Optimum Sowing Date and Salt Tolerant Variety Boost Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Yield and Water Productivity during Boro Season in the Ganges Delta
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Experimental Details
2.2. Crop Management
2.3. Observations
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Sowing Dates on Phenology and Irrigation Water Requirement of Boro Rice
3.2. Effect on Yield Attributes
3.3. Effect on Grain and Straw Yields
3.4. Irrigation Water Productivity (IWP) and Economic Water Productivity (EWP)
3.5. Changes in Soil and Water Salinity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Month | Temperature (°C) | RH * (%) | Rainfall (mm) | Rainy Days | Av. Wind (km h−1) | BSSH # (h Day−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Max. | Min. | Mean | ||||||
2016–17 | ||||||||
Oct. | 31.9 | 24.8 | 28.3 | 61.0 | 27.5 | 3 | 0.3 | 5.8 |
Nov. | 29.2 | 18.6 | 23.9 | 47.3 | 48.2 | 3 | 0.2 | 6.6 |
Dec. | 26.3 | 14.6 | 20.5 | 50.1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.3 | 5.9 |
Jan. | 25.7 | 12.7 | 19.2 | 77.9 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.6 | 7.6 |
Feb. | 29.4 | 17.0 | 23.2 | 81.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 1.2 | 7.1 |
Mar. | 31.4 | 21.5 | 26.4 | 81.9 | 49.0 | 4 | 3.4 | 6.9 |
Apr. | 34.2 | 26.0 | 30.1 | 76.8 | 12.6 | 2 | 6.8 | 5.0 |
May | 36.6 | 26.9 | 31.7 | 72.5 | 66.6 | 5 | 7.5 | 8.4 |
2017–18 | ||||||||
Oct. | 31.4 | 24.9 | 28.2 | 88.2 | 420.8 | 11 | 4.1 | 5.5 |
Nov. | 29.3 | 19.1 | 24.2 | 76.8 | 34.6 | 5 | 2.0 | 6.9 |
Dec. | 25.7 | 15.6 | 20.7 | 86.7 | 28.8 | 2 | 2.0 | 5.9 |
Jan. | 24.3 | 11.2 | 17.8 | 81.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 1.9 | 7.4 |
Feb. | 30.6 | 17.8 | 24.2 | 79.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 2.7 | 7.0 |
Mar. | 33.9 | 22.8 | 28.4 | 78.0 | 2.4 | 0 | 4.2 | 7.2 |
Apr. | 34.4 | 23.9 | 29.1 | 75.0 | 67.4 | 7 | 6.5 | 8.0 |
May | 34.9 | 26.3 | 30.6 | 74.5 | 141.0 | 7 | 7.7 | 7.9 |
Treatments | Disease Score | Irrigation Water Requirement (mm) |
---|---|---|
Sowing dates | ||
D1 | 6.61 a | 1391 b |
D2 | 3.83 bc | 1210 e |
D3 | 3.50 c | 1285 d |
D4 | 3.33 c | 1334 c |
D5 | 3.72 c | 1384 b |
D6 | 4.61 b | 1444 a |
SEm± | 0.17 | 9.8 |
LSD0.05 | 0.52 | 31.2 |
Varieties | ||
V1 | 3.97 b | 1357 a |
V2 | 3.94 b | 1341 b |
V3 | 4.89 a | 1326 c |
SEm± | 0.11 | 4.7 |
LSD0.05 | 0.33 | 13.8 |
Years | ||
2016–17 | 4.17 b | 1308 b |
2017–18 | 4.37 a | 1374 a |
SEm± | 0.04 | 3.03 |
LSD0.05 | 0.12 | 9.15 |
Interaction | ns | ns |
Dates of Sowing | Mean Air Temperature (°C) during Flowering | Flowering Period | Harvesting Period | Mean Air Temperature (°C) at Harvesting | Maturity Duration (Days) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Oct. | 17.8–19.2 | Late Jan. | Late Mar. | 26.4–28.4 | 170–177 |
15 Oct. | 23.2–24.2 | Early Feb. | Late Mar. | 26.4–28.4 | 155–162 |
1 Nov. | 26.4–28.4 | Early Mar. | Early Apr.–Mid Apr. | 29.1–30.1 | 160–167 |
15 Nov. | 26.4–28.4 | Mid Mar. | Late Apr. | 29.1–30.1 | 155–162 |
1 Dec. | 29.1–30.1 | Late Mar.–Mid Apr. | Early May | 29.1–30.1 | 155–162 |
15 Dec. | 30.6–31.7 | Late Apr.–Early May | Mid May–Late May | 30.6–31.7 | 155–162 |
Treatments | Yield Attributes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Panicles m−2 | Spikelets Panicle−1 | Spikelet Fertility (%) | 1000 Grain wt (g) | |
Sowing dates | ||||
D1 | 345 bc | 108 e | 82.2 bc | 19.43 |
D2 | 429 a | 156 a | 88.8 a | 19.99 |
D3 | 345 bc | 149 ab | 86.5 ab | 19.81 |
D4 | 333 bc | 146 b | 86.6 ab | 20.24 |
D5 | 365 b | 131 c | 84.5 b | 19.60 |
D6 | 315 c | 118 d | 81.4 c | 18.98 |
SEm± | 13 | 3 | 0.9 | 0.25 |
LSD0.05 | 42 | 9 | 2.7 | ns |
Varieties | ||||
V1 | 379 a | 125 b | 86.4 a | 19.12 b |
V2 | 354 ab | 157 a | 87.0 a | 20.58 a |
V3 | 332 b | 122 b | 81.6 b | 19.33 b |
SEm± | 11 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.17 |
LSD0.05 | 32 | 7 | 1.5 | 0.49 |
Years | ||||
2016–17 | 310 b | 133 | 83.6 b | 19.65 |
2017–18 | 400 a | 136 | 86.4 a | 19.70 |
SEm± | 10 | 1 | 0.4 | 0.12 |
LSD0.05 | 27 | ns | 1.2 | ns |
Interaction | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Dates of Sowing | Grain Yield (t ha−1) | Straw Yield (t ha−1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V1 | V2 | V3 | Mean | V1 | V2 | V3 | Mean | |
D1 | 3.06 bc | 2.48 d | 3.23 b | 2.92 bc | 8.04 a | 7.89 a | 6.57 a | 7.50 a |
D2 | 3.40 b | 3.98 b | 4.96 a | 4.11 a | 4.93 b | 5.91 b | 5.67 b | 5.51 b |
D3 | 4.06 a | 5.10 a | 1.40 d | 3.52 ab | 4.45 c | 5.62 bc | 4.85 c | 4.97 b |
D4 | 2.67 c | 3.18 c | 1.32 d | 2.39 c | 4.28 c | 3.93 d | 2.11 d | 3.44 c |
D5 | 4.25 a | 2.95 cd | 2.49 c | 3.23 b | 4.36 c | 3.18 e | 4.48 c | 4.01 c |
D6 | 2.98 c | 2.76 d | 2.52 c | 2.75 bc | 4.99 b | 5.35 c | 5.79 b | 5.38 b |
Mean | 3.40 | 3.41 | 2.65 | - | 5.17 | 5.31 | 4.91 | - |
Comparisons | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 |
SEm± | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.40 | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.17 | 0.43 | 0.15 |
LSD0.05 | 0.71 | 0.48 | 1.17 | 0.40 | 0.92 | ns | 1.25 | 0.46 |
Dates of Sowing | Grain Yield (t ha−1) | Straw Yield (t ha−1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V1 | V2 | V3 | Mean | V1 | V2 | V3 | Mean | |
D1 | 2.74 d | 2.66 d | 2.73 b | 2.71 c | 4.83 d | 4.36 e | 4.27 b | 4.49 c |
D2 | 5.95 b | 6.32 b | 4.25 a | 5.51 a | 6.64 b | 6.59 c | 4.85 a | 6.03 a |
D3 | 6.69 a | 6.95 a | 3.05 b | 5.57 a | 7.07 a | 7.64 a | 3.32 c | 6.01 a |
D4 | 7.08 a | 7.19 a | 2.95 b | 5.74 a | 7.11 a | 7.32 ab | 3.30 c | 5.91 a |
D5 | 6.85 a | 6.85 a | 2.84 b | 5.51 a | 7.00 a | 7.05 b | 3.47 c | 5.84 a |
D6 | 5.53 c | 5.76 c | 2.08 c | 4.45 b | 6.03 c | 6.06 d | 3.48 c | 5.19 b |
Mean | 5.81 | 5.95 | 2.98 | - | 6.45 | 6.50 | 3.78 | - |
Comparisons | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 |
SEm± | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.42 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.12 |
LSD0.05 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 1.29 | 0.40 | 0.58 | 0.43 | 1.04 | 0.35 |
Months | 2016–17 | 2017–18 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil Salinity (ECe) | IW * Salinity (EC) | # Field Water Salinity (EC) | Soil Salinity (ECe) | IW Salinity (EC) | Field Water Salinity (EC) | |
Nov. | 2.53 ± 0.37 | 1.28 ± 0.05 | 1.37 ± 0.07 | 2.20 ± 0.61 | 1.42 ± 0.03 | 1.51 ± 0.04 |
Dec. | 3.26 ± 0.25 | 1.76 ± 0.04 | 2.04 ± 0.05 | 2.35 ± 0.46 | 1.52 ± 0.02 | 1.77 ± 0.05 |
Jan. | 3.96 ± 0.32 | 1.57 ± 0.03 | 1.72 ± 0.06 | 2.93 ± 0.61 | 1.58 ± 0.04 | 1.79 ± 0.06 |
Feb. | 4.18 ± 0.26 | 1.15 ± 0.04 | 1.84 ± 0.07 | 3.30 ± 0.59 | 1.77 ± 0.06 | 1.85 ± 0.08 |
Mar. | 4.99 ± 0.25 | 1.39 ± 0.02 | 1.51 ± 0.06 | 3.90 ± 0.48 | 1.72 ± 0.03 | 1.87 ± 0.05 |
Apr. | 5.23 ± 0.27 | 1.32 ± 0.07 | 1.42 ± 0.08 | 4.30 ± 0.53 | 1.72 ± 0.04 | 1.89 ± 0.07 |
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Sarangi, S.K.; Mainuddin, M.; Maji, B.; Mahanta, K.K.; Digar, S.; Burman, D.; Mandal, U.K.; Mandal, S. Optimum Sowing Date and Salt Tolerant Variety Boost Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Yield and Water Productivity during Boro Season in the Ganges Delta. Agronomy 2021, 11, 2413. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122413
Sarangi SK, Mainuddin M, Maji B, Mahanta KK, Digar S, Burman D, Mandal UK, Mandal S. Optimum Sowing Date and Salt Tolerant Variety Boost Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Yield and Water Productivity during Boro Season in the Ganges Delta. Agronomy. 2021; 11(12):2413. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122413
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarangi, Sukanta K., Mohammed Mainuddin, Buddheswar Maji, Kshirendra K. Mahanta, Saheb Digar, Dhiman Burman, Uttam Kumar Mandal, and Subhasis Mandal. 2021. "Optimum Sowing Date and Salt Tolerant Variety Boost Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Yield and Water Productivity during Boro Season in the Ganges Delta" Agronomy 11, no. 12: 2413. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122413