not been well studied. Here, we selected pigeons, known for their excellent target detection ability, as an animal model and studied the dynamic changes in the nidopallium caudolaterale neural network features while they performed a target detection task in a maze. The results showed that the average node degree increased significantly during the target detection process while modularity decreased significantly. This indicated that functional connectivity in pigeon brains was enhanced during the task execution, the frequency of brain interactions increased, and the neural network shifted from distributed processing to more efficient integrated processing. The decoding results based on the average node degree and modularity and the combination of both showed that the accuracy of target decoding corresponding to the combination of both was higher. Taken together, our results confirmed the important role of the above properties for encoding target information. We provided evidence to support the view that the NCL is critical for target detection tasks and that studying key features of its neural network provides a powerful tool for revealing the functional state of the brain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Birds)

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14 pages, 4098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Comparison and Selection of Reproductive and Growth-Related Traits in Qinchuan Cattle and Two Belgian Cattle Breeds

by Xiaopeng Li, Peng Niu, Xueyan Wang, Fei Huang, Jieru Wang, Huimin Qu, Chunmei Han and Qinghua Gao

Animals 2025, 15(4), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040608 - 19 Feb 2025

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Abstract

This study investigates the genetic structure of Belgian Red (BR), Belgian Red and White (BWR), and Qinchuan (QinC) cattle, with a focus on identifying genes associated with reproductive functions, growth, and development. A total of 270 Belgian cattle (91 BR and 179 BWR) [...] Read more.

This study investigates the genetic structure of Belgian Red (BR), Belgian Red and White (BWR), and Qinchuan (QinC) cattle, with a focus on identifying genes associated with reproductive functions, growth, and development. A total of 270 Belgian cattle (91 BR and 179 BWR) and 286 Qinchuan cattle were genotyped using the Illumina Bovine SNP 50K microarray. Data analysis was conducted using PLINK and Beagle 5.1 to estimate linkage disequilibrium (LD) and effective population size (Ne). Candidate SNP loci were identified by selecting the top 5% based on the weighted fixation index (Fst) and nucleotide diversity (θπ ratio), followed by gene annotation. The analysis revealed 160 candidate genes under selection between Qinchuan and Belgian Red cattle, and 98 candidate genes between Qinchuan and Belgian Red and White cattle. Key genes associated with reproductive functions, including NFKBIA, PTHLH, UGT2B10, TRPC4, and ALOX5AP, were identified. Additionally, genes involved in growth and muscle development were highlighted, particularly those influencing protein synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and collagen synthesis. These findings provide valuable molecular markers for enhancing reproductive efficiency, growth, and meat production through genetic selection and selective breeding strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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21 pages, 1125 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Through a Horse’s Eyes: Investigating Cognitive Bias and Responses to Humans in Equine-Assisted Interventions

by Céline Rochais, Emilie Akoka, Suzanne Amiot Girard, Marine Grandgeorge and Séverine Henry

Animals 2025, 15(4), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040607 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 322

Abstract

Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) have become increasingly popular, with horses being one of the most commonly used species. While the effects of equine-assisted interventions (EAIs) have been widely studied in humans, research focusing on animals involved in such work is limited. Understanding how animals [...] Read more.

Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) have become increasingly popular, with horses being one of the most commonly used species. While the effects of equine-assisted interventions (EAIs) have been widely studied in humans, research focusing on animals involved in such work is limited. Understanding how animals perceive their world is ethically important because their perception reflects the valence of their underlying mood. We investigated the cognitive judgement bias (pessimistic vs. optimistic) and perception of humans (negative vs. positive) in horses from three different facilities, divided into two groups: horses involved only in riding school lessons (RS, N = 14) and horses participating in both riding school and EAI lessons (EAI-RS, N = 16). We hypothesised that horses engaged in both types of work would be more negatively impacted than RS horses because the two activities may be demanding. No significant effects of work on pessimistic bias and negative perception of humans were found. However, a modulating effect was found in the interaction between work type and facility management. These findings highlight the impact of both the type of work and facility management on the cognition and underlying affective states of EAI-RS horses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Equids)

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1 pages, 125 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Domrazek, K.; Jurka, P. Application of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Techniques for Selected Companion Animals. Animals 2024, 14, 1578

by Kinga Domrazek and Piotr Jurka

Animals 2025, 15(4), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040606 - 19 Feb 2025

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Abstract

The authors would like to make the following corrections in the original publication [...] Full article

16 pages, 225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anthropomorphizing with Critical Reflexivity: The Danger and Potential of Anthropomorphizing in Equine-Facilitated Learning and Psychotherapy

by Kelsey Dayle John, Aviva L. Vincent, Leanne O. Nieforth and Jamie Schafroth

Animals 2025, 15(4), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040605 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 956

Abstract

This article used an intersectional feminist analytic framework to theorize the role of anthropomorphizing human–equine interactions in the HERD Institute’s modality for practitioners of Equine-facilitated learning and equine-facilitated psychotherapy (EFL/P). EFL/P is a traditionally human-centered activity which leverages anthropomorphizing equine behavior and emotions [...] Read more.

This article used an intersectional feminist analytic framework to theorize the role of anthropomorphizing human–equine interactions in the HERD Institute’s modality for practitioners of Equine-facilitated learning and equine-facilitated psychotherapy (EFL/P). EFL/P is a traditionally human-centered activity which leverages anthropomorphizing equine behavior and emotions to better understand human selves and dynamics by assigning human emotions to equids and human–equine interactions. Intersectional feminist theories were used to interpret 11 in-depth interviews with EFL/P practitioners. The data analysis identified anthropomorphizing behaviors which were used as the foundation for the creation of two vignettes. The vignettes present different ethical dilemmas of anthropomorphizing that may impact equine welfare in EFL/P explicitly discussed by interlocutors. One vignette examines interpreting and assigning human injustices within equine behavior (e.g., resource guarding) and the second engages with human interpretations of equine choice versus consent in an EFL/P session. The vignettes demonstrate how anthropomorphizing may be used to develop an understanding of human dynamics or equine welfare. The researchers suggest that the use of critical reflexivity when anthropomorphizing may increase attention toward equine welfare in EFL/P settings. As such, it may be beneficial to consider the development and refinement of EFL/P training/certification and continuing education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding the "Human Dimension" of Animal Health and Welfare)

12 pages, 779 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Stocking Density on Behavioural and Physiological Traits of Laying Hens

by Kamila Janicka, Kamil Drabik, Karolina Wengerska and Iwona Rozempolska-Rucińska

Animals 2025, 15(4), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040604 - 19 Feb 2025

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Abstract

This study analysed stocking density as a major stress factor for laying hens and assessed its impact on selected behavioural and physiological traits of the birds. The study population included 142 birds of the Green-legged Partridge breed (12 males and 132 females). The [...] Read more.

This study analysed stocking density as a major stress factor for laying hens and assessed its impact on selected behavioural and physiological traits of the birds. The study population included 142 birds of the Green-legged Partridge breed (12 males and 132 females). The birds were randomly assigned to three experimental groups of standard, low, and high stocking density, and a modified open-field test was conducted to assess their behavioural traits. The following blood parameters were analysed: corticosterone, cortisol, and testosterone. The behavioural test results demonstrated an impact of stocking density on laying hens’ behaviour. The birds kept at a low density exhibited the greatest diversity in behaviour as well as the most frequent and longest locomotion. There were no differences between the groups in terms of stress hormone results. All groups showed a significant decrease in testosterone levels compared to the control. This may suggest that, despite differences in stocking, the structure was established quickly, resulting in decreased competition and, consequently, a positive impact on the birds. When kept in lower-stocking-density groups with a stable structure, birds are less competitive; this stable structure improves their well-being to a greater extent than the stocking density. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Poultry Behaviour and Welfare)

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15 pages, 2854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of the Meishan Pig and Insights into Its Domestication Mechanisms

by Huipeng Du, Jianchao Hu, Zhiyan Zhang and Zhongzi Wu

Animals 2025, 15(4), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040603 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 241

Abstract

Pigs are essential agricultural animals, and among the various breeds, the Meishan pig, a native breed of China, is renowned for its high reproductive performance. This breed has been introduced to many countries to enhance local pig breeding programs. However, there have been [...] Read more.

Pigs are essential agricultural animals, and among the various breeds, the Meishan pig, a native breed of China, is renowned for its high reproductive performance. This breed has been introduced to many countries to enhance local pig breeding programs. However, there have been limited genomic and population genetics studies focusing on Meishan pigs. We created a chromosomal-level genomic assembly using high-depth PacBio sequencing and Illumina sequencing data collected from a Meishan pig. Additionally, we analyzed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from Chinese boars and Meishan pigs to identify domestication selection signals within the Meishan breed. The assembled genome of the Meishan pig (MSjxau) was found to be 2.45 Gb in size, with a scaffold length of 139.17 Mb. The quality value was 37.06, and the BUSCO score was 96.2%, indicating good completeness, continuity, and accuracy. We annotated transposable elements, segmental duplication, and genes in the MSjxau genome. By combining these data with 28 publicly available genomes, we provide a high-quality structural variants resource for pigs. Furthermore, we identified 716 selective sweep intervals between Chinese wild pigs and Meishan pigs, where the selected gene PGR may be linked to the high fertility observed in Meishan pigs. Our study offers valuable genomic and variation resources for pig breeding and identifies several genes associated with the domestication of the Meishan pig. This lays the groundwork for further investigation into the genetic mechanisms behind complex traits in pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomic Prediction in Livestock)

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11 pages, 832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Clinical Features of Intervertebral Disc Extrusions in English Cocker Spaniels, French Bulldogs and Dachshunds

by Jad Abouzeid, Nick Grapes, Sam Khan, Steven De Decker and Paul Freeman

Animals 2025, 15(4), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040602 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 272

Abstract

Intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) is a common neurological condition in veterinary medicine, with chondrodystrophic breeds being particularly susceptible. Studies have compared breed-related risks and clinical characteristics, but here, we investigate the disease in three common chondrodystrophic breeds, the English cocker spaniel, French bulldog [...] Read more.

Intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) is a common neurological condition in veterinary medicine, with chondrodystrophic breeds being particularly susceptible. Studies have compared breed-related risks and clinical characteristics, but here, we investigate the disease in three common chondrodystrophic breeds, the English cocker spaniel, French bulldog and dachshund, and aim to describe and compare the clinical features and anatomical distribution between them. We performed a multicentre retrospective observational study that included 465 dachshunds, 327 French bulldogs and 145 English cocker spaniels with an imaging confirmed diagnosis of IVDE. The mean age at presentation differed in all three breeds, with the French bulldog presenting youngest and English cocker spaniels presenting oldest. IVDE was most common in the thoracolumbar region in all three breeds, although French bulldogs showed the highest proportion of cervical IVDE, dachshunds the highest proportion of thoracolumbar IVDE, and English cocker spaniels the highest proportion of lumbosacral IVDE. The results of this study suggest a differing clinical presentation for IVDE between these three breeds with regard to both the age of onset and the anatomical region most likely to be affected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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Graphical abstract

17 pages, 5923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Microbiome and Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Altered Aggressive Behaviors in Broiler Chickens Showing Different Tonic Immobility

by Jiang Gao, Xiaoxian Cheng, Xuanfu Wu, Cunzhi Zou, Bin He and Wenqiang Ma

Animals 2025, 15(4), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040601 - 19 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Tonic immobility (TI) serves as an indicator of innate stress response recovery in poultry. Broilers with different TI phenotypes exhibit varying levels of aggressive behavior, which can significantly impact their welfare. However, the influences of TI phenotypes on broiler aggression remain largely unexplored. [...] Read more.

Tonic immobility (TI) serves as an indicator of innate stress response recovery in poultry. Broilers with different TI phenotypes exhibit varying levels of aggressive behavior, which can significantly impact their welfare. However, the influences of TI phenotypes on broiler aggression remain largely unexplored. In this study, broiler chickens were stratified into two distinct phenotypic groups based on the TI duration: short TI (STI) and long TI (LTI). The impacts of TI phenotypes on broiler aggression were investigated by analyzing cecal intestinal morphology, cecal bacteria, plasma metabolites, and corticosterone levels. Compared to LTI broilers, STI broilers showed significantly reduced plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels (p < 0.05) and a decreased frequency of aggressive behaviors, including dominant and subdominant types (p < 0.01). Histological analysis revealed that STI broilers have an increased duodenal villus height and villus-height-to-crypt-depth ratio (p < 0.01), a decreased jejunal crypt depth with an increased villus-height-to-crypt-depth ratio (p < 0.01), and a reduced ileal crypt depth and villus height (p < 0.01) compared to LTI broilers. 16S rDNA sequencing and Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LefSe) identified differential cecal bacterial abundance, notably in the genus cc115 belonging to Firmicutes. Specific microbiota in LTI broilers exhibited significant positive correlations with aggressive behavior and plasma corticosterone, while those in STI broilers showed significant negative correlations. Untargeted plasma metabolomics revealed 21 downregulated and 17 upregulated metabolites between TI phenotypes. Correlation analysis showed that the genus cc115 and 10 plasma metabolites were positively correlated with aggressive behavior, whereas 8 metabolites were negatively correlated. LTI broilers have higher plasma corticosterone content and more intense aggressive behavior than STI broilers. The distinct behavioral and physiological profiles observed in broilers with different TI phenotypes are strongly correlated with their specific gut microbiota and differential plasma metabolite profiles. The identified gut microbial signatures serve as key biomarkers for regulating aggressive behavior in broilers, while the differential plasma metabolites represent potential early indicators for detecting stress and behavioral issues in poultry farming. Full article

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12 pages, 244 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Not Just Corticosterone: Further Characterization of the Endocrine Response of Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) Reveals Elevated Plasma Aldosterone Concentrations During Field Capture Events

by Charles J. Innis, Katherine M. Graham, Cody R. Mott, Kristen M. Hart, David Roche, Michael S. Cherkiss and Elizabeth A. Burgess

Animals 2025, 15(4), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040600 - 19 Feb 2025

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Abstract

To develop safe and effective management policies, it is important to understand the physiologic effects of fishing interactions and scientific research methods on endangered marine species. In the present study, validated assays for plasma corticosterone, free thyroxine (fT4), and aldosterone were used to [...] Read more.

To develop safe and effective management policies, it is important to understand the physiologic effects of fishing interactions and scientific research methods on endangered marine species. In the present study, validated assays for plasma corticosterone, free thyroxine (fT4), and aldosterone were used to assess the endocrine status of 61 presumed healthy, wild Kemp’s ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) that were captured for separate ecological studies using two capture methods (trawl net n = 40; manual capture n = 21). Plasma hormone concentrations were also assessed in relation to eight clinical plasma biochemical analytes. Corticosterone and aldosterone concentrations were moderately high after capture, with significantly higher concentrations in turtles captured by trawl net vs. manual capture. Free thyroxine concentrations were within previously published ranges for healthy individuals of this species. Clinical biochemical data revealed moderately elevated potassium and lactate concentrations in many individuals, with significantly greater lactate concentrations in trawl-captured turtles. Aldosterone concentrations were positively correlated with corticosterone. The results of the present study indicate that Kemp’s ridley sea turtles have robust adrenocortical activity immediately after capture, resulting in high plasma concentrations of corticosterone and aldosterone. Researchers who use such methods to access sea turtles can consider these results in planning careful and efficient field studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

12 pages, 1972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Centrifuged Chicken Egg Yolk on the Cryopreservation of Boar Semen

by Fuqiang Chang, Biyu Zhang, Haidong Liu, Henglei Fan, Rui Xie, Jing Li, Qianqian Hu and Chongmei Ruan

Animals 2025, 15(4), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040599 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 284

Abstract

Egg yolk, commonly employed as a cryoprotectant in semen cryopreservation, contains large particle matter that can diminish semen quality post thaw and complicate its quality assessment. For this reason, we designed a centrifugal treatment of chicken egg yolk to evaluate its effect on [...] Read more.

Egg yolk, commonly employed as a cryoprotectant in semen cryopreservation, contains large particle matter that can diminish semen quality post thaw and complicate its quality assessment. For this reason, we designed a centrifugal treatment of chicken egg yolk to evaluate its effect on the cryopreservation of porcine semen. The control group (CG) was prepared with a dilution of chicken egg yolk by conventional mixing treatment, and the experimental group (EG) used a dilution of centrifugally treated chicken egg yolk for the ultra-low-temperature cryopreservation of porcine semen. The freezing process was carried out by conventional freezing methods. The spermatozoa were subsequently assessed for various parameters, including motility, acrosome integrity rate, plasma membrane integrity rate, antioxidant indexes, apoptosis rate, and the expression of apoptosis-related genes. The results showed that, post freeze–thawing, the motility, viability, VSL, and VCL of the spermatozoa in the EG were significantly higher than those observed in the CG (p < 0.05). Additionally, the acrosome integrity and plasma membrane integrity of the spermatozoa in the EG were significantly enhanced compared to the CG (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the EG exhibited significantly lower MDA content and sperm apoptosis rate (p < 0.05), while demonstrating significantly higher T-AOC and CAT levels (p < 0.05) relative to the CG. In comparison to the CG, the EG exhibited a significant reduction in the gene expression of TNF-a and Bax in the spermatozoa (p < 0.05), whereas the expression levels of CAT and Bcl-2 were significantly elevated (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the dilution solution formulated through the centrifugal processing of chicken egg yolk demonstrated efficacy in enhancing the quality of porcine spermatozoa following cryopreservation and subsequent thawing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

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19 pages, 1283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Performance, Ingestive Behavior, Nutrient Digestibility, Ruminal Fermentation Profile, Health Status, and Gene Expression of Does Fed a Phytochemical–Lactobacilli Blend in Late Pregnancy

by Amr A. Gabr, Fayek Farrag, Mohamed Ahmed, Yosra A. Soltan, Ahmed Ateya and Umar Mafindi

Animals 2025, 15(4), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040598 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 411

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of a phytochemical–Lactobacilli blend (PEL) on the performance and health of late-pregnant does. Thirty Zaraibi does (30.9 ± 0.37 kg body weight, 3–3.5 years old, 90 days pregnant) were randomly assigned to three experimental groups, ensuring equal distribution [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of a phytochemical–Lactobacilli blend (PEL) on the performance and health of late-pregnant does. Thirty Zaraibi does (30.9 ± 0.37 kg body weight, 3–3.5 years old, 90 days pregnant) were randomly assigned to three experimental groups, ensuring equal distribution based on body weight, parity, litter size, and previous lactation milk production. The does were fed either a control diet (no supplementation) or a PEL-supplemented diet (control diet plus 2 g or 4 g of PEL per day) for 60 days. PEL supplementation linearly improved (p < 0.05) feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal concentrations of acetic and propionic acids, while significantly reducing (p < 0.05) ruminal ammonia-N concentrations. PEL supplementation linearly reduced (p < 0.05) feeding and rumination times while increasing idling time. Blood hematological parameters improved (p < 0.05) with PEL supplementation. Serum protein, liver and kidney function indicators, lipid metabolism, cortisol, and thyroid hormone levels were significantly improved (p < 0.01) in a linear manner with PEL supplementation. Antioxidant status, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and immune response were enhanced both linearly and quadratically (p < 0.05) with PEL treatment. Gene expression analysis revealed a linear upregulation (p < 0.05) of growth, immune, and antioxidant-related genes with PEL supplementation. These findings suggest that supplementing pregnant does with 4 g of PEL per day can effectively enhance their performance, health, and metabolic status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Reproductive and Genomic Biotechnologies for Livestock Breeding and Selection)

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12 pages, 846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intra-Vaginal Bio-Stimulation and Clitoral Massage to Enhance Pregnancy Rates in Water Buffalo in Coastal Bangladesh

by Ashit Kumar Paul, Md. Fakruzzaman, Md. Ashadul Alam, Gautam Kumar Deb and M. A. M. Yahia Khandoker

Animals 2025, 15(4), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040597 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 620

Abstract

The study aimed to determine the effect of intra-vaginal bio-stimulation with a modified penis-like device (mPLD) or artificial penis and clitoral massage subsequent to artificial insemination (AI) to increase the pregnancy rate of water buffaloes. The AI was performed on 160 buffalo cows [...] Read more.

The study aimed to determine the effect of intra-vaginal bio-stimulation with a modified penis-like device (mPLD) or artificial penis and clitoral massage subsequent to artificial insemination (AI) to increase the pregnancy rate of water buffaloes. The AI was performed on 160 buffalo cows after observing their estrus sign. The buffalo cows were divided into four experimental groups (group A: only AI was conducted; group B: intra-vaginal bio-stimulation with a mPLD following AI; group C: massage of the clitoris after AI; group D: both the mPLD and the clitoral massage were used following AI). Each group consisted of 40 animals. Age, parity, body weight, reproductive health status, history of previous calving difficulties, and estrus detection method were recorded. The overall pregnancy rate was found to be 41.3%. The pregnancy rate in groups A, B, C, and D were 32.5, 42.2, 37.5 and 52.5%, respectively. It was determined that both the application of intra-vaginal bio-stimulation with a mPLD and massage of the clitoris following AI (group D) showed a significant effect on pregnancy rate than the control group (group A). It is concluded that the application of a mPLD in conjugation with massage of the clitoris enhances the pregnancy rate of buffalo cows in the coastal region of Bangladesh. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Buffalo Farming as a Tool for Sustainability)

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25 pages, 2143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Meta-Analysis of Dietary Tannins in Small Ruminant Diets: Effects on Growth Performance, Serum Metabolites, Antioxidant Status, Ruminal Fermentation, Meat Quality, and Fatty Acid Profile

by Asma Al Rharad, Soufiane El Aayadi, Claire Avril, Alassane Souradjou, Fafa Sow, Younouss Camara, Jean-Luc Hornick and Soumaya Boukrouh

Animals 2025, 15(4), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040596 - 19 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Tannins are secondary metabolites naturally present in various plants as a defense mechanism. In animal nutrition, they play a dual role, acting as both antinutritional factors and bioactive agents, with potential benefits in nutrient metabolism and product quality. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.

Tannins are secondary metabolites naturally present in various plants as a defense mechanism. In animal nutrition, they play a dual role, acting as both antinutritional factors and bioactive agents, with potential benefits in nutrient metabolism and product quality. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary tannin on nutrient intake and digestibility, blood serum metabolite levels, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality in small ruminants. Ninety-seven studies were included in this meta-analysis. The effects of tannins were analyzed using a random-effects model to determine the weighted mean difference between treatments with tannins and the control (without tannins). Publication bias and heterogeneity between studies were explored, and meta-regression and subgroup analyses were performed. The results indicated that tannin significantly increased the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen (N), fecal N, and meat fatty acids (FA), such as C18:2 ω6, C18:3 ω3, C20:4 ω6, C20:5 ω3, total ω3 and ω6 FA, and total polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). However, NH₃-N, urinary N, blood urea nitrogen, cold carcass weight, subcutaneous fat thickness, drip loss, and nutrient digestibility decreased. In conclusion, tannin in small ruminants did not affect animal productivity and antioxidative status, but mainly modified nitrogen metabolism and improved the fatty acid profile of meat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research in Sheep and Goats Reared for Meat)

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18 pages, 3863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Regulation of HIF1α and Oxygen-Sensing Factors in Cyclic Bovine Corpus Luteum and During LPS Challenge

by Luiz Antonio Berto Gomes, Olivia Eilers Smith, Heinrich Bollwein and Mariusz Pawel Kowalewski

Animals 2025, 15(4), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040595 - 19 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Understanding the corpus luteum (CL) and its role in cattle reproduction is crucial, particularly as it is a progesterone source for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Reduced oxygen levels significantly impact these processes. This study investigated the effects of the luteal stage [...] Read more.

Understanding the corpus luteum (CL) and its role in cattle reproduction is crucial, particularly as it is a progesterone source for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Reduced oxygen levels significantly impact these processes. This study investigated the effects of the luteal stage on the spatio-temporal gene expression patterns of HIF1α and oxygen-sensing factors, as well as the impact of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation on these factors. Endothelial inflammatory responses were also addressed. The samples included CL collected at the early, mid, and late stages, as well as biopsies from mid-luteal stage cows treated either with saline (controls) or LPS. Samples collected in subsequent cycles assessed potential carryover effects. RT-PCR revealed upregulation of HIF1α, PHD1, PHD3, FIH, and VHL encoding genes in the mid-luteal stage. In situ hybridization revealed the compartmentalization of HIF1α and its regulators within the luteal and endothelial cells, suggesting their cell-specific roles. LPS treatment affected PHD1 and PHD3 expression, while increasing endothelial pro-inflammatory factors ICAM1 and NFκB, suggesting vascular inflammation and modulated oxygen sensing. These findings reveal new insights into the spatio-temporal expression of HIF1α-regulating factors in the CL, highlighting their potential role in controlling luteal function, detailing their cellular compartmentalization, and the effects of LPS-mediated inflammatory responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Reproduction)

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12 pages, 659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Daily Gain, Feed Conversion, and Rumen Fermentation in Finishing Steers Fed a Total Mixed Ration Supplemented with a Blend of Essential Oils, Tannins, and Bioflavonoids or Monensin

by José Luis Repetto, Eliana Ciancio, Guillermo Castro, Alvaro Santana and Cecilia Cajarville

Animals 2025, 15(4), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040594 - 18 Feb 2025

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Abstract

This study investigated the effects of adding a blend of essential oils, tannins, bioflavonoids (ANAVRIN^®, VetosEurope, Lugano, Switzerland), monensin, and their combination on the daily gain, feed conversion, and rumen fermentation of finishing steers fed a total mixed ration (TMR). Thirty [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of adding a blend of essential oils, tannins, bioflavonoids (ANAVRIN^®, VetosEurope, Lugano, Switzerland), monensin, and their combination on the daily gain, feed conversion, and rumen fermentation of finishing steers fed a total mixed ration (TMR). Thirty finishing steers (441 kg body weight, 34.3 months old) consuming a TMR were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to three treatments according to the addition of (1) EOTB (ANAVRIN^® at 0.35 g/100 kg body weight), (2) MON (monensin at 0.033 g/kg dry matter), and (3) EOTB + MON (at the same dose as in (1) and (2). A 60-day feeding trial was conducted, including a 19-day adaptation period. Data collected included daily dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and rumen fermentation parameters (pH, NH₃-N, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations). EOTB resulted in higher DMI compared to EOTB + MON, while no significant differences were observed in ADG or FCR. The ruminal pH and NH₃-N concentrations were similar among treatments, but there were interactions among treatment × hour for VFAs. The EOTB + MON led to a more stable VFA concentration in rumen, suggesting possible complementary supplementation effects. However, more studies are needed to confirm this and to go deeper into the underlying mechanism of action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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20 pages, 13531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Study of Four Histone Genes Involved in the Spermatogenesis of Cynoglossus semilaevis

by Xuexue Sun, Zhijie Li, Lijun Wang, Haipeng Yan, Xihong Li, Na Wang, Zhongdian Dong and Wenteng Xu

Animals 2025, 15(4), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040593 - 18 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) is an important mariculture fish in China, and female individuals present a growth advantage. However, genetic females (ZW) can sex reverse to phenotypic males, designated pseudomales. The pseudomale shows abnormal spermatogenesis and produces only Z sperm. [...] Read more.

Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) is an important mariculture fish in China, and female individuals present a growth advantage. However, genetic females (ZW) can sex reverse to phenotypic males, designated pseudomales. The pseudomale shows abnormal spermatogenesis and produces only Z sperm. Histone is pivotal in spermatogenesis, and post-translational modification could regulate its function. A comparison of testis phosphorylated and ubiquitinated proteins revealed 8 and 12 differentially phosphorylated and ubiquitinated histones in the testes of male and pseudomale Chinese tongue soles, respectively, but there was no difference in the translation level of these proteins. We selected four histone genes, h1.1-like, h1.2-like, h3, and h3.3-like, for further analysis. The expression levels of the h1.1-like, h3, and h3.3-like genes reached their highest levels at 2 years post-hatching (yph), and the expression level of h1.2-like reached its highest level at 1.5 years post-hatching (1.5 yph), indicating that its role began during the late stage of gonadal development. Promoter activity verification revealed that the promoters of the h1.1-like, h1.2-like, h3, and h3.3-like genes were located approximately upstream 2000 bp and six histone-related transcription factor sites were predicted. YY1A, YY1B, C-JUN, and JUNB may have negative regulatory effects on h1.1-like, h1.2-like, h3, and h3.3-like; AR and ETS-2 may have positive regulatory effects on h3 and h3.3-like. The ISH results revealed that h1.1-like, h1.2-like, h3, and h3.3-like mRNAs were located mainly in the sperm cells in the testes and the oocytes at various stages in the ovaries. After siRNA knockdown, the expression of dmrt1 in testis cell lines and the expression of tesk1 and neurl3 in males was downregulated, suggesting that the h1.1-like, h1.2-like, h3, and h3.3-like genes may have a negative regulatory role in spermatogenesis. The regulatory role in female fish remains to be explored. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that histones have an important role in chromosome remodeling. These results provide a genetic basis for the molecular mechanism of gonadal development and spermatogenesis in Chinese tongue sole. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sex Determination and Differentiation in Aquatic Animals)

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23 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalent and Severe Conditions That Compromise the Welfare of Shelter Dogs: Opinions from the Taiwanese Experts

by Yu-Hsin Chen, Ching-I Chen, Chen-Yan Lin and Kendy Tzu-yun Teng

Animals 2025, 15(4), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040592 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 331

Abstract

The welfare of shelter dogs is a growing concern, particularly in regions like Taiwan, where public animal shelters (PASs) often face overcrowding. This study aimed to identify and prioritise welfare conditions (WCs) affecting shelter dogs in Taiwan’s PASs, offering insights into their impacts [...] Read more.

The welfare of shelter dogs is a growing concern, particularly in regions like Taiwan, where public animal shelters (PASs) often face overcrowding. This study aimed to identify and prioritise welfare conditions (WCs) affecting shelter dogs in Taiwan’s PASs, offering insights into their impacts on population and individual welfare. A modified Delphi approach engaged 14 experts to evaluate the prevalence, severity, and duration of 59 potential WCs using the Five Domains model. The welfare impact of each WC on individual dogs was assessed as the product of severity and duration, with WCs scoring a median of 3 or higher considered critical. Of the 59 identified WCs, 49 were deemed critical. The most prevalent WCs were “limited access to toys” (median = 4.00), “insufficient foraging opportunities” (median = 4.00), and “intermittent, excessive barking noise” (median = 4.00). The most impactful WCs for individual dogs were “depressive disorders” (median of the product of duration and severity scores = 16.00), “fear-related or anxiety disorders” (median = 15.00), and “limited space” (median = 15.00). The Physical Environment Domain and the Behavioural Interactions Domain were highlighted as having the most significant and prolonged negative effects on welfare. This study provides a comprehensive WC list for shelter dogs, guiding future welfare improvements and resource allocation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing Behavior and Welfare in Sheltered Animals: Research Progress and Challenges)

21 pages, 827 KiB

Open AccessReview

Photoperiod Management in Farm Animal Husbandry: A Review

by Chenyang Li, Hang Shu and Xianhong Gu

Animals 2025, 15(4), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040591 - 18 Feb 2025

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Abstract

This review aims to examine the effects of the photoperiod on farm animals and to provide insights into how lighting management can optimize production performance, reproduction, and welfare. The production performance of farm animals is influenced by a variety of factors, such as [...] Read more.

This review aims to examine the effects of the photoperiod on farm animals and to provide insights into how lighting management can optimize production performance, reproduction, and welfare. The production performance of farm animals is influenced by a variety of factors, such as diet, breed, and environment. Among these, lighting is a crucial component of the feeding environment. With the advancement of intensive farming, lighting measures are increasingly receiving attention. The photoperiod regulates the biological rhythms of animals and affects the secretion of hormones within the animal’s body, particularly melatonin. Melatonin regulates the secretion and release of several other hormones through various pathways, such as growth hormone, prolactin, and gonadotropins. Therefore, the environmental light cycle participates in a variety of physiological activities within animals. An appropriate photoperiod can enhance the production performance, reproduction performance, and welfare conditions of farm animals. Choosing the appropriate lighting duration based on different animals, physiological stages, and production purposes can enhance the economic benefits of farms. In this review, we summarized the recent findings on the impact of photoperiods in different farm animal feeding environments on animal husbandry, although research on the suitable photoperiod for some animals might be outdated and is also discussed in this article. For lactating dairy cows, calves, poultry, pigs (excluding boars), and rabbits, continuous light exposure exceeding 12 h per day can be implemented to enhance growth and production performance. In contrast, for boars and goats, daily light exposure should be limited to less than 10 h to optimize reproductive and productive efficiency. Overall, this review aimed to provide theoretical support for research on the optimal photoperiod for farm animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Livestock and Poultry Farming Technologies to Improve Comfort and Animal Welfare Levels)

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14 pages, 3501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Achieving Optimal Transfection Conditions in Chicken Primordial Germ Cells Under Feeder- and Serum-Free Medium

by Zhifeng Zhao, Xian Zou, Ying Zhu, Yanhua He, Endashaw Jebessa, Jiannan Zhang, Jian Ji, Peng Chen and Chenglong Luo

Animals 2025, 15(4), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040590 - 18 Feb 2025

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Abstract

The successful application of primordial germ cells (PGCs) is an ideal method for generating gene-edited birds. However, barriers to efficient DNA transfection in PGCs lead to low transfection efficiency, limiting the generation of genetically modified chickens. The current study utilized chemical transfection and [...] Read more.

The successful application of primordial germ cells (PGCs) is an ideal method for generating gene-edited birds. However, barriers to efficient DNA transfection in PGCs lead to low transfection efficiency, limiting the generation of genetically modified chickens. The current study utilized chemical transfection and electroporation methods to determine the optimal transfection conditions for the PGC line under feeder- and serum-free medium. Among the tested methods, the Lonza electroporation system exhibited the highest transduction efficiency, with a previously unreported rate of 71.13 ± 1.26%. Optimal transfection conditions were achieved using 4 µg of DNA and 100 µL of Entranster^TM-E in 1 × 10⁶ PGCs. Furthermore, the optimal electroporation conditions resulted in low cell death and normal expression of pluripotency-related genes, highlighting the low cytotoxicity. The resulting electroporation models were then used to deliver the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene to the Z chromosome with a Cas9-gRNA plasmid, achieving a 7-day insertion efficiency of 14.63 ± 1.07%. Our study highlights the vast potential of electroporation technology for the transfection of PGCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Reproductive Biotechnologies—Second Edition)

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25 pages, 363 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Exploring the Potential of Non-Cellular Orthobiologic Products in Regenerative Therapies for Stifle Joint Diseases in Companion Animals

by Maria Guerra-Gomes, Carla Ferreira-Baptista, Joana Barros, Sofia Alves-Pimenta, Pedro Gomes and Bruno Colaço

Animals 2025, 15(4), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040589 - 18 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Stifle joint diseases present a significant challenge in companion animals that often lead to hind limb lameness, with osteoarthritis being a prevalent degenerative condition causing pain and reduced mobility. Regenerative medicine offers a promising avenue for improving treatment outcomes, with a range of [...] Read more.

Stifle joint diseases present a significant challenge in companion animals that often lead to hind limb lameness, with osteoarthritis being a prevalent degenerative condition causing pain and reduced mobility. Regenerative medicine offers a promising avenue for improving treatment outcomes, with a range of emerging therapies showing potential to alleviate symptoms and promote joint health. Among these, hyaluronic acid and platelet-rich plasma have been widely used as intra-articular treatments to enhance joint lubrication, reduce inflammation, and provide symptomatic relief. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein, autologous conditioned serum, and autologous protein solution represent the next generation of regenerative therapies, offering more disease-modifying effects by inhibiting key mediators of joint inflammation. More recently, the MSC-derived secretome has emerged as an innovative, cell-free approach that leverages the diverse bioactive factors secreted by MSCs to support tissue repair and modulate inflammation. This review highlights the evidence base behind these non-cellular orthobiologic treatments for stifle joint disease, aiming to inform veterinary practitioners and owners about available options and their efficacy in supporting conventional treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

12 pages, 1029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Leishmania spp. in Small Non-Flying Mammals (Didelphimorphia and Rodentia) from Bahia, Northeast Brazil

by Graziela Baroni de Souza, Hllytchaikra Ferraz Fehlberg, Beatris Felipe Rosa, Cássia Matos Ribeiro, Anaiá da Paixão Sevá, Bianca Mendes Maciel, Martin Roberto Del Valle Alvarez, George Rêgo Albuquerque and Fabiana Lessa Silva

Animals 2025, 15(4), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040588 - 18 Feb 2025

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Abstract

This study aimed to identify Leishmania species in small non-flying mammals captured in semi-deciduous forest fragments of the Atlantic Forest and pastures in the Southwest region of Bahia state, Northeast Brazil. A total of 445 animals belonging to 11 different species were captured, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to identify Leishmania species in small non-flying mammals captured in semi-deciduous forest fragments of the Atlantic Forest and pastures in the Southwest region of Bahia state, Northeast Brazil. A total of 445 animals belonging to 11 different species were captured, the majority being rodents (75.7%; 337), followed by marsupials (24.2%; 108), and the most prevalent species were Cerradomys vivoi, Calomys expulsus, Necromys Lasiurus, and Marmosops incanus. Liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and lung fragments were collected for subsequent molecular diagnosis. Leishmania spp. kDNA amplification in positive samples was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Species identification of Leishmania was conducted through nested PCR, followed by sequencing. Leishmania spp. infection was detected in 2.92% (13/445) of the animals. Sequencing revealed that L. infantum infected three animals, while the species of the agent in the other animals could not be determined. The results indicate the presence of Leishmania spp. in the studied region, primarily affecting the local wildlife. These findings not only highlight the risk of transmission to domestic animals and humans in close contact with forest remnants, but also underscore the critical role of these fragments in supporting native fauna. However, it is worth noting that the continuous deforestation of these forest remnants could lead to increased contact between wildlife, domestic animals, and humans, thereby elevating the risk of transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mammals)

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28 pages, 1814 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Relevant Indicators of Consciousness After Head-Only Electrical Stunning in Rabbits, Stunning Efficiency, and Risk Factors in Commercial Conditions

by Alexandra Contreras-Jodar, Virginie Michel, Leonardo James Vinco, Aranzazu Varvaró-Porter and Antonio Velarde

Animals 2025, 15(4), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040587 - 18 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Currently, approximately 62 million rabbits are slaughtered annually in approved slaughterhouses across the European Union (EU) [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Stress and Welfare During Transport and Slaughtering: Second Edition)

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14 pages, 1376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Antimicrobial Use for Sepsis in Calves: Bayesian Evaluation of Existing and Novel Sepsis Scores

by Mathilde Laetitia Pas, Jade Bokma, Filip Boyen, Laurens Chantillon, Donatienne Castelain, Justine Clinquart, Stan Jourquin and Bart Pardon

Animals 2025, 15(4), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040586 - 18 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Early recognition and rapid appropriate antimicrobial treatment is essential for survival of sepsis. To date, it is unclear which sepsis score should be used for an early diagnosis in calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate two existing scores (Trefz and [...] Read more.

Early recognition and rapid appropriate antimicrobial treatment is essential for survival of sepsis. To date, it is unclear which sepsis score should be used for an early diagnosis in calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate two existing scores (Trefz and Fecteau), three novel calf sepsis screening models (CSS, CSS_A, CSS_B), and blood culture as diagnostic test for sepsis, using Bayesian latent class evaluation. A total of 131 sick calves were included in this study. Sepsis prevalence was 45%, 27%, 56%, 47%, and 55%, when using the Trefz score, Fecteau score, CSS, CSS_A, and CSS_B, respectively, and 22% had a relevant positive blood culture. The newly established models CSS (including ≥2 SIRS-criteria and abnormal mental state) and CSS_B (alternative model CSS for practice, substituting abnormal leukocyte count with mucosae) had the highest sensitivity, with 86% and 84%, respectively, and could be interesting screening tests for sepsis. Sensitivity of the existing Trefz and Fecteau score was 70% and 35–39%, respectively. The presented new sepsis scoring systems have potential as screening tests to identify calves at risk, after which a calf-side diagnostic test is advised to confirm the diagnosis. Its use might aid in the rationalization of antimicrobial use in critically ill calves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

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17 pages, 1993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crude Protein Degradation Kinetics of Selected Tropical Forages in Buffalo Using NorFor In Situ Standards

by Roshan Riaz, Rana Muhammad Bilal, Mahmood Ul Hassan, Massimo Todaro, Riccardo Gannuscio, Fatma Inal, Muhammad Naveed Ul Haque and Muhammad Naeem Tahir

Animals 2025, 15(4), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040585 - 18 Feb 2025

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Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the crude protein (CP) degradation kinetics and degradability (CPD) of cereal and legume fodder species grown at two geographically distant locations. Ten forage species, comprising six cereals (barley, maize, millet, oats, sorghum, and wheat) and four legumes (berseem, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the crude protein (CP) degradation kinetics and degradability (CPD) of cereal and legume fodder species grown at two geographically distant locations. Ten forage species, comprising six cereals (barley, maize, millet, oats, sorghum, and wheat) and four legumes (berseem, jantar, lucerne, and mustard), were evaluated to determine the effects of forage family, species, and location of growth on CP degradation fractions and effective CPD. The forage crops were cultivated under uniform agronomic practices at two distinct agro-ecological locations and were harvested at the booting stage (cereals) and 50% flowering stage (legumes). Dried and ground samples were incubated in the rumen of four Nili-Ravi buffalo fitted with rumen cannula. The incubation periods utilized in the experiment were 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h, and a 4 × 2 × 2 split-plot design was employed. The results showed that the CP degradation fractions and CPD were significantly affected by forage family, species, and location of growth. Wide variations in degradation kinetics and degradability existed among and within the cereal and legume fodders, with wheat and jantar ranked at the top. Legume forages had larger soluble fractions, smaller potentially degradable fractions, and rapid rates and extent of degradation of dietary proteins than cereal forages. The cooler climatic conditions at location 2 increased the rapidly degradable protein fraction and overall CPD, whereas the warmer climatic conditions enhanced the slowly degradable protein fractions, thereby reducing the overall protein degradability in tropical forages. It was quite evident that some fodder species, such as maize among the cereal fodders and mustard among the legume fodders, remained quite non-responsive to the effects of the climatic conditions. A moderately positive and linear relationship between the rate of degradation and CPD was established for cereals, whereas a strongly positive and quadratic relationship was established for legume fodders. In conclusion, forage species, family, and location of growth significantly affected the degradation fractions and degradability of tropical cereal and legume fodders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nutritional Manipulation of Rumen Fermentation)

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18 pages, 5657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility Evaluation of Dried Whole Egg Powder Application in Tadpole (Lithobates catesbeianus) Feed: Effects on Growth, Metamorphosis Rate, Lipid Metabolism and Intestinal Flora

by Quan Li, Chuang Shao, Yi Hu, Kaijian Chen and Junzhi Zhang

Animals 2025, 15(4), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040584 - 18 Feb 2025

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Abstract

At present, studies on tadpole nutrition and metabolism are scarce. This study aimed at comparing the influence of two protein sources, fishmeal (FM) and dried whole egg powder (DWEP), on tadpoles from the perspective of growth, the metamorphosis rate, lipid metabolism, antioxidant properties [...] Read more.

At present, studies on tadpole nutrition and metabolism are scarce. This study aimed at comparing the influence of two protein sources, fishmeal (FM) and dried whole egg powder (DWEP), on tadpoles from the perspective of growth, the metamorphosis rate, lipid metabolism, antioxidant properties and the intestinal flora. In this experiment, the control diet was set to contain no FM or DWEP. Based on the control diet, 5% and 10% FM or DWEP were included, respectively. The results of the experiment indicated that FM or DWEP inclusion significantly enhanced the growth performance and metamorphosis rate (p < 0.05); activated hepatic lipid metabolism, as manifested by enhanced LPL and HL activity; upregulated lipid metabolism-related gene expression (fasn, acc, acadl and cpt1α) (p < 0.05); and distinctly elevated the activity of SOD, CAT and GPX (p < 0.05), suggesting improved antioxidant capabilities (p < 0.05). Moreover, the inclusion of FM or DWEP elevated the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Actinomyces and reduced the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. Unexpectedly, no significant differences were observed between the FM and DWEP groups regarding the above detected indices. This indicates that using DWEP to replace FM is a viable option. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aquaculture Nutrition for Sustainable Health Management)

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19 pages, 8214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lactobacillus plantarum Alters Gut Microbiota and Metabolites Composition to Improve High Starch Metabolism in Megalobrama amblycephala

by Linjie Qian, Siyue Lu, Wenqiang Jiang, Qiaoqiao Mu, Yan Lin, Zhengyan Gu, Yeyang Wu, Xianping Ge and Linghong Miao

Animals 2025, 15(4), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040583 - 18 Feb 2025

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of adding Lactobacillus plantarum (LAB) to a high-starch diet on glucose and lipid metabolism, gut microbiota, and the composition of metabolites in Megalobrama amblycephala. This experiment was equipped with three isonitrogenous and [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of adding Lactobacillus plantarum (LAB) to a high-starch diet on glucose and lipid metabolism, gut microbiota, and the composition of metabolites in Megalobrama amblycephala. This experiment was equipped with three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic feeds as control group (LW), high starch group (HW), and high starch with LAB group (HP). A total of 180 experimental fish (13.5 ± 0.5 g) were randomly divided into three treatments, and three floating cages (1 m × 1 m × 1 m) were set up for each treatment. A total of 20 fish per net were kept in an outdoor pond for 8 weeks. The results showed that both the HW and HP groups had an altered structure and a reduced diversity of gut microbiota. LAB increased the abundance of Cetobacterium and the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidota and decreased PC (16:1/20:5) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid levels. LAB promoted the expression of genes related to the intestinal bile acid cycle (fxr, hmgcr, rxr, shp and hnf4α) and inhibited the expression of pparβ and g6pase (p < 0.05). LAB reduced the expression of genes related to transported cholesterol (lxr and ldlr) (p < 0.05) in the liver. In conclusion, LAB addition could regulate the gut microbiota disorders caused by high starch levels, promote cholesterol metabolism, produce bile acids, and reduce lipid deposition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application of Probiotics for Sustainable Aquaculture)

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