Symmetry

We show that the FLRW metric, modified to include interrelated variation in the speed of light and gravitational constants, leads to Friedmann equations containing terms that behave like dark matter and dark energy without the cosmological constant. When we permit tired light (TL) to contribute to the redshift due to the expanding universe, thus defined by covarying coupling constants (CCCs), the resulting CCC+TL model has a critical density that is just enough to account for the baryon matter in the universe. The CCC+TL cosmology model is consistent with all of the observations that we had the time and the resources to study, including BAOs (baryon acoustic oscillations), the CMB (cosmic microwave background) sound horizon angular size, the time dilation effect, galaxy formation time scales at cosmic dawn, galaxy rotation curves, gravitational lensing, galaxy cluster and ultra-faint dwarf galaxy dynamics, and the mass, size, density, and luminosity evolution of galaxies. We briefly review them in this paper. Additionally, the new model does not suffer from the coincidence problem of the ΛCDM model and complies with the recent DESI findings of an increasing dark energy density with redshift. We present the fundamentals of the CCC+TL model and discuss its applications to some decisive observations. We have considered temporal variation in the constant for cosmological studies and their spherically symmetric variation in astrophysical situations. We conclude that the illusion of dark matter and dark energy in cosmological and astrophysical observations originates from CCC.

With the increasing integration of high-proportion renewable energy, power systems are exhibiting low-inertia and low-damping characteristics, posing severe challenges to frequency stability. This paper proposes a coordinated supplementary frequency regulation strategy utilizing electrolytic aluminum (EA) loads and a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). Firstly, a system frequency response model is established, incorporating EA, electrochemical energy storage, pumped hydro storage, and conventional generation units. Secondly, an improved variable filter time constant controller is designed, supplemented by fuzzy logic, to achieve adaptive power allocation under different disturbance magnitudes. Concurrently, regulation intervals are defined based on the area control error (ACE), enabling a tiered response from source-grid-load resources. Simulation results demonstrate that under a severe disturbance of 0.05 p.u., the proposed strategy reduces the maximum frequency deviation from 0.198 Hz to 0.054 Hz, achieving a 72.7% performance improvement, and shortens the system settling time by 59.5%. Furthermore, the state of charge (SOC) of the electrochemical storage is successfully maintained within the range of [0.482, 0.505], effectively balancing frequency regulation performance and device lifespan. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in enhancing the frequency resilience of low-inertia power grids.

This paper presents a probabilistic, multi-layered framework designed to forecast the longevity and security of cryptographic systems under the dual pressures of classical and quantum computational threats. The model integrates thermodynamic decay analogies, stochastic transitions via Hidden Markov Models, and an adapted financial option pricing method to quantify cryptographic degradation, strategic risk, and transition readiness. This framework can guide standardization roadmaps, cipher retirement, or quantum-migration planning, guiding proactive, instead of reactive, crypto agility. Furthermore, it provides a quantitative methodology to complement the current opinions expressed in surveys, as well as a qualitative approach to cryptographic security risk projections.