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Sports, Volume 12, Issue 11 (November 2024) – 29 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Muscle strength, power and speed are critical success factors in modern day soccer. With congested match calendars, combined types of strength and speed training might be more efficient than single-mode training regimes. This study revealed that eight weeks of equal volume combined strength and speed training was more effective for improving physical fitness than single-mode strength or speed training in highly trained soccer players, which is why we recommend applying the combined training type if the goal is to enhance physical fitness in male soccer players. View this paper
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11 pages, 622 KiB  
Article
Predictors of Risk of Muscle Injury in Non-Professional Soccer Players: An Ambispective Cohort Study
by Ismael Iraqui-Rato and Rubén Cuesta-Barriuso
Sports 2024, 12(11), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110314 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 463
Abstract
(1) Background: Soccer accounts for 30% of all sports injuries. Muscle injuries in soccer, not caused by trauma or contact, are the most common. The objective was to assess the risk of injury based on the footwear used by soccer players and the [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Soccer accounts for 30% of all sports injuries. Muscle injuries in soccer, not caused by trauma or contact, are the most common. The objective was to assess the risk of injury based on the footwear used by soccer players and the playing field and to identify the best predictive model of muscle injuries; (2) Methods: An ambispective cohort study. The primary variable was the number of muscle injuries in the last three seasons. The secondary variables were age, body mass index, type of soccer shoes and turf, training load and position on the field. The possible confounding variables were motivation for the choice of footwear, date of injuries, time playing and regular first-team player status; (3) Results: 156 players were recruited. The risk of injury is 1.03 (95% CI: 0.83; 1.27) times more frequent in players competing on artificial turf. The risk of injury is slightly higher in first-team players than in substitutes (RR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.79; 1.32). There was no statistically significant relationship between the position on the field (p = 0.91), the type of shoe (p = 0.69) and the motivation to buy the shoes (p = 0.82), regarding the risk of muscle injury in these athletes. The best model to estimate risk of injury includes age, training load and soccer shoe type as confounding variables (AIC = 190.5; p = 0.10; χ2(3) = 10.14; p = 0.02); (4) Conclusions: The risk of muscle injury is higher in non-professional soccer players competing on artificial pitches and in those who are regular starters on their teams. Field position, soccer shoe and motivation to purchase the soccer shoe are variables that do not increase the risk of muscle injury in these athletes. The best predictive model of injury includes age, training load and shoe type. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Research on Physical Fitness Profile in Soccer Players)
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10 pages, 445 KiB  
Article
Beyond Borders and Genders: Unveiling Cultural Influences on Badminton Motivation Among Older Adult Players in Taiwan and the United States
by Wei-Chieh Liao, Yun-Dih Chia-Smith, David Cabello-Manrique, Chia-Min Wang and Li-An Liao
Sports 2024, 12(11), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110313 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 493
Abstract
This study explores and compares the motivations behind badminton participation among older adult players from Taiwan and the United States (U.S.), with a specific focus on cultural and gender differences. A total of 139 participants aged 60 and above took part in the [...] Read more.
This study explores and compares the motivations behind badminton participation among older adult players from Taiwan and the United States (U.S.), with a specific focus on cultural and gender differences. A total of 139 participants aged 60 and above took part in the study, with 55 from the United States (24 females, 31 males) and 84 from Taiwan (39 females, 45 males). Utilizing the Exercise Motivations Inventory-2 (EMI-2), this research examines differences in motivations across cultural and gender lines, identifying key factors such as health-related motivations, personal achievement, social interactions, and competition. The results reveal that Taiwanese players are more motivated by health benefits and stress reduction, while U.S. players emphasize personal achievement and recognition. Additionally, gender-specific motivations emerged, with female players from both countries placing greater importance on social interactions compared to their male counterparts. These findings underscore the need for culturally and gender-sensitive approaches to promote sports participation among older adults in diverse settings. Full article
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25 pages, 947 KiB  
Systematic Review
Effects of Tissue Flossing on Athletic Performance Measures: A Systematic Review
by Scott W. Cheatham, Justin Nadeau, William Jackson and Russell Baker
Sports 2024, 12(11), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110312 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1120
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of tissue flossing on athletic performance measures. A secondary aim was to explore the efficacy of tissue flossing when applied to a joint or soft tissue (i.e., muscle belly) on athletic performance [...] Read more.
The primary aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of tissue flossing on athletic performance measures. A secondary aim was to explore the efficacy of tissue flossing when applied to a joint or soft tissue (i.e., muscle belly) on athletic performance measures. An article search was completed in the PubMed/MEDLINE, EBSCO, SCOPUS, and OneSearch electronic databases up to May 2024. Studies were included if they used tissue flossing as a primary intervention among healthy participants and used one or more athletic performance measures as an outcome. Exclusion criteria included studies that did not investigate tissue flossing on athletic performance measures among healthy participants, studies that used tissue flossing for blood flow restriction training, case studies, narrative reviews, dissertations, conference proceedings, and papers written in a language other than English. Eighteen articles and 559 total participants were included in the final analysis. Study quality was assessed by two independent reviewers using the Downs and Black Checklist and the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. The major findings suggest that a single tissue flossing treatment ranging from 2 to 10 min that includes active single joint or active closed chain exercises may enhance post-intervention muscle strength, jump performance, and balance up to 45 to 60 min post-intervention. Tissue flossing to a joint or soft tissue both produced mixed results among studies, a definitive answer on which technique is superior cannot be determined at this time. Further direct comparison studies are needed for these two techniques. Full article
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10 pages, 370 KiB  
Systematic Review
Injuries in Female Futsal Players: A Systematic Review
by Luis Miguel Fernández-Galván, Carlos Hernández Santana, Carlos López-Nuevo and Jorge Sánchez-Infante
Sports 2024, 12(11), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110311 - 17 Nov 2024
Viewed by 608
Abstract
Background: Injuries represent one of the most challenging scenarios for both athletes and teams. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the incidence and epidemiological data of injuries in female futsal players. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, [...] Read more.
Background: Injuries represent one of the most challenging scenarios for both athletes and teams. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the incidence and epidemiological data of injuries in female futsal players. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, SportDiscus, and Web of Science databases, and subsequently, nine studies were selected. Results: The most frequently damaged area is the ankle (28.15%), followed by the thigh (19.99%), knee (18.41%), and groin (17.26%), according to an analysis of nine studies, seven of which included data on professional futsal players and four of which included amateurs. Elite (28.62%) and amateur futsal players (27.06%) experience ankle injuries almost equally, whereas amateurs suffer thigh injuries (29.41%) far more often than elite athletes (13.71%). The most common injuries are strains (27.05%) and sprains (40.6%), with amateurs suffering from sprains more frequently (51%) than elite athletes (36.44%) and elite athletes suffering from strains more frequently (29.4%) than amateurs (20%). Conclusions: Ankle injuries are the most prevalent in female futsal players, with amateurs particularly prone to sprains. Based on these results, professionals in this field may identify injury patterns that could guide future prevention efforts specifically tailored to female futsal players. Full article
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14 pages, 1478 KiB  
Article
Stress-Related Hormonal and Psychological Changes to Simulated and Official Judo Black Belt Examination in Older Tori and Adult Uke: An Exploratory Observational Study
by Simone Ciaccioni, Francesca Martusciello, Andrea Di Credico, Flavia Guidotti, Daniele Conte, Federico Palumbo, Laura Capranica and Angela Di Baldassarre
Sports 2024, 12(11), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110310 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 518
Abstract
This study investigated the psycho-physiological impact of a black belt examination. Older brown-belt judoka (Tori, F = 2, M = 4; age = 75.6 ± 4.5 yrs) and their 2nd–5th Dan black-belt coaches (Uke; M = 6; age = 36.5 ± 10.8 yr) [...] Read more.
This study investigated the psycho-physiological impact of a black belt examination. Older brown-belt judoka (Tori, F = 2, M = 4; age = 75.6 ± 4.5 yrs) and their 2nd–5th Dan black-belt coaches (Uke; M = 6; age = 36.5 ± 10.8 yr) were evaluated during a simulated and official examination and a resting day. Participants’ trait anxiety (STAI-Y2) was recorded prior to the study. State anxiety (STAI-Y1), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), enjoyment (ENJ), and fear of falling (FoF) were collected 15 min before and after the experimental conditions. Saliva samplings at awakening (T0), PRE (T1), and POST (T2) exercise and during the recovery (15 min-T3, 30 min-T4, 60 min-T5) were collected for cortisol (sC), testosterone (sT), and alpha-amylase (sAA). Participants showed normal age-reference population trait anxiety. A difference (p ≤ 0.05) for role emerged for ENJ and sT only. For STAI-Y1, higher PRE values with respect to POST ones emerged (p = 0.005), and the highest values (p = 0.007) for PRE of the examination were with respect to the simulation. For sAA, differences for sampling were found in the examination conditions only, with peak values at T2 (370.3 ± 78.6 U/mL, p = 0.001). For sC, a significant peak value (0.51 ± 0.09 μg/dL, p = 0.012) emerged at T2 in the examination condition. With respect to Tori, Uke showed higher mean sT values in all conditions (p ≤ 0.05) and the highest T2 during examination (712.5 ± 57.2 pg/mL). Findings suggest the relevance of monitoring psycho-physiological stress-related responses in judo for optimizing both coaching effectiveness and sport performance, especially in older judo practitioners. Full article
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13 pages, 1301 KiB  
Article
Relative Age Effects and Place of Early Development Constrain Male Youth Italian Swimmers’ Developmental Experiences
by Gabriele Morganti, Adam Leigh Kelly, Matteo Vitarelli, Francesca Strassoldo di Villanova, Bruno Ruscello, Francesca Campoli and Elvira Padua
Sports 2024, 12(11), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110309 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 599
Abstract
Italian swimming emphasizes the early specialization of selected children from approximately 6 to 7 years old. Such an approach often leads to selection biases (i.e., birth advantages), which may undermine swimmers’ development and progression through the talent pathway. Accordingly, this study aimed to: [...] Read more.
Italian swimming emphasizes the early specialization of selected children from approximately 6 to 7 years old. Such an approach often leads to selection biases (i.e., birth advantages), which may undermine swimmers’ development and progression through the talent pathway. Accordingly, this study aimed to: (a) explore the presence of birth advantages at the annual Italian national age-group competition by observing the birth quarter (BQ) and place of early development (PED) distribution of 514 U15 swimmers; and (b) investigate how birth advantages affect swimmers’ ability to maintain their national status by comparing the BQ and PED distributions of 555 U17 national-level swimmers to the expected values (i.e., U15 distribution). Chi-square statistics for the U15 revealed an overrepresentation of BQ1s and swimmers developing in north and central Italy (p-values < 0.0001). In contrast, the U17’s BQ (p < 0.001) and PED (p = 0.01) distributions appeared skewed compared to the U15, favoring swimmers born in BQ3 and BQ4, and swimmers developing in north Italy (odds ratios: 1.69, 1.76, 1.39 respectively). The findings highlighted that cultural–contextual features of the environment shape Italian youth swimmers’ development and their progression through the current talent pathway. Full article
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13 pages, 520 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Pre-Competitive Anxiety and Self-Confidence on Dancesport Performance
by Sara Aliberti, Gaetano Raiola, Francesca D’Elia and Domenico Cherubini
Sports 2024, 12(11), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110308 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 700
Abstract
Competitive dancesport (DS) performance is a multifactorial phenomenon influenced by physical and mental factors. The emotions experienced by athletes in competition are strongly linked to their sports performance. However, to our knowledge, no studies have investigated the direct relationship between performance and emotional [...] Read more.
Competitive dancesport (DS) performance is a multifactorial phenomenon influenced by physical and mental factors. The emotions experienced by athletes in competition are strongly linked to their sports performance. However, to our knowledge, no studies have investigated the direct relationship between performance and emotional states in DS. Consequently, the aims were four: (I) to investigate the influence of anxiety and self-confidence on DS performance; (II) to examine the influence of years of experience, prior victories, and perceived preparedness on performance outcomes; (III) to identify the optimal emotional state levels for peak performance; (IV) to investigate differences between different athletes’ levels and class. The participants were 71 Italian DS athletes divided into three groups (22 B-class, 25 C-class, 24 D-class). Before competition, they supplied demographic information about their gender, years of experience, perceived preparedness, previous winnings in the current class, followed by the completion of the Italian version of Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 (CSAI-2R). To assess the athletes’ performance, the final classification of the competition was taken into consideration. The results showed that both overall and relative variables from the CSAI-2R significantly predicted performance outcomes (p < 0.05), although somatic anxiety did so to a lesser extent. Significant differences emerged between athletes of different classes in terms of years of experience (p = 0.000), perceived preparedness (p = 0.000), cognitive anxiety (p = 0.000) and self-confidence (p = 0.000). The optimal levels for good performance were cognitive anxiety (11.61 ± 2.27), somatic anxiety (15.77 ± 1.72) and self-confidence (15.12 ± 2.56). The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the multifactorial nature of competitive DS performance, particularly highlighting the significant role of emotional states such as anxiety and self-confidence, as well as other variables such as class, level, years of experience and perceived preparedness. Full article
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34 pages, 494 KiB  
Review
Testing in Football: A Narrative Review
by Elliott C. R. Hall, George John and Ildus I. Ahmetov
Sports 2024, 12(11), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110307 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1625
Abstract
Football clubs regularly test and monitor players, with different approaches reflecting player age and competitive level. This narrative review aims to summarise justifications for testing and commonly used testing protocols. We also aim to discuss the validity and reliability of specific tests used [...] Read more.
Football clubs regularly test and monitor players, with different approaches reflecting player age and competitive level. This narrative review aims to summarise justifications for testing and commonly used testing protocols. We also aim to discuss the validity and reliability of specific tests used to assess football players and provide a holistic overview of protocols currently used in football or those demonstrating potential utility. The PubMed, SportDiscus, and Google Scholar databases were screened for relevant articles from inception to September 2024. Articles that met our inclusion criteria documented tests for several purposes, including talent identification or the assessment of growth/maturation, physiological capacity, sport-specific skill, health status, monitoring fatigue/recovery, training adaptation, and injury risk factors. We provide information on specific tests of anthropometry, physical capacity, biochemical markers, psychological indices, injury risk screening, sport-specific skills, and genetic profile and highlight where certain tests may require further evidence to support their use. The available evidence suggests that test selection and implementation are influenced by financial resources, coach perceptions, and playing schedules. The ability to conduct field-based testing at low cost and to test multiple players simultaneously appear to be key drivers of test development and implementation among practitioners working in elite football environments. Full article
11 pages, 1455 KiB  
Article
Changes in Race Performance During the Underwater Phases of a 200 m Bi-Fins Race Simulation After Application of Respiratory Muscle Training—A Case Study in the Current World Record Holder
by Tomáš Michalica, Jakub Březina, Marek Polach, Dennis-Peter Born, Jiří Mališ, Zbyněk Svozil and Eva Kociánová
Sports 2024, 12(11), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110306 - 12 Nov 2024
Viewed by 564
Abstract
Maximal athletic performance can be limited by various factors, including restricted respiratory function. These limitations can be mitigated through targeted respiratory muscle training, as supported by numerous studies. However, the full potential of respiratory training in competitive finswimming has not been fully investigated. [...] Read more.
Maximal athletic performance can be limited by various factors, including restricted respiratory function. These limitations can be mitigated through targeted respiratory muscle training, as supported by numerous studies. However, the full potential of respiratory training in competitive finswimming has not been fully investigated. This case study aims to evaluate the effects of eight-week respiratory muscle training (RMT) on performance variability during the underwater phases of a 200 m bi-fins race simulation in an elite finswimmer (current world record holder and multiple world championship medalist). Performance variability was assessed based on pre-test, inter-test, and post-test data. Each measurement included pulmonary function and swim performance evaluations. In this study, underwater performance parameters, such as distance, time, velocity, and number of kicks, were assessed using video analysis synchronized with race timing and evaluated using the Dartfish software. The swimmer followed a 28-day training program with an Airofit PRO™ respiratory trainer between tests, with daily sessions targeting both inspiratory and expiratory muscles. The training involved 6–10 min of targeted exercises per day. Significant improvements were observed in Wilcoxon’s paired-sample test between the pre-test and post-test results in terms of underwater distance (p = 0.012; d = 1.26), underwater time (p = 0.012; d = 1.26), and number of underwater kicks (p = 0.043; d = 1.01), resulting in a 14.23% longer underwater distance, 14.08% longer underwater time, and 14.94% increase in underwater kicks. Despite the increased distance and time, underwater velocity remained stable, indicating improved underwater performance efficiency. Despite some improvements, it is not possible to conclude that respiratory muscle training (RMT) can contribute to improved finswimming performance during the underwater phases of a 200 m bi-fins race simulation in this particular athlete’s case. Further research with a larger sample size is necessary to fully understand the impact of RMT on finswimming performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Physiology in Exercise, Health and Sports Performance)
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10 pages, 819 KiB  
Article
Feasibility of a Non-Anticipatory, Random-Action Target System to Improve Shooting Performance: A Brief Field Trial
by Matthew Lee Smith and Ali Boolani
Sports 2024, 12(11), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110305 - 11 Nov 2024
Viewed by 518
Abstract
Firearm shooting performance training rightfully focuses on shooting accuracy; however, additional foci should include decision processing speed and reaction time associated with decision making to avoid reaction-only based shooting responses. While advancements in realistic training environments attempt to mimic “real-world” situations, many remain [...] Read more.
Firearm shooting performance training rightfully focuses on shooting accuracy; however, additional foci should include decision processing speed and reaction time associated with decision making to avoid reaction-only based shooting responses. While advancements in realistic training environments attempt to mimic “real-world” situations, many remain largely anticipatory or subject to a speed–accuracy trade-off (SAT). The purpose of this brief field trial was to demonstrate the feasibility of a random-action target system (RATS) on participants’ shooting performance (i.e., accuracy, omission, and commission rates) among a convenience sample of six retired police officers and competitive shooters (age range: 45–58 years, mean age = 52.5 ± 5.89). Observational data were gathered from a single-day, three-round trial to test shooting accuracy and shooting errors when shooters were unable to anticipate target appearance location and target exposure speed. In Trial 1, the target exposure time was 0.5 s, which increased to 0.7 s in Trial 2, and decreased back to 0.5 s in Trial 3. Shooting accuracy generally increased, while omission and commission generally decreased, when shooters were presented with targets exposed for longer durations. From Trial 1 to Trial 3 (both trials with 0.5 s target exposures), shooters showed higher median accuracy rates, lower median omission rates, and lower median commission rates. Findings suggest that a non-anticipatory, RATS holds promise for improving shooting performance and offset SAT among shooters with firearm experience. However, additional trials are needed with the RATS to replicate these findings among a larger and more diverse set of participants, who train with the RATS consistently, over longer durations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Competition and Sports Training: A Challenge for Public Health)
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11 pages, 613 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Proprioceptive Exercises on Postural Control in Handball Players with Chronic Ankle Instability—A Non-Randomized Control Trial
by Bogdan-Alexandru Antohe and Elena-Adelina Panaet
Sports 2024, 12(11), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110304 - 11 Nov 2024
Viewed by 746
Abstract
Background: This paper aims to investigate the impact of proprioceptive exercises on postural control in handball players with chronic ankle instability. Methods: The research participants (n = 22) were divided into two groups: the experimental group (n = 11) and the [...] Read more.
Background: This paper aims to investigate the impact of proprioceptive exercises on postural control in handball players with chronic ankle instability. Methods: The research participants (n = 22) were divided into two groups: the experimental group (n = 11) and the control group (n = 11). Chronic ankle instability was diagnosed using the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI) questionnaire, while postural control was evaluated with the Iso-Shift stabilometric platform. The intervention consisted of a 15-week proprioceptive exercise program, with sessions performed three times a week. The rehabilitation protocol was conducted at the start of each training session, immediately following the warm-up. Results: The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney U tests. Both groups improved their score on the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI) questionnaire (IdFAI_CG, p < 0.011; IdFAI_EG, p < 0.003) and reduced the number of ankle sprains (NS_EG, p < 0.008). Also, the experimental group had better results for the following tests: ellipse area with open eyes on the left leg (EA_I–OE_L, p < 0.009), ellipse area with closed eyes on the left leg (EA_I–CE_L, p < 0.033), anteroposterior deviation with open eyes on the left leg (APD_I–OE_L, p < 0.023), and the initial and final number of ankle sprains (NS_I, p < 0.01; NS_F, p < 0.024). Conclusions: Athletes who suffer from chronic joint instability are more likely to experience severe postural deviations than those who do not have this condition. Proprioceptive exercises had a positive impact on postural control in both groups, but the experimental group showed a greater improvement. Full article
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11 pages, 1408 KiB  
Article
Foam Rolling Intervention Improves Lactate Clearance After High-Intensity Exercise
by Kazuki Kasahara, Keita Oneyama, Takeru Ito, Masatoshi Nakamura and Genta Ochi
Sports 2024, 12(11), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110303 - 8 Nov 2024
Viewed by 765
Abstract
The acute effects of a foam rolling intervention on lactate clearance and the impaired executive function associated with fatigue after high-intensity exercise remain unclear. This study examined whether foam rolling is an effective tool for fatigue recovery. Eighteen healthy adults without consistent exercise [...] Read more.
The acute effects of a foam rolling intervention on lactate clearance and the impaired executive function associated with fatigue after high-intensity exercise remain unclear. This study examined whether foam rolling is an effective tool for fatigue recovery. Eighteen healthy adults without consistent exercise habits participated in this study. Participants performed high-intensity exercises, and the post-exercise foam rolling intervention was compared to the control condition. Measurements included lactate, vigor/fatigue by the Profile of Mood States 2nd Edition, cognitive function (cognitive task performance), leg and body rating of perceived exertion pre- and post-exercise, and post-intervention. Blood lactate concentrations post-foam rolling intervention (−7.3 ± 3.0 mmol/L) were significantly reduced among all participants. Increased lactate clearance by foam rolling correlated with a faster recovery of executive function for those with greater lactate clearance. However, cognitive fatigue was not observed after high-intensity exercise (p = 0.086, r = 0.41). Lactate clearance was not significantly correlated with the rating of perceived exertion in the foam rolling condition. The rating of the perceived exertion decreased with increased lactate clearance for those with greater lactate clearance in the control condition (leg: r = 0.778; body: r = 0.669). In conclusion, foam rolling intervention may be effective for exhausting exercise recovery. Full article
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9 pages, 550 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Efficacy of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Athletes for Injury Management, Training Response, and Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review
by Hy Pham and Frank Spaniol
Sports 2024, 12(11), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110302 - 6 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1778
Abstract
(1) Background: The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the prevalent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in athletes and to comprehensively review the effectiveness and the results of these medications as it relates to injury management, training response, and overall [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the prevalent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in athletes and to comprehensively review the effectiveness and the results of these medications as it relates to injury management, training response, and overall sport performance. (2) Methods: An electronic literature search was performed in accordance with the recommendations and guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol. A total of 7 randomized controlled studies met the review’s specific inclusion criteria from the 2250 studies initially identified within the PubMed database. (3) Results: In total, 346 adult female and male athletes from a variety of sporting activities and fitness levels were observed, of which 175 athletes were treated with either oral, topical, or local muscular infusion of an NSAID. Depending on study design, the outcomes focused on results obtained through physical exam findings, questionnaires, various performance metrics, and direct tissue sampling from microdialysis or biopsies. Across the 7 total studies, 2 articles focused on injured athletes and their varying pain responses with NSAIDs; 2 studies assessed the limited impact of NSAIDs on performance; and 3 articles revealed the use of NSAIDs correlating to no increases in either collagen synthesis or satellite cell activity after exercise. (4) Conclusions: The systematic review affirmed that NSAIDs can be effective for managing acute pain. However, their value appears to diminish when treating chronic injuries or if NSAIDs are expected to improve performance or have other ergogenic effects in athletes, as the aggregate data did not support such benefits. (5) Practical applications: NSAIDs can be beneficial for athletes in the right situation, but the fact that there are risks and possible disadvantageous results with their use highlights the importance of promoting appropriate expectations and the judicious use of these medications with the athletic community. Full article
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15 pages, 230 KiB  
Article
Male and Female Perceptions of Supervision During Strength Training
by Luke Carlson, Maria Hauger, Grace Vaughan-Wenner and James P. Fisher
Sports 2024, 12(11), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110301 - 5 Nov 2024
Viewed by 996
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey was distributed to 1322 members of a 1-on-1 personalized strength training studio. A total of 366 respondents (n = 134 male and n = 232 female), all aged over 20 years, reported considerable training experience, with 55% of the [...] Read more.
A cross-sectional survey was distributed to 1322 members of a 1-on-1 personalized strength training studio. A total of 366 respondents (n = 134 male and n = 232 female), all aged over 20 years, reported considerable training experience, with 55% of the males and 42% of the females reporting 5+ years of experience. The data were analyzed and reported descriptively with differences >5% identified based on the use of a 5-point Likert scale, the sample size, and the nature of the observations. Disparities between the males and females were identified; the males reported higher perceptions of managing effort, technique, and programming without supervision compared to the females. Safety was noted as being more important to the females compared to the males. Qualitatively, additional themes were raised including an analogy of the personal relationship between the trainer and trainee being similar to that between medical professionals and patients. This was validated where the participants discussed their adaptations from supervised strength training for maintaining quality of life in aging and recovering from medical conditions and injury. The data are discussed in the context of a previous body of literature suggesting males falsely report higher levels of confidence in tasks compared to females, particularly in relation to effort, role models, and verbal encouragement. We posit that the greater confidence expressed by males at least partially explains the greater engagement in strength training practices by males compared to females, as well as explaining the higher level of participation in supervised strength training by females compared to males. This research proves beneficial for strength training practitioners in enhancing their understanding and expectations of clients, as well as hopefully proving insightful in engaging more people in strength training. Full article
10 pages, 286 KiB  
Article
Treating Yourself in a Fairway: Examining the Contribution of Self-Compassion and Well-Being on Performance in a Putting Task
by Melanie R. Burgess, Diane E. Mack, Philip M. Wilson and Leah J. Ferguson
Sports 2024, 12(11), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110300 - 5 Nov 2024
Viewed by 591
Abstract
Researchers have advocated for greater insight regarding the contributions of psychological resources to sports performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of self-compassion and well-being to sports performance using a golf putting task. Male golfers (N = 87, M [...] Read more.
Researchers have advocated for greater insight regarding the contributions of psychological resources to sports performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of self-compassion and well-being to sports performance using a golf putting task. Male golfers (N = 87, Mage = 54.94; SDage = 15.37 years) completed the Self-Compassion Scale—Athlete Version and the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale immediately prior to the golf putting task which consisted of 15 consecutive putts from 7 feet on an outdoor practice green. Performance was assessed immediately following the putting task. Simple linear regression analyses showed that self-compassion did not predict ‘perceived’ (β = −0.20, p = 0.06; ƒ2 = 0.04) or ‘actual’ (β = −0.17, p = 0.11; ƒ2 = 0.03) performance. Similarly, well-being did not predict ‘perceived’ (β = −0.16, p = 0.15; ƒ2 = 0.03) or ‘actual’ performance (β = −0.01, p = 0.91; ƒ2 = 0.00). Overall, the conclusions from this study offer converging evidence that self-compassion and well-being may not impact putting performance in adult male golfers. Greater insight into whether, and if so under what conditions, self-compassion and well-being matter to sports performance warrants additional scrutiny. Full article
21 pages, 2782 KiB  
Review
Situational and Dispositional Achievement Goals and Measures of Sport Performance: A Systematic Review with a Meta-Analysis
by Marc Lochbaum and Cassandra Sisneros
Sports 2024, 12(11), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110299 - 4 Nov 2024
Viewed by 868
Abstract
The purposes of this systematic review (PROSPERO ID: CRD42024510614, no funding source) were to quantify relationships between situational and dispositional dichotomous achievement goals and sport performance and explore potential relationship moderators. Published studies that reported at least one situational or dispositional achievement goal [...] Read more.
The purposes of this systematic review (PROSPERO ID: CRD42024510614, no funding source) were to quantify relationships between situational and dispositional dichotomous achievement goals and sport performance and explore potential relationship moderators. Published studies that reported at least one situational or dispositional achievement goal and a performance score were included. Studies without performance scores or based in a non-sport context were excluded. Information sources consisted of studies found in relevant published meta-analyses and EBSCOhost databases (finalized September 2024). The following statistics were conducted to assess the risk of bias: class-fail-safe n, Orwin’s fail-safe n, and funnel plots with trim and fill estimates. The summary statistics were r and d. Thirty studies from 1994 to 2024 met all inclusion criteria with 8708 participants from Europe, Asia, North America, and Oceania. The majority of samples were non-elite male youths and adolescents. The random-effects relationships (r) between task climate, 0.20 [0.14, 0.25], task orientation, 0.17 [0.12, 0.23], ego orientation, 0.09 [0.03, 0.16], and sport performance were small and significantly different (p < 0.05) from zero, while the ego motivational climate relationship was not, −0.00 [−0.48, 0.05]. The random-effects standard differences in means (d) for both the task orientation, 0.08 [0.02, 0.14], and ego orientation, 0.11 [−0.05, 0.26] were minimal in meaningfulness. Mixed-effects moderator analyses resulted in the following significant (p < 0.05) sub-group differences: subjective compared to objective performance measures (task orientation), elite compared to non-elite samples (task climate), and athlete-completed compared to coach-completed performance measures and performance records (task orientation). Finding only 30 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, which limited sub-group samples for moderation analyses, was the main limitation. Despite this limitation, AGT provides athletes and practitioners performance enhancement strategies. However, caution is warranted regarding relationship expectations given the small mean effect size values and the true prediction interval ranging from negative to positive, perhaps as a result of the heterogeneous samples and performance measures. A clear line of future research, considering the reviewed studies, with elite athletes is needed to verify the performance benefits of the task climate and ego orientation as well as the use of the ego goal orientation in selection decisions. Full article
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9 pages, 1012 KiB  
Article
Efficacy of Warmup Using a Flexible Bar to Increase Countermovement Jump
by Benjamin J. Snyder, Anthony Caterisano, Evan P. DiMaggio and Jackson D. King
Sports 2024, 12(11), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110298 - 1 Nov 2024
Viewed by 482
Abstract
Preparation of athletes to begin a competition or enter mid-competition with the ability to reach peak performance immediately may be partly dependent on the efficacy of the warmup protocol. Previous research on flexible barbells reported significant differences in muscle activation when compared to [...] Read more.
Preparation of athletes to begin a competition or enter mid-competition with the ability to reach peak performance immediately may be partly dependent on the efficacy of the warmup protocol. Previous research on flexible barbells reported significant differences in muscle activation when compared to steel barbells. The manufacturers of handheld flexible bars with a combined weight of 3.63 kg claim that using them immediately before competition helps increase power and jump height. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of maximal jumping with handheld flexible bars on maximal jump parameters in Division-I American collegiate football players. Participants completed 10 warmup jumps with no weight, flexible barbells, or similarly weighted dumbbells and immediately completed a maximal countermovement jump. When comparing the effects of different high-velocity warmup (HVW) protocols, there were no differences in any jump parameters as measured by a portable force plate. Likewise, the use of flexible bars during the warmup did not result in enhanced muscle activity when executing a maximal jump in comparison to control conditions. Based on these results there is no evidence to support the use of flexible bars during a warmup just prior to entry into a competition to enhance jumping power. Full article
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9 pages, 239 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Menstruation and Hormonal Birth Control on the Performance of Female Collegiate Lacrosse Players
by Hannah Humphries, Gabrielle Marchelli and Jennifer A. Bunn
Sports 2024, 12(11), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110297 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 731
Abstract
This study compared the mechanical and physiological load placed on Division I female collegiate lacrosse athletes (1) with and without hormone contraceptive (HC) use and (2) with and without menstruation during training and games. Athletes’ (20.6 ± 1.5 years, HC users = 9, [...] Read more.
This study compared the mechanical and physiological load placed on Division I female collegiate lacrosse athletes (1) with and without hormone contraceptive (HC) use and (2) with and without menstruation during training and games. Athletes’ (20.6 ± 1.5 years, HC users = 9, naturally cycling (NC) athletes = 9) workloads—total distance traveled (TD, m), max speed (km∙h−1), accelerations (repetitions), decelerations (repetitions), and high-intensity distance (HID, m)—were measured through VX Sport wearable microtechnology in training sessions (n = 87/athlete) and games (n = 17/athlete). Analyses showed no statistical group differences based on HC use or not, and no differences during menstruation versus non-menstruation for training or games. However, while not statistically different, athletes taking HCs performed worse during menstruation, with a 5.1% decline in decelerations, 3.4% decline in TD and HID, 1.2% decline in max speed, and 1% decline in accelerations. NC athletes did not show this same decline with menses. Given that withdrawal bleeding exacerbates performance reduction of HC users, it may be beneficial for these athletes to consider skipping their withdrawal bleed if it is likely to coincide with a game. Further research needs to be carried out to see if these trends are consistent across other female athletes in other sports. Full article
12 pages, 1934 KiB  
Article
Effects of a Specific Trunk and Shoulder Strength Training Program on Throwing Velocity and Accuracy: A Study Among Hungarian First-League Female Handball Players
by Gréta Csilla Sinka, Ágnes Mayer, András Tállay, Miklós Tátrai, Lilla Tábori, Eszter Papp and Attila Pavlik
Sports 2024, 12(11), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110296 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 574
Abstract
The aim of the study was to record shoulder and trunk stability of elite female handball players and to investigate their effect on throwing velocity and accuracy. 151 female handball players (9 teams in total) from the Hungarian first league participated in a [...] Read more.
The aim of the study was to record shoulder and trunk stability of elite female handball players and to investigate their effect on throwing velocity and accuracy. 151 female handball players (9 teams in total) from the Hungarian first league participated in a mid-season conditional survey. The study included tests of trunk and shoulder stability, and measurements of factors affecting shoulder stability, as well as throwing speed and throwing accuracy. After the conditional survey, 18 players were selected for the intervention group (IG) and 18 players for the control group (CG). Significant relationships were found between the medial stability of the shoulder joint (Y-balance) and throwing accuracy (upper right corner) (r = 0.766; p < 0.001), throwing accuracy (upper left corner) (r = 0.729; p < 0.001), total throwing accuracy (r = 0.907; p < 0.001). The IG showed significant improvement in trunk stability (p < 0.001), shoulder joint stability (p < 0.001), throwing velocity (p < 0.001), and throwing accuracy (p = 0.002), compared to the CG. These findings support the idea that trunk and shoulder stability are related to throwing performance of female handball players. Measuring and training these aforementioned factors, particularly medial shoulder stability, may be a valuable adjunct to improving throwing accuracy and throwing velocity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport Physiology and Physical Performance)
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17 pages, 322 KiB  
Article
Sex Differences Exist in the Relationship Between Vertical Jump Performance Biomechanical Parameters and Hamstring/Quadriceps Ratio in Adolescent U18 Track and Field Athletes
by Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos, Mariana C. Kotzamanidou and Vasiliki Manou
Sports 2024, 12(11), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110295 - 28 Oct 2024
Viewed by 961
Abstract
Isokinetic metrics are suggested to be related to vertical jump performance, but little is known about the possible sex differences in this relationship in adolescent track and field athletes. The aim of the study was to examine the possible sex differences in the [...] Read more.
Isokinetic metrics are suggested to be related to vertical jump performance, but little is known about the possible sex differences in this relationship in adolescent track and field athletes. The aim of the study was to examine the possible sex differences in the strength of the relationship between the kinetic parameters of the vertical squat jump with arms akimbo, the countermovement jump with arms akimbo, and the countermovement jump with free arm swing with the isokinetic parameters of the knee extensor and flexor muscles (angular velocities: 60°/s and 300°/s). In total, 35 (males: 21, females: 14) U18 track and field athletes were examined. The results revealed that the Men U18 group had higher vertical jump performance, higher values in the kinetic parameters of the vertical jump tests, higher knee extensor torque, and higher knee flexor torque in the non-dominant leg compared to the Women U18 group. Significant (p < 0.05) sex differences were observed in the relationship between the isokinetic parameters and the vertical jump performance metrics, as the Women U18 athletes relied more on the knee flexor torque than Men U18 athletes, and demonstrated a stronger negative relationship between selected isokinetic metrics and the pre-stretch gain in the vertical jump tests. In conclusion, it is recommended that young female track and field athletes minimize interlimb asymmetry and improve the convention ratio in their non-dominant leg to optimize vertical jump performance. Full article
11 pages, 2759 KiB  
Article
Effects of Apnea-Induced Hypoxia on Hypoalgesia in Healthy Subjects
by Cristian Mendoza-Arranz, Omar López-Rebenaque, Carlos Donato Cabrera-López, Alejandro López-Mejías, José Fierro-Marrero and Francisco DeAsís-Fernández
Sports 2024, 12(11), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110294 - 28 Oct 2024
Viewed by 604
Abstract
Introduction: Exercise-induced hypoalgesia is a phenomenon in which exercise bouts induce a reduction in pain sensitivity. Apnea training involves similar characteristics that could potentially induce hypoalgesia. Objectives: The objectives of this study are to explore the effect of apnea training on hypoalgesia; assess [...] Read more.
Introduction: Exercise-induced hypoalgesia is a phenomenon in which exercise bouts induce a reduction in pain sensitivity. Apnea training involves similar characteristics that could potentially induce hypoalgesia. Objectives: The objectives of this study are to explore the effect of apnea training on hypoalgesia; assess the correlation between conditioned pain modulation (CPM) response and apnea-induced hypoalgesia; and examine the association between hypoalgesia with hypoxemia, and heart rate (HR) during apnea. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted comparing a walking protocol employing intermittent apnea compared with normal breathing in healthy volunteers. Hypoalgesia was tested with pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) and CPM. Oxygen saturation (SpO2) and HR were also tested. Results: Relevant but not significant changes were detected in the thumb (MD = 0.678 kg/cm2), and tibialis (MD = 0.718 kg/cm2) in favor of the apnea group. No significant differences were detected in CPM. The apnea group presented lower SpO2, but HR values similar to those of the control group during the intervention. Basal CPM and intrasession hypoxemia significantly correlated with the PPT response. However, HR did not correlate with the PPT response. Conclusions: The current results suggest a trend, though not statistically significant, toward an improvement in the PPT in favor of apnea training compared to normal breathing. Nevertheless, subjects who presented greater basal CPM and lower oxygen saturation during the session presented a greater PPT response, suggesting the possibility of mediators of response. Future investigations should clarify this phenomenon. Full article
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13 pages, 965 KiB  
Article
Pain Candidate Genes 5-HTTLPR and COMT Affect Anxiety and Mood in Japanese Ballet Dancers: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study
by Kanaka Yatabe, Kohei Ashikaga, Ryota Muroi, Shu Somemura, Masahiro Takemoto, Kazuo Yudoh, Hisao Miyano and Hiroto Fujiya
Sports 2024, 12(11), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110293 - 25 Oct 2024
Viewed by 614
Abstract
The balance of mental, physical, and technical aspects is essential in improving ballet performance. Ballet dancers’ emotional and behavioral characteristics vary, even under identical stress conditions. This study aimed to investigate the association between the pain candidate genes 5-HTTLPR and COMT and anxiety [...] Read more.
The balance of mental, physical, and technical aspects is essential in improving ballet performance. Ballet dancers’ emotional and behavioral characteristics vary, even under identical stress conditions. This study aimed to investigate the association between the pain candidate genes 5-HTTLPR and COMT and anxiety in Japanese ballet dancers. Participants were 18 youth elite ballet students with professional aspirations (Y-Elite) and 16 dancers in a professional ballet company (Pro). We administered psychological questionnaires, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS), to participants under the following four different stress conditions: standard practice day, cast decision day, rehearsal day, and one week before competition day. In addition, the genotypes of 5-HTTLPR and COMT Val158Met were examined. The distribution of 5-HTTLPR was not different between Y-Elite and Pro dancers, although one of the COMT genotypes was different. Y-Elite dancers had higher trait anxiety scores than Pro dancers for these genotypes before competition (ps < 0.03), although no significant association was observed between both genotypes and scores on the STAI across conditions. Their moods were significantly different through the four conditions (p < 0.004). Pro dancers’ moods were also more stable than those of the Y-Elite dancers in the presence of pain. The results indicate that 5-HTTLPR and COMT play a crucial role in dancers’ anxiety and mood during pain (ps < 0.05). Pro dancers are probably predicted by their lower neuroticism and mood scores and their better adaptation to stress than Y-Elite dancers. The 5-HTTLPR and COMT genes may be influencing the sensitivity to the environment. Youth elite ballet dancers need to understand the relationship between pain and physical activity from an early stage. Full article
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12 pages, 5321 KiB  
Article
Rate of Force Development During a Handgrip Task Is Correlated with the Post-Impact Ball Speed of the Flat Serve
by Károly Dobos, Dario Novak, János Péter Tóth and Csaba Ökrös
Sports 2024, 12(11), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110292 - 24 Oct 2024
Viewed by 783
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to test the hypothesis that rate of force development (RFD) during a handgrip task of the dominant arm in three different positions is associated with maximal post-impact ball speed of flat serve (PIBS). Altogether 23 elite [...] Read more.
The aim of the present research was to test the hypothesis that rate of force development (RFD) during a handgrip task of the dominant arm in three different positions is associated with maximal post-impact ball speed of flat serve (PIBS). Altogether 23 elite junior boys (aged 14.84 ± 2.47 years; weight 59.51 ± 13.83 kg; height 170.47 ± 16.34 cm) tennis players participated in the study. To assess the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and RFD during the task, four handgrip tests and a serve test were applied to estimate PIBS. Spearman’s rank correlation showed a significant positive correlation between RFD of dominant arm in each three position and PIBS (r = 0.82–0.86; p < 0.001). A very large, significantly positive correlation was also found between MVC of the dominant arm and PIBS (r = 0.88; p < 0.01). The result of the present study indicated that rapid force generation of muscles in the forearm and wrist may probably play a role in the formation of a stable contact point, and it is in connection with PIBS. It is in contrast to the slow maximal force exertion that much rather characterizes the general strength state of players. Therefore, measurement of the RFD during a handgrip task is suggested in the testing session of the flat serve of junior tennis players. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Sports Performances)
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11 pages, 649 KiB  
Article
Quantifying Trunk Impact Dynamics and Workload with Inertial Sensors in Goalball Players
by Cristina Comeras-Chueca, Pablo J. Bascuas, César Berzosa, Eduardo Piedrafita, Juan Rabal-Pelay, Héctor Gutiérrez and Ana Vanessa Bataller-Cervero
Sports 2024, 12(11), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110291 - 24 Oct 2024
Viewed by 524
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify trunk impact dynamics in goalball players using inertial sensors and evaluate the goalball players’ workloads, focusing on changes between the first and second halves of a match to enhance understanding of the demands experienced throughout [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to quantify trunk impact dynamics in goalball players using inertial sensors and evaluate the goalball players’ workloads, focusing on changes between the first and second halves of a match to enhance understanding of the demands experienced throughout the game. Utilizing inertial technology, trunk impacts during goalball gameplay were analyzed to provide a holistic insight into how these impacts influence athletes’ dynamic stress loads, which refers to the physical demands placed on the body during dynamic movements. Six goalball players were recruited to wear an accelerometer during a whole goalball game to quantify trunk impacts. The results showed a higher number of total impacts and a higher number of impacts at higher levels during the first half, compared to a higher percentage of impacts at a low impact level in the second half. These results suggest that the intensity of gameplay is related to the number of impacts sustained, with players experiencing significantly more impacts, particularly at very low, low, and very high impact levels, in the first half compared to the second half. This decline in impacts aligns with the reduction in game intensity as the match progressed, as indicated by a lower heart rate and a trend towards a lower dynamic stress load in the second half. Future research could explore targeted training interventions aimed at optimizing workload and performance in goalball players. Full article
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13 pages, 413 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Combined Versus Single-Mode Resistance and Repeated Sprint Training on Physical Fitness, Hematological Parameters, and Plasma Volume Variations in Highly Trained Soccer Players
by Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman, Ali Aloui, Nidhal Jebabli, Iyed Salhi, Jihen Khalfoun, Mohaned Omar, Cain C. T. Clark, Bogdan-Constantin Ungurean, Urs Granacher and Hassane Zouhal
Sports 2024, 12(11), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110290 - 24 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1434
Abstract
Objective: We examined the effects of eight weeks of single-mode resistance, repeated sprint training, and the combination of the two programs on selected measures of physical fitness (muscle power, speed, and body composition), hematological parameters, and plasma volume variations in highly trained soccer [...] Read more.
Objective: We examined the effects of eight weeks of single-mode resistance, repeated sprint training, and the combination of the two programs on selected measures of physical fitness (muscle power, speed, and body composition), hematological parameters, and plasma volume variations in highly trained soccer players. Sixty male soccer players from the Tunisian national Ligue were randomly allocated to a resistance training group (RTG), a repeated sprint training group (RSTG), a combined resistance and repeated sprint training group (CTG), or an active control group (CG, soccer training only). The training volumes were similar between groups. Before and after training, we examined body composition, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), sprint 30 m (S30), repeated-sprint sequences (RSSs), hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean hemoglobin concentration (MHC), and plasma volume. Significant group-by-time interactions were recorded for the RSS indices, SJ, and S30 (p < 0.039], 0.1< ηp2 < 0.49]), as well as the hematological parameters (p = 0.0001–0.045, 0.11 < ηp2 < 0.46). In terms of physical fitness, using post hoc tests, the CTG showed significantly greater gains compared to the RSTG, RTG, and the CG on the best time index of the RSSs (p = 0.008; d = 4.1), SJ (p = 0.004; d = 4.18) and 30 m linear sprint time (p = 0.008; d = 3.84). Body fat percentage also decreased significantly in the CTG compared to all other groups (p < 0.005, 0.21 < d< 0.35). Regarding hematological parameters (i.e., hemoglobin and hematocrit), the CTG, RSTG, and RTG showed significant decreases (p < 0.05) in their hemoglobin and hematocrit values compared to the CG (p < 0.05, 0.11 < d< 2.22]). Eight weeks of combined training compared to single-mode training was found to be more effective in improving fitness measures in highly trained soccer players. However, there appeared to be no consensus regarding the effect of single and combined repeated-sprint and resistance training on the hematological system. Full article
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11 pages, 6414 KiB  
Article
Incidence of Elbow Injury Patterns in Japanese Adolescent Judo Players: Analysis from a Nationwide Insurance Database
by Akira Ikumi, Eiji Sasaki, Naoki Sakuyama and Yasuo Mikami
Sports 2024, 12(11), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110289 - 23 Oct 2024
Viewed by 707
Abstract
Elbow injuries are common in judo, particularly among adolescents. This study investigated the incidence and patterns of three types of elbow injuries (sprain, dislocation, and fracture-dislocation) among Japanese adolescent judo players (12 to 18 years old) using data from a nationwide insurance database, [...] Read more.
Elbow injuries are common in judo, particularly among adolescents. This study investigated the incidence and patterns of three types of elbow injuries (sprain, dislocation, and fracture-dislocation) among Japanese adolescent judo players (12 to 18 years old) using data from a nationwide insurance database, covering the period from 2010 to 2019. A total of 4614 elbow injuries were recorded, with sprains being the most frequent (67.6% of cases). Female players had a 20% higher incidence of sprains than male players (6.8 vs. 5.4 per 1000 athlete-years). Severe injuries, such as dislocations and fracture-dislocations, were more common in high school players, with male middle school students exhibiting a higher rate of elbow fracture-dislocations (+15%) compared with female students. Elbow injuries frequently occurred during te-waza techniques, particularly seoi-nage, when players extended their arms to prevent being thrown. Peripheral nerve injuries, predominantly ulnar nerve injuries, accompanied elbow dislocations in 74% of the cases. This study highlights the importance of proper instruction in defensive and ukemi techniques, particularly those that discourage the use of hands to prevent falls during throws, to reduce the risk of elbow injuries. Full article
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14 pages, 1566 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Role of Dietary Calcium Intake in Muscle and Cardiovascular Performance Among Young Athletes
by Pragya Sharma Ghimire, Xiyan Ding and Adam Eckart
Sports 2024, 12(11), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110288 - 22 Oct 2024
Viewed by 923
Abstract
The importance of dietary calcium intake in bone metabolism has been well established; however, it is still less investigated in health-related components, especially addressing muscle performance. This study aims to compare dietary calcium intake and its relationship with cardiovascular and muscular performance in [...] Read more.
The importance of dietary calcium intake in bone metabolism has been well established; however, it is still less investigated in health-related components, especially addressing muscle performance. This study aims to compare dietary calcium intake and its relationship with cardiovascular and muscular performance in young athletes (Lacrosse, Baseball, and soccer players). In this cross-sectional study, 95 participants (ages 18 to 30) participated during two visits to the Human Performance Laboratory. Participants completed body composition, lower and upper body muscle performance, cardiorespiratory protocol, and questionnaires related to dietary calcium intake. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the difference in the calcium intake between groups. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between dietary calcium intake and muscle performance variables. Further, linear regression was used to assess the predictive value of calcium variables on overall muscle performance. Lacrosse players had significantly higher calcium intake than Baseball and soccer players (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between dietary calcium intake and the number of push-ups (r = 0.28; p = 0.03). CIBW and CI explained 4.3% and nearly 25% of the change in MPI, respectively (p < 0.001). This suggests the possible role of dietary calcium intake in enhancing health-related fitness components and highlights the need to explore its involvement in muscle-bone crosstalk. Full article
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14 pages, 736 KiB  
Article
Identifying Key Factors for Predicting the Age at Peak Height Velocity in Preadolescent Team Sports Athletes Using Explainable Machine Learning
by Nikolaos-Orestis Retzepis, Alexandra Avloniti, Christos Kokkotis, Maria Protopapa, Theodoros Stampoulis, Anastasia Gkachtsou, Dimitris Pantazis, Dimitris Balampanos, Ilias Smilios and Athanasios Chatzinikolaou
Sports 2024, 12(11), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110287 - 22 Oct 2024
Viewed by 711
Abstract
Maturation is a key factor in sports participation and often determines the young athletes’ characterization as a talent. However, there is no evidence of practical models for understanding the factors that discriminate children according to maturity. Hence, this study aims to deepen the [...] Read more.
Maturation is a key factor in sports participation and often determines the young athletes’ characterization as a talent. However, there is no evidence of practical models for understanding the factors that discriminate children according to maturity. Hence, this study aims to deepen the understanding of the factors that affect maturity in 11-year-old Team Sports Athletes by utilizing explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) models. We utilized three established machine learning (ML) classifiers and applied the Sequential Forward Feature Selection (SFFS) algorithm to each. In this binary classification task, the logistic regression (LR) classifier achieved a top accuracy of 96.67% using the seven most informative factors (Sitting Height, Father’s Height, Body Fat, Weight, Height, Left and Right-Hand Grip Strength). The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) model was instrumental in identifying the contribution of each factor, offering key insights into variable importance. Independent sample t-tests on these selected factors confirmed their significance in distinguishing between the two classes. By providing detailed and personalized insights into child development, this integration has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of maturation prediction significantly. These advancements could lead to a transformative approach in young athletes’ pediatric growth analysis, fostering better sports performance and developmental outcomes for children. Full article
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15 pages, 1147 KiB  
Article
The Relationship Between Playing Formations, Team Ranking, and Physical Performance in the Serie A Soccer League
by Cristian Savoia, Francesco Laterza, Antonio Lucadamo, Vincenzo Manzi, Vito Azzone, Samuel A. Pullinger, Catherine E. Beattie, Maurizio Bertollo and Dario Pompa
Sports 2024, 12(11), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110286 - 22 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1610
Abstract
The influence of playing formations and team ranking on the physical performance of professional soccer players is an open question that needs to be explored. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of these factors on the physical exertion of Serie A [...] Read more.
The influence of playing formations and team ranking on the physical performance of professional soccer players is an open question that needs to be explored. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of these factors on the physical exertion of Serie A soccer players. We analyzed match data from 375 players, categorizing teams based on their final ranking and comparing performance across different playing formations. The Kruskal–Wallis test and the Dunn test with Bonferroni adjustment revealed that high-ranking (HR) teams exhibited a higher percentage of high-intensity (HI) accelerations compared to mid-ranking teams, suggesting the critical role of HI efforts in achieving favorable match outcomes. Moreover, the 4-3-3 playing formation was associated with greater acceleration demands than other formations, particularly in HR teams. Our study also established benchmarks for various performance metrics, enabling coaches to assess player performance and identify potential signs of overtraining. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the physical demands in soccer and offer practical implications for coaches and players in optimizing training and performance strategies. Full article
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