Diversity of Intestinal Bacterial Microbiota of Indigenous and Commercial Strains of Chickens Using 16S rDNA-Based Analysis
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval
2.2. Bird and Housing
2.3. Experimental Diets
2.4. Collection of Gastrointestinal Tract Contents
2.5. DNA Extraction
2.6. Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplicon Production and High-Throughput Sequencing
2.7. Sequencing Analysis
2.8. Bioinformatics and Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Microbial Composition of the Duodenum of Cobb 500 Broiler Chickens
3.2. Microbial Composition of the Jejunum of Cobb 500 Broiler Chickens
3.3. Microbial Composition of the Ileum of Cobb 500 Broiler Chickens
3.4. Microbial Composition of the Cecum of Cobb 500 Broiler Chickens
3.5. Differences of Microbial Communities among Samples from Different Intestinal Segments of Cobb 500 Broiler Chickens
3.6. Differences of Microbial Communities among Samples from Cobb 500 Broiler Chickens of Different Age Groups
3.7. The Taxonomic Composition Distribution of the Bacterial Community in Intestinal Segments of Cobb 500 Broiler Chickens
3.8. Microbial Composition of the Duodenum of Local Omani Chickens
3.9. Microbial Composition of the Jejunum of Local Omani Chickens
3.10. Microbial Composition of the Ileum of Local Omani Chickens
3.11. Microbial Composition of the Cecum of Local Omani Chickens
3.12. Differences Of Microbial Communities among Samples from Different Intestinal Segments of Local Omani Chicken
3.13. Differences of Microbial Communities among Samples from Local Omani Chickens of Different Age Groups
3.14. The Taxonomic Composition Distribution of the Bacterial Community in Intestinal Segments at the Class-Level of Local Omani Chickens
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phylum | Class | Abundance of Sequence (No. of Sequence [%]) Day: | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 5 | Day 15 | Day 25 | Day 35 | ||
Acidobacteria | Acidobacteriia | 1 (0.001) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.0045) | 0 (0) |
Blastocatellia | 4 (0.006) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Actinobacteria | Acidimicrobiia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Actinobacteria | 126 (0.184) | 409 (0.583) | 11,113 (16.77) | 344 (0.490) | |
Coriobacteriia | 2 (0.003) | 33 (0.047) | 175 (0.264) | 0 (0) | |
Rubrobacteria | 15 (0.022) | 3 (0.004) | 8 (0.012) | 0 (0) | |
Thermoleophilia | 7 (0.010) | 3 (0.004) | 2 (0.003) | 0 (0) | |
Armatimonadetesa Bacteroidetes | Fimbriimonadia | 0 (0) | 9 (0.013) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Bacteroidia | 0 (0) | 7 (0.010) | 10 (0.015) | 53 (0.0754) | |
Chitinophagia | 0 (0) | 14 (0.020) | 0 (0) | 737 (1.049) | |
Cytophagia | 0 (0) | 10 (0.014) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Flavobacteriia | 2 (0.003) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.003) | 85 (0.121) | |
Sphingobacteriia | 4 (0.006) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (0.006) | |
Chlamydiae | Chlamydiia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Chloroflexi | Chloroflexia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Thermomicrobia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Deinococcus-Thermus | Deinococci | 0 (0) | 13 (0.019) | 0 (0) | 10 (0.014) |
Firmicutes | Bacilli | 66,978 (98.01) | 66,606 (94.925) | 48,609 (73.34) | 59,836 (85.15) |
Clostridia | 602 (0.881) | 1181 (1.683) | 5524 (8.338) | 596 (0.848) | |
Erysipelotrichia | 18 (0.026) | 8 (0.011) | 385 (0.581) | 0 (0) | |
Negativicutes | 2 (0.003) | 0 | 10 (0.015) | 0 (0) | |
Tissierellia | 0 (0) | 26 (0.037) | 0 (0) | 71 (0.101) | |
Fusobacteriia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 141 (0.201) | |
Gemmatimonadetes | Gemmatimonadetes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Planctomycete | Planctomycetia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | 376 (0.550) | 934 (1.331) | 324 (0.489) | 373 (0.531) |
Betaproteobacteria | 38 (0.056) | 248 (0.353) | 29 (0.044) | 774 (1.101) | |
Deltaproteobacteria | 3 (0.004) | 37 (0.053) | 5 (0.008) | 15 (0.021) | |
Gammaproteobacteria | 160 (0.234) | 615 (0.876) | 54 (0.082) | 7232 (10.292) | |
Verrucomicrobi | Verrucomicrobiae | 0 (0) | 11 (0.0157) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Unclassified | Unclassified | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.002) | 0 (0) |
Total | 68,338 | 70,167 | 66,254 | 70,271 |
Phylum | Class | Abundance of Sequence (No. of Sequence [%]) at Day: | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 5 | Day 15 | Day 25 | Day 35 | ||
Acidobacteria | Acidobacteriia | 4 (0.0090) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.0056) | 0 (0) |
Blastocatellia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Actinobacteria | Acidimicrobiia | 0 (0) | 5 (0.0092) | 1 (0.0019) | 5 (0.0082) |
Actinobacteria | 672 (1.52) | 497 (0.917) | 2826 (5.31) | 33181 (54.89) | |
Coriobacteriia | 24 (0.054) | 14 (0.026) | 2 (0.0038) | 1 (0.0017) | |
Rubrobacteria | 105 (0.237) | 20 (0.0369) | 0 (0) | 110 (0.182) | |
Thermoleophilia | 22 (0.0498) | 18 (0.033) | 3 (0.0056) | 43 (0.071) | |
Armatimonadetesa | Fimbriimonadia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.0019) | 0 (0) |
Bacteroidetes | Bacteroidia | 9 (0.02034) | 32 (0.059) | 6 (0.0112) | 4 (0.0066) |
Chitinophagia | 5 (0.0113) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 12 (0.0199) | |
Cytophagia | 0 (0) | 21 (0.039) | 2 (0.0038) | 0 (0) | |
Flavobacteriia | 15 (0.034) | 17 (0.031) | 8 (0.015) | 1 (0.0017) | |
Sphingobacteriia | 0 (0) | 24 (0.044) | 5 (0.0094) | 0 (0) | |
Chlamydiae | Chlamydiia | 0 (0) | 4 (0.0073) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Chloroflexi | Chloroflexia | 4 (0.0090) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Thermomicrobia | 6 (0.0136) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 64 (0.106) | |
Deinococcus-Thermus | Deinococci | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.0019) | 302 (0.4996) |
Firmicutes | Bacilli | 39,274 (88.83) | 50,466 (93.09) | 49,512 (93.03) | 23,605 (39.05) |
Firmicutes | Clostridia | 2530 (5.72) | 787 (1.45) | 215 (0.404) | 2028 (3.35) |
Erysipelotrichia | 72 (0.162) | 11 (0.020) | 13 (0.024) | 7 (0.0116) | |
Negativicutes | 4 (0.0090) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 19 (0.0314) | |
Tissierellia | 27 (0.061) | 20 (0.0369) | 0 (0) | 188 (0.311) | |
Fusobacteriia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.00496) | |
Gemmatimonadetes | Gemmatimonadetes | 3 (0.0068) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (0.0067) |
Planctomycete | Planctomycetia | 3 (0.0068) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | 1067 (2.413) | 1351 (2.49) | 399 (0.75) | 449 (0.743) |
Betaproteobacteria | 59 (0.133) | 378 (0.697) | 29 (0.054) | 307 (0.508) | |
Deltaproteobacteria | 13 (0.029) | 41 (0.0756) | 0 (0) | 18 (0.0298) | |
Gammaproteobacteria | 292 (0.660) | 503 (0.928) | 196 (0.368) | 97 (0.160) | |
Verrucomicrobi | Verrucomicrobiae | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Unclassified | Unclassified | 1 (0.0023) | 3 (0.0055) | 0 (0) | 1(0.0017) |
Total | 44,211 | 54,212 | 53,222 | 60,449 |
Phylum | Class | Abundance of Sequence (No. of Sequence [%]) at Day: | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 5 | Day 15 | Day 25 | Day 35 | ||
Acidobacteria | Acidobacteriia | 1 (0.0017) | 2 (0.0042) | 6 (0.0125) | 1 (0.0022) |
Blastocatellia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Actinobacteria | Acidimicrobiia | 0 (0) | 3 (0.0063) | 10 (0.0208) | 0 (0) |
Actinobacteria | 306 (0.512) | 730 (1.542) | 5581 (11.62) | 5195 (11.414) | |
Coriobacteriia | 1 (0.0017) | 30 (0.063) | 4 (0.0083) | 2 (0.004) | |
Rubrobacteria | 7 (0.0117) | 17 (0.036) | 37 (0.077) | 5 (0.011) | |
Thermoleophilia | 0 (0) | 20 (0.042) | 35 (0.073) | 5 (0.011) | |
Armatimonadetesa | Fimbriimonadia | 0 (0) | 4 (0.0084) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Bacteroidetes | Bacteroidia | 2 (0.0033) | 18 (0.038) | 20 (0.042) | 4 (0.009) |
Chitinophagia | 0 (0) | 12 (0.025) | 3 (0.0062) | 2 (0.004) | |
Cytophagia | 0 (0) | 11 (0.023) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Flavobacteriia | 2 (0.0033) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Sphingobacteriia | 0 (0) | 1 (0.0021) | 3 (0.0062) | 0 (0) | |
Chlamydiae | Chlamydiia | 0 (0) | 1 (0.0021) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Chloroflexi | Chloroflexia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Thermomicrobia | 2 (0.0033) | 8 (0.017) | 5 (0.010) | 1 (0.002) | |
Deinococcus-Thermus | Deinococci | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 35 (0.077) |
Firmicutes | Bacilli | 58,731 (98.327) | 41,718 (88.13) | 20,643 (42.97) | 30,864 (67.81) |
Firmicutes | Clostridia | 481 (0.805) | 2806 (5.927) | 11,766 (24.49) | 8474 (18.62) |
Erysipelotrichia | 7 (0.0117) | 34 (0.072) | 84 (0.174) | 9 (0.020) | |
Negativicutes | 0 (0) | 3 (0.0063) | 4 (0.0083) | 5 (0.011) | |
Tissierellia | 5 (0.0084) | 4 (0.0084) | 49 (0.102) | 2 (0.004) | |
Fusobacteriia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Gemmatimonadetes | Gemmatimonadetes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Planctomycete | Planctomycetia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.0042) | 0 (0) |
Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | 113 (0.189) | 761 (1.608) | 2044 (4.25) | 400 (0.879) |
Betaproteobacteria | 7 (0.0117) | 137 (0.289) | 7401 (15.41) | 493 (1.083) | |
Deltaproteobacteria | 5 (0.0084) | 7 (0.015) | 10 (0.021) | 2 (0.004) | |
Gammaproteobacteria | 58 (0.097) | 1012 (2.138) | 331 (0.689) | 17 (0.037) | |
Verrucomicrobi | Verrucomicrobiae | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Unclassified | Unclassified | 2 (0.0033) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.0021) | 0 (0) |
Total | 59,730 | 47,339 | 48,039 | 45,516 |
Phylum | Class | Abundance of Sequence (No. of Sequence [%]) at Day: | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 5 | Day 15 | Day 25 | Day 35 | ||
Acidobacteria | Acidobacteriia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Blastocatellia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Actinobacteria | Acidimicrobiia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Actinobacteria | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (0.014) | 411 (0.818) | |
Coriobacteriia | 224 (0.0404) | 860 (1.448) | 238 (0.543) | 948 (1.89) | |
Rubrobacteria | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Thermoleophilia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Armatimonadetesa | Fimbriimonadia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Bacteroidetes | Bacteroidia | 107 (0.193) | 33 (0.056) | 1 (0.0023) | 71 (0.141) |
Chitinophagia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Cytophagia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Flavobacteriia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Sphingobacteriia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Chlamydiae | Chlamydiia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Chloroflexi | Chloroflexia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Thermomicrobia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Deinococcus-Thermus | Deinococci | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Firmicutes | Bacilli | 8839 (15.93) | 3351 (5.64) | 1302 (2.97) | 282 (0.561) |
Firmicutes | Clostridia | 44,734 (80.61) | 54,746 (92.19) | 40,049 (91.36) | 47,313 (94.19) |
Erysipelotrichia | 1575 (2.838) | 280 (0.472) | 2233 (5.09) | 1170 (2.33) | |
Negativicutes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 14 (0.028) | |
Tissierellia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Fusobacteriia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Gemmatimonadetes | Gemmatimonadetes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Planctomycete | Planctomycetia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | 1 (0.0018) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.0023) | 3 (0.0060) |
Betaproteobacteria | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.0020) | |
Deltaproteobacteria | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Gammaproteobacteria | 12 (0.032) | 0 (0) | 7 (0.016) | 16 (0.032) | |
Verrucomicrobi | Verrucomicrobiae | 0 (0) | 113 (0.191) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Unclassified | Unclassified | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Total | 55,492 | 59,383 | 43,837 | 50,229 |
Class | P-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duodenum– Jejunum | Duodenum– Ileum | Ileum– Jejunum | Caecum– Duodenum | Caecum– Ileum | Caecum– Jejunum | |
Acidimicrobiia | 0.025 | 0.146 | 0.862 | 0.180 | 0.039 | |
Acidobacteriia | 0.772 | 0.275 | 0.684 | 0.163 | 0.027 | 0.082 |
Actinobacteria | 0.683 | 0.957 | 0.536 | 0.300 | 0.034 | 0.258 |
Alphaproteobacteria | 0.193 | 0.628 | 0.918 | 0.002 | 0.038 | 0.003 |
Bacilli | 0.005 | 0.018 | 0.879 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Bacteroidia | 0.836 | 0.785 | 0.892 | 0.099 | 0.054 | 0.073 |
Betaproteobacteria | 0.825 | 0.513 | 0.370 | 0.096 | 0.284 | 0.020 |
Blastocatellia | 0.351 | 0.367 | 0.349 | |||
Chitinophagia | 0.345 | 0.363 | 0.954 | 0.304 | 0.084 | 0.168 |
Chlamydiia | 0.351 | 0.493 | 0.591 | 1.000 | 0.356 | |
Chloroflexia | 0.351 | 0.377 | 0.356 | |||
Clostridia | 0.804 | 0.143 | 0.080 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Coriobacteriia | 0.338 | 0.338 | 0.930 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.006 |
Cytophagia | 0.757 | 0.910 | 0.703 | 0.349 | 0.335 | 0.265 |
Deinococci | 0.537 | 0.841 | 0.482 | 0.059 | 0.335 | 0.334 |
Deltaproteobacteria | 0.854 | 0.241 | 0.164 | 0.027 | 0.003 | 0.026 |
Erysipelotrichia | 0.645 | 0.659 | 0.769 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.005 |
Fimbriimonadia | 0.599 | 0.765 | 0.569 | 0.349 | 0.335 | 1.000 |
Flavobacteriia | 0.769 | 0.306 | 0.014 | 0.290 | 0.505 | 0.006 |
Fusobacteriia | 0.498 | 0.367 | 0.250 | 0.349 | 0.259 | |
Gammaproteobacteria | 0.491 | 0.535 | 0.777 | 0.228 | 0.110 | 0.004 |
Gemmatimonadetes | 0.066 | 0.085 | 0.101 | |||
Negativicutes | 0.781 | 0.958 | 0.666 | 0.811 | 0.816 | 0.766 |
Planctomycetia | 0.124 | 0.243 | 1.000 | 0.505 | 0.259 | |
Rubrobacteria | 0.048 | 0.188 | 0.159 | 0.022 | 0.023 | 0.045 |
Sphingobacteriia | 0.582 | 0.688 | 0.341 | 0.042 | 0.152 | 0.199 |
Thermoleophilia | 0.023 | 0.124 | 0.689 | 0.015 | 0.049 | 0.015 |
Thermomicrobia | 0.237 | 0.010 | 0.513 | 0.008 | 0.283 | |
Tissierellia | 0.677 | 0.810 | 0.447 | 0.131 | 0.215 | 0.192 |
Verrucomicrobiae | 0.351 | 0.367 | 0.570 | 0.335 | 0.356 | |
Unclassified | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.782 | 0.204 | 0.005 | 0.019 |
Class | P-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 5–15 | Day 5–25 | Day 5–35 | Day 15–25 | Day 15–35 | Day 25–35 | |
Acidimicrobiia | 0.105 | 0.277 | 0.360 | 0.763 | 0.826 | 0.749 |
Acidobacteriia | 0.330 | 0.302 | 0.159 | 0.075 | 1.000 | 0.023 |
Actinobacteria | 0.654 | 0.055 | 0.223 | 0.069 | 0.220 | 0.716 |
Alphaproteobacteria | 0.438 | 0.602 | 0.780 | 0.955 | 0.121 | 0.637 |
Bacilli | 0.835 | 0.536 | 0.582 | 0.699 | 0.748 | 0.932 |
Bacteroidia | 0.766 | 0.522 | 0.907 | 0.099 | 0.729 | 0.171 |
Betaproteobacteria | 0.054 | 0.432 | 0.020 | 0.473 | 0.216 | 0.645 |
Blastocatellia | 0.333 | 0.339 | 0.360 | |||
Chitinophagia | 0.209 | 0.813 | 0.340 | 0.140 | 0.415 | 0.344 |
Chlamydiia | 0.191 | 0.201 | 0.141 | |||
Chloroflexia | 0.333 | 0.339 | 0.360 | |||
Clostridia | 0.887 | 0.910 | 0.854 | 0.956 | 0.938 | 0.957 |
Coriobacteriia | 0.578 | 0.664 | 0.681 | 0.685 | 0.919 | 0.732 |
Cytophagia | 0.023 | 0.241 | 0.024 | 0.021 | 0.249 | |
Deinococci | 0.333 | 0.491 | 0.235 | 0.431 | 0.257 | 0.201 |
Deltaproteobacteria | 0.152 | 0.765 | 0.693 | 0.124 | 0.318 | 0.490 |
Erysipelotrichia | 0.521 | 0.699 | 0.815 | 0.330 | 0.680 | 0.718 |
Fimbriimonadia | 0.125 | 0.491 | 0.174 | 0.095 | 0.499 | |
Flavobacteriia | 0.888 | 0.637 | 0.636 | 0.738 | 0.615 | 0.583 |
Fusobacteria | 0.317 | 0.335 | 0.321 | |||
Gammaproteobacteria | 0.068 | 0.865 | 0.531 | 0.101 | 0.682 | 0.510 |
Gemmatimonadetes | 0.119 | 0.250 | 0.783 | 0.373 | 0.370 | |
Negativicutes | 0.658 | 0.509 | 0.042 | 0.267 | 0.035 | 0.172 |
Planctomycetia | 0.119 | 1.000 | 0.250 | 0.234 | 0.249 | |
Rubrobacteria | 0.516 | 0.547 | 0.929 | 0.865 | 0.712 | 0.707 |
Sphingobacteriia | 0.507 | 0.576 | 0.940 | 0.613 | 0.550 | 0.692 |
Thermoleophilia | 0.754 | 0.782 | 0.746 | 0.950 | 0.860 | 0.903 |
Thermomicrobia | 0.956 | 0.750 | 0.557 | 0.787 | 0.518 | 0.511 |
Tissierellia | 0.714 | 0.733 | 0.191 | 0.937 | 0.225 | 0.243 |
Verrucomicrobiae | 0.287 | 0.288 | 0.277 | |||
Unclassified | 0.875 | 0.701 | 0.870 | 0.843 | 0.844 | 0.712 |
Phylum | Class | Abundance of Sequence (No. of Sequence [%]) at Day: | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 5 | Day 15 | Day 25 | Day 35 | ||
Acidobacteria | Acidobacteriia | 0 (0) | 6 (0.007) | 1 (0.001) | 0 (0) |
Blastocatellia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.003) | 0 (0) | |
Actinobacteria | Acidimicrobiia | 4 (0.004) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.001) | 0 (0) |
Actinobacteria | 363 (0.400) | 506 (0.548) | 550 (0.497) | 2360 (2.42) | |
Coriobacteriia | 5 (0.006) | 4 (0.004) | 33 (0.030) | 1 (0.001) | |
Rubrobacteria | 5 (0.006) | 3 (0.003) | 6 (0.005) | 8 (0.008) | |
Thermoleophilia | 1 (0.001) | 0 (0) | 8 (0.007) | 1 (0.001) | |
Armatimonadetes | Fimbriimonadia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (0.005) | 0 (0) |
Bacteroidetes | Bacteroidia | 115 (0.127) | 587 (0.636) | 334 (0.302) | 65 (0.067) |
Chitinophagia | 81 (0.089) | 30 (0.032) | 107 (0.097) | 25 (0.026) | |
Cytophagia | 10 (0.011) | 0 (0) | 17 (0.015) | 22 (0.022) | |
Flavobacteriia | 46 (0.051) | 11 (0.011) | 404 (0.365) | 74 (0.076) | |
Sphingobacteriia | 0 (0) | 6 (0.007) | 23 (0.020) | 0 (0) | |
Chlamydiae | Chlamydiia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.003) | 0 (0) |
Chloroflexi | Anaerolineae | 11 (0.012) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Ktedonobacteria | 0 (0) | 2 (0.002) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Thermomicrobia | 9 (0.010) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.001) | 3 (0.003) | |
Deinococcus-Thermus | Deinococci | 16 (0.018) | 61 (0.066) | 27 (0.024) | 38 (0.039) |
Firmicutes | Bacilli | 62,254 (68.52) | 80,193 (86.91) | 67,760 (61.19) | 90,628 (92.83) |
Clostridia | 23,473 (25.84) | 6131 (6.64) | 29,626 (26.75) | 871 (0.892) | |
Erysipelotrichia | 511 (0.562) | 87 (0.094) | 171 (0.154) | 15 (0.015) | |
Negativicutes | 13 (0.014) | 40 (0.043) | 15 (0.014) | 66 (0.068) | |
Tissierellia | 5 (0.006) | 3 (0.003) | 69 (0.062) | 48 (0.049) | |
Fusobacteria | Fusobacteriia | 0 (0) | 6 (0.007) | 43 (0.039) | 11 (0.011) |
Gemmatimonadetes | Gemmatimonadetes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 40 (0.036) | 0 (0) |
Planctomycetes | Planctomycetia | 3 (0.003) | 0 (0) | 15 (0.016) | 0 (0) |
Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | 1503 (1.65) | 1677 (1.82) | 1576 (1.42) | 1986 (2.03) |
Betaproteobacteria | 799 (0.879) | 818 (0.887) | 1576 (1.42) | 746 (0.764) | |
Deltaproteobacteria | 32 (0.053) | 76 (0.082) | 43 (0.039) | 66 (0.068) | |
Epsilonproteobacteria | 0 (0) | 1 (0.001) | 6 (0.005) | 0 (0) | |
Gammaproteobacteria | 1551 (1.71) | 1970 (2.14) | 8237 (7.44) | 550 (0.563) | |
Spirochaetes | Spirochaetia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.003) | 0 (0) |
Tenericutes | Mollicutes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 21 (0.019) | 0 (0) |
Verrucomicrobia | Opitutae | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.002) | 0 (0) |
Verrucomicrobiae | 10 (0.011) | 15 (0.016) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Unclassified | Unclassified | 33 (0.036) | 34 (0.037) | 14 (0.013) | 47 (0.048) |
Total | 90,853 | 92,267 | 11,0737 | 97,631 |
Phylum | Class | Abundance of Sequence (No. of Sequence [%]) at Day: | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 5 | Day 15 | Day 25 | Day 35 | ||
Acidobacteria | Acidobacteriia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Blastocatellia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Actinobacteria | Acidimicrobiia | 1 (0.001) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Actinobacteria | 3971 (5.25) | 412 (0.612) | 750 (0.890) | 4369 (5.42) | |
Coriobacteriia | 14 (0.019) | 5 (0.007) | 21 (0.025) | 13 (0.016) | |
Rubrobacteria | 12 (0.016) | 9 (0.013) | 7 (0.008) | 18 (0.022) | |
Thermoleophilia | 3 (0.004) | 10 (0.015) | 3 (0.004) | 8 (0.01) | |
Armatimonadetes | Fimbriimonadia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Bacteroidetes | Bacteroidia | 5 (0.007) | 212 (0.315) | 128 (0.152) | 77 (0.096) |
Chitinophagia | 1 (0.001) | 1 (0.001) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Cytophagia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Flavobacteriia | 2 (0.003) | 1 (0.001) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.001) | |
Sphingobacteriia | 3 (0.004) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Chlamydiae | Chlamydiia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Chloroflexi | Anaerolineae | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Ktedonobacteria | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Thermomicrobia | 22 (0.029) | 3 (0.004) | 1 (0.001) | 2 (0.002) | |
Deinococcus-Thermus | Deinococci | 4 (0.005) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.002) | 14 (0.017) |
Firmicutes | Bacilli | 67,339 (89.06) | 60,051 (89.16) | 80,018 (94.92) | 69,329 (86.09) |
Clostridia | 3393 (4.49) | 5796 (8.61) | 3081 (3.65) | 6210 (7.71) | |
Erysipelotrichia | 81 (0.107) | 98 (0.146) | 33 (0.039) | 50 (0.062) | |
Negativicutes | 5 (0.006) | 4 (0.006) | 9 (0.011) | 83 (0.103) | |
Tissierellia | 8 (0.010) | 3 (0.004) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.001) | |
Fusobacteria | Fusobacteriia | 0 (0) | 3 (0.004) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Gemmatimonadetes | Gemmatimonadetes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Planctomycetes | Planctomycetia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | 300 (0.397) | 247 (0.368) | 112 (0.133) | 91 (0.113) |
Betaproteobacteria | 48 (0.064) | 83 (0.123) | 29 (0.034) | 65 (0.081) | |
Deltaproteobacteria | 0 (0) | 12 (0.018) | 3 (0.004) | 4 (0.005) | |
Epsilonproteobacteria | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Gammaproteobacteria | 399 (0.528) | 398 (0.591) | 98 (0.116) | 123 (0.153) | |
Spirochaetes | Spirochaetia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Tenericutes | Mollicutes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Verrucomicrobia | Opitutae | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Verrucomicrobiae | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.001) | 74 (0.092) | |
Unclassified | Unclassified | 2 (0.003) | 1 (0.001) | 1 (0.001) | 1 (0.001) |
Total | 75,613 | 67,349 | 84,297 | 80,533 |
Phylum | Class | Abundance of Sequence (No. of Sequence [%]) at Day: | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 5 | Day 15 | Day 25 | Day 35 | ||
Acidobacteria | Acidobacteriia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Blastocatellia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Actinobacteria | Acidimicrobiia | 2 (0.003) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Actinobacteria | 948 (1.39) | 692 (0.831) | 509 (0.759) | 1754 (3.48) | |
Coriobacteriia | 17 (0.025) | 1 (0.001) | 21 (0.031) | 12 (0.024) | |
Rubrobacteria | 11 (0.016) | 2 (0.002) | 15 (0.022) | 5 (0.01) | |
Thermoleophilia | 12 (0.018) | 1 (0.001) | 10 (0.015) | 2 (0.004) | |
Armatimonadetes | Fimbriimonadia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.001) | 0 (0) |
Bacteroidetes | Bacteroidia | 17 (0.025) | 23 (0.028) | 231 (0.345) | 11 (0.022) |
Chitinophagia | 12 (0.018) | 0 (0) | 6 (0.009) | 1 (0.002) | |
Cytophagia | 8 (0.012) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Flavobacteriia | 2 (0.003) | 4 | 4 (0.006) | 3 (0.006) | |
Sphingobacteriia | 7 (0.010) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.003) | 1 (0.002) | |
Chlamydiae | Chlamydiia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Chloroflexi | Anaerolineae | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Ktedonobacteria | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Thermomicrobia | 13 (0.019) | 8 (0.010) | 5 (0.007) | 1 (0.002) | |
Deinococcus-Thermus | Deinococci | 1 (0.001) | 0 (0) | 4 (0.006) | 1 (0.002) |
Firmicutes | Bacilli | 58,866 (86.44) | 70,958 (85.19) | 47,702 (71.15) | 43,183 (85.68) |
Clostridia | 6286 (9.23) | 10,840 (13.01) | 17,497 (26.10) | 5187 (10.29) | |
Erysipelotrichia | 143 (0.210) | 56 (0.067) | 93 (0.139) | 26 (0.052) | |
Negativicutes | 11 (0.016) | 1 (0.001) | 15 (0.022) | 12 (0.024) | |
Tissierellia | 17 (0.025) | 2 (0.002) | 3 (0.004) | 0 (0) | |
Fusobacteria | Fusobacteriia | 0 (0) | 1 (0.001) | 5 (0.007) | 0 (0) |
Gemmatimonadetes | Gemmatimonadetes | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Planctomycetes | Planctomycetia | 0 (0) | 0 | 1 (0.001) | 0 (0) |
Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | 500 (0.734) | 217 (0.261) | 432 (0.644) | 110 (0.218) |
Betaproteobacteria | 180 (0.264) | 34 (0.041) | 120 (0.179) | 33 (0.065) | |
Deltaproteobacteria | 14 (0.020) | 1 (0.001) | 11 (0.016) | 2 (0.004) | |
Epsilonproteobacteria | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Gammaproteobacteria | 1032 (1.52) | 449 (0.539) | 355 (0.529) | 53 (0.105) | |
Spirochaetes | Spirochaetia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Tenericutes | Mollicutes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Verrucomicrobia | Opitutae | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Verrucomicrobiae | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.001) | 1 (0.002) | |
Unclassified | Unclassified | 2 (0.003) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.004) | 2 (0.004) |
Total | 68,101 | 83,290 | 67,046 | 50,400 |
Phylum | Class | Abundance of Sequence (No. of Sequence [%]) at Day: | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 5 | Day 15 | Day 25 | Day 35 | ||
Acidobacteria | Acidobacteriia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Blastocatellia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Actinobacteria | Acidimicrobiia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Actinobacteria | 13 (0.017) | 73 (0.125) | 1718 (2.75) | 142 (0.203) | |
Coriobacteriia | 59 (0.077) | 55 (0.094) | 151 (0.242) | 270 (0.386) | |
Rubrobacteria | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Thermoleophilia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Armatimonadetes | Fimbriimonadia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Bacteroidetes | Bacteroidia | 0 (0) | 916 (1.57) | 3573 (5.72) | 8685 (12.42) |
Chitinophagia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.001) | |
Cytophagia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Flavobacteriia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.001) | |
Sphingobacteriia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Chlamydiae | Chlamydiia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Chloroflexi | Anaerolineae | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Ktedonobacteria | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Thermomicrobia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Deinococcus-Thermus | Deinococci | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Firmicutes | Bacilli | 11,773 (15.45) | 306 (0.525) | 410 (0.656) | 518 (0.741) |
Clostridia | 60,256 (79.08) | 54,535 (93.48) | 53,433 (85.55) | 48,355 (69.14) | |
Erysipelotrichia | 1534 (2.01) | 1753 (3.00) | 1508 (2.42) | 780 (1.11) | |
Negativicutes | 0 (0) | 1 (0.002) | 9 (0.014) | 7102 (10.15) | |
Tissierellia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Fusobacteria | Fusobacteriia | 0 (0) | 6 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Gemmatimonadetes | Gemmatimonadetes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Planctomycetes | Planctomycetia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | 0 (0) | 1 (0.002) | 4 (0.006) | 25 (0.036) |
Betaproteobacteria | 1 (0.001) | 3 (0.005) | 4 (0.006) | 159 (0.227) | |
Deltaproteobacteria | 0 (0) | 1 (0.002) | 0 (0) | 107 (0.153) | |
Epsilonproteobacteria | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Gammaproteobacteria | 2564 (3.36) | 687 (1.18) | 1649 (2.64) | 2630 (3.76) | |
Spirochaetes | Spirochaetia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Tenericutes | Mollicutes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Verrucomicrobia | Opitutae | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Verrucomicrobiae | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1166 (1.67) | |
Unclassified | Unclassified | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Total | 76,200 | 58,337 | 62,459 | 69,941 |
Class | P-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duodenum– Jejunum | Duodenum– Ileum | Ileum– Jejunum | Caecum– Duodenum | Caecum– Ileum | Caecum– Jejunum | |
Acidimicrobiia | 0.497 | 0.654 | 1 | 0.212 | 1 | 0.509 |
Acidobacteriia | 0.238 | 0.258 | 0.249 | |||
Actinobacteria | 0.148 | 0.755 | 0.239 | 0.849 | 0.132 | 0.629 |
Alphaproteobacteria | 0 | 0 | 0.309 | 0 | 0.009 | 0.008 |
Anaerolineae | 0.347 | 0.345 | 0.359 | |||
Bacilli | 0.629 | 0.166 | 0.014 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.001 |
Bacteroidia | 0.306 | 0.140 | 0.554 | 0.099 | 0.054 | 0.073 |
Betaproteobacteria | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.501 | 0.002 | 0.887 | 0.591 |
Blastocatellia | 0.255 | 0.253 | 0.278 | |||
Chitinophagia | 0.004 | 0.010 | 0.138 | 0.006 | 1 | 0.122 |
Chlamydiia | 0.255 | 0.253 | 0.278 | |||
Clostridia | 0.149 | 0.684 | 0.071 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0 |
Coriobacteriia | 0.608 | 0.666 | 0.895 | 0.01 | 0.022 | 0.016 |
Cytophagia | 0.017 | 0.067 | 0.348 | 0.012 | 0369 | |
Deinococci | 0.010 | 0.007 | 0.278 | 0.005 | 0.113 | 0.061 |
Deltaproteobacteria | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.728 | 0.781 | 0.499 | 0.540 |
Epsilonproteobacteria | 0.197 | 0.223 | 0.225 | |||
Erysipelotrichia | 0.343 | 0.462 | 0.819 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.004 |
Fimbriimonadia | 0.347 | 0.567 | 1 | 0.359 | 1 | |
Flavobacteriia | 0.111 | 0.134 | 0.007 | 0.110 | 0.167 | 0.002 |
Fusobacteriia | 0.115 | 0.146 | 0.753 | 0.190 | 0.633 | 0.747 |
Gammaproteobacteria | 0.079 | 0.119 | 0.503 | 0.904 | 0.008 | 0.007 |
Gemmatimonadetes | 0.347 | 0.345 | 0.359 | |||
Ktedonobacteria | 0.503 | 0.502 | 0.519 | |||
Mollicutes | 0.347 | 0.345 | 0.359 | |||
Negativicutes | 0.863 | 0.092 | 0.519 | 0.507 | 0.416 | 0.442 |
Opitutae | 0.503 | 0.502 | 0.519 | |||
Planctomycetia | 0.169 | 0.242 | 1 | 0.168 | 1 | |
Rubrobacteria | 0.009 | 0.251 | 0.292 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.011 |
Sphingobacteriia | 0.225 | 0.586 | 0.398 | 0.140 | 0.259 | 0.102 |
Spirochaetia | 0.255 | 0.253 | 0.278 | |||
Thermoleophilia | 0.075 | 0.173 | 0.917 | 0.134 | 0.012 | 0.030 |
Thermomicrobia | 0.592 | 0.293 | 0.874 | 0.111 | 0.181 | 0.014 |
Tissierellia | 0.078 | 0.135 | 0.645 | 0.037 | 0.095 | 0.170 |
Verrucomicrobiae | 0.657 | 0.130 | 0.402 | 0.512 | 0.451 | 0.422 |
Unclassified | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.010 | 0.030 | 0.007 | 0.003 |
Class | P-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 5–15 | Day 5–25 | Day 5–35 | Day 15–25 | Day 15–35 | Day 25–35 | |
Acidimicrobiia | 0.028 | 0.064 | 0.034 | 1 | 1 | |
Acidobacteriia | 0.362 | 1 | 0.650 | 0.574 | 0.361 | 1 |
Actinobacteria | 0.439 | 0.782 | 0.230 | 0.041 | 0.254 | |
Alphaproteobacteria | 0.906 | 0.797 | 0.894 | 0.905 | 0.952 | 0.919 |
Anaerolineae | 0.362 | 0.351 | 0.365 | |||
Bacilli | 0.916 | 0.788 | 0.958 | 0.846 | 0.914 | 0.825 |
Bacteroidia | 0.081 | 0.287 | 0.346 | 0.713 | 0.580 | 0.745 |
Betaproteobacteria | 0.914 | 0.818 | 0.946 | 0.854 | 0.926 | 0.806 |
Blastocatellia | 0.251 | 0.252 | 0.252 | |||
Chitinophagia | 0.511 | 0.958 | 0.552 | 0.707 | 0.873 | 0.604 |
Chlamydiia | 0.251 | 0.252 | 0.252 | |||
Clostridia | 0.947 | 0.876 | 0.747 | 0.932 | 0.764 | 0.712 |
Coriobacteriia | 0.870 | 0.536 | 0.581 | 0.546 | 0.583 | 0.866 |
Cytophagia | 0.084 | 0.824 | 0.909 | 0.367 | 0.361 | 0.831 |
Deinococci | 0.579 | 0.821 | 0.561 | 0.800 | 0.880 | 0.667 |
Deltaproteobacteria | 0.589 | 0.944 | 0.232 | 0.779 | 0.593 | 0.276 |
Epsilonproteobacteria | 0.488 | 0.351 | 0.624 | 0.495 | 0.359 | |
Erysipelotrichia | 0.863 | 0.936 | 0.583 | 0.911 | 0.665 | 0.675 |
Fimbriimonadia | 0.199 | 0.170 | 0.199 | |||
Flavobacteriia | 0.518 | 0.561 | 0.757 | 0.487 | 0.547 | 0.600 |
Fusobacteriia | 0.005 | 0.250 | 0.365 | 0.758 | 0.595 | 0.552 |
Gammaproteobacteria | 0.470 | 0.715 | 0.686 | 0.547 | 0.934 | 0.590 |
Gemmatimonadetes | 0.351 | 0.367 | ||||
Ktedonobacteria | 0.238 | 0.223 | 0.245 | 0.359 | ||
Mollicutes | 0.351 | 0.367 | 0.359 | |||
Negativicutes | 0.682 | 0.142 | 0.326 | 0.950 | 0.339 | 0.342 |
Opitutae | 0.501 | 0.502 | 0.501 | |||
Planctomycetia | 0.250 | 0.574 | 0.250 | 0.286 | 0.292 | |
Rubrobacteria | 0.453 | 0.857 | 0.882 | 0.703 | 0.516 | 0.804 |
Sphingobacteriia | 0.618 | 0.717 | 0.183 | 0.653 | 0.599 | 0.325 |
Spirochaetia | 0.251 | 0.252 | 0.252 | |||
Thermoleophilia | 0.774 | 0.886 | 0.724 | 0.827 | 0.903 | 0.647 |
Thermomicrobia | 0.130 | 0.047 | 0.048 | 0.765 | 0.660 | 0.937 |
Tissierellia | 0.174 | 0.743 | 0.766 | 0.541 | 0.568 | 0.890 |
Verrucomicrobiae | 0.746 | 0.593 | 0.294 | 0.564 | 0.314 | 0.313 |
Unclassified | 0.730 | 0.877 | 0.782 | 0.833 | 0.720 | 0.944 |
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Al-Marzooqi, W.; Al-Maskari, Z.A.S.; Al-Kharousi, K.; Johnson, E.H.; El Tahir, Y. Diversity of Intestinal Bacterial Microbiota of Indigenous and Commercial Strains of Chickens Using 16S rDNA-Based Analysis. Animals 2020, 10, 391. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030391
Al-Marzooqi W, Al-Maskari ZAS, Al-Kharousi K, Johnson EH, El Tahir Y. Diversity of Intestinal Bacterial Microbiota of Indigenous and Commercial Strains of Chickens Using 16S rDNA-Based Analysis. Animals. 2020; 10(3):391. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030391
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Marzooqi, Waleed, Zeyana A.S. Al-Maskari, Kaadhia Al-Kharousi, Eugene H. Johnson, and Yasmin El Tahir. 2020. "Diversity of Intestinal Bacterial Microbiota of Indigenous and Commercial Strains of Chickens Using 16S rDNA-Based Analysis" Animals 10, no. 3: 391. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030391
APA StyleAl-Marzooqi, W., Al-Maskari, Z. A. S., Al-Kharousi, K., Johnson, E. H., & El Tahir, Y. (2020). Diversity of Intestinal Bacterial Microbiota of Indigenous and Commercial Strains of Chickens Using 16S rDNA-Based Analysis. Animals, 10(3), 391. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030391