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Nutrients
Volume 17
Issue 20
10.3390/nu17203194
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Article

Dietary Modification with Food Order and Divided Carbohydrate Intake Improves Glycemic Excursions in Healthy Young Women

by
Yuki Higuchi
1,
Takashi Miyawaki
1,
Shizuo Kajiyama
2,3,
Kaoru Kitta
1,
Shintaro Kajiyama
2,
Yoshitaka Hashimoto
3,4,
Michiaki Fukui
3 and
Saeko Imai
1,*
1
Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women’s University, 35, Kitahiyoshi-cho, Imakumano, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto 605-8501, Japan
2
Kajiyama Clinic, Kyoto Gojyo Clinic Building, 20-1, Higashionmaeda-cho, Nishinanajyo, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8898, Japan
3
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
4
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, 5-55, Sotojhima-cho, Morigu-chi-shi, Osaka 570-8540, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3194; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203194
Submission received: 12 September 2025 / Revised: 6 October 2025 / Accepted: 8 October 2025 / Published: 10 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Previous studies show that allocating carbohydrates earlier and vegetables/protein later in late-evening meals improves glycemic control in both healthy individuals and those with type 2 diabetes. However, evidence remains insufficient regarding the effects of distributing carbohydrate intake across the day by dividing three regular meals into five smaller meals. Methods: We conducted a randomized, controlled, crossover trial to compare the effects of two dietary patterns: (1) a conventional three-meal pattern with simultaneous intake of all food components, and (2) a five-meal pattern incorporating divided carbohydrate portions and a fixed food order—vegetables first, followed by protein, and then carbohydrates. Eighteen healthy young women consumed the same test meals under both patterns. Glucose fluctuations were monitored using an intermittently continuous glucose monitoring system. Results: The five-meal pattern with food sequencing significantly improved the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE; 2.56 ± 0.13 vs. 3.49 ± 0.32 mmol/L, p < 0.01), glucose peak, and incremental area under the glucose curve for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, and the time above the target glucose range [>7.8 mmol/L; 1.4 ± 0.6 vs. 4.2 ± 1.0%, p < 0.01] compared to the three-meal pattern. Conclusions: These findings suggest that divided carbohydrate intake and food order ameliorates the MAGE in healthy young women.
Keywords: diet; food order; divided carbohydrate; glycemic excursions; continuous glucose monitor; vegetable diet; food order; divided carbohydrate; glycemic excursions; continuous glucose monitor; vegetable

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MDPI and ACS Style

Higuchi, Y.; Miyawaki, T.; Kajiyama, S.; Kitta, K.; Kajiyama, S.; Hashimoto, Y.; Fukui, M.; Imai, S. Dietary Modification with Food Order and Divided Carbohydrate Intake Improves Glycemic Excursions in Healthy Young Women. Nutrients 2025, 17, 3194. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203194

AMA Style

Higuchi Y, Miyawaki T, Kajiyama S, Kitta K, Kajiyama S, Hashimoto Y, Fukui M, Imai S. Dietary Modification with Food Order and Divided Carbohydrate Intake Improves Glycemic Excursions in Healthy Young Women. Nutrients. 2025; 17(20):3194. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203194

Chicago/Turabian Style

Higuchi, Yuki, Takashi Miyawaki, Shizuo Kajiyama, Kaoru Kitta, Shintaro Kajiyama, Yoshitaka Hashimoto, Michiaki Fukui, and Saeko Imai. 2025. "Dietary Modification with Food Order and Divided Carbohydrate Intake Improves Glycemic Excursions in Healthy Young Women" Nutrients 17, no. 20: 3194. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203194

APA Style

Higuchi, Y., Miyawaki, T., Kajiyama, S., Kitta, K., Kajiyama, S., Hashimoto, Y., Fukui, M., & Imai, S. (2025). Dietary Modification with Food Order and Divided Carbohydrate Intake Improves Glycemic Excursions in Healthy Young Women. Nutrients, 17(20), 3194. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203194

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