Role of Iodine Status and Lifestyle Behaviors on Goiter among Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study in Zhejiang Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.2.1. Sociodemographic Characteristic
2.2.2. UIC
2.2.3. Lifestyle Factors
2.2.4. Main Outcome
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants Characteristics
3.2. Association between UIC and Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | N | Boys (N = 799) | Girls (N = 763) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD)/N (%) | Mean (SD)/N (%) | Mean (SD)/N (%) | |||
Age (year) | 1562 | 11.19 (3.34) | 11.12 (3.26) | 11.27 (3.42) | 0.393 |
Age group | 1562 | 0.123 | |||
6–9 years | 556 (35.6%) | 281 (35.2%) | 275 (36.0%) | ||
10–13 years | 542 (34.7%) | 295 (36.9%) | 247 (32.4%) | ||
14–17 years | 464 (29.7%) | 223 (27.9%) | 241 (31.6%) | ||
Height (cm) | 1562 | 145.6 (18.5) | 147.2 (19.8) | 144.0 (16.8) | 0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 1562 | 40.7 (16.6) | 42.7 (18.4) | 38.6 (14.3) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 1562 | 18.4 (4.1) | 18.8 (4.2) | 18.0 (3.9) | <0.001 |
BMI group: | 1562 | <0.001 | |||
Underweight | 162 (10.4%) | 91 (11.4%) | 71 (9.3%) | ||
Normal weight | 1025 (65.6%) | 467 (58.4%) | 558 (73.1%) | ||
Overweight/obesity | 375 (24.0%) | 241 (30.2%) | 134 (17.6%) | ||
Household income per capita | 1464 | 33,844.30 (29,847.81) | 33,939.64 (29,605.48) | 33,743.05 (30,123.58) | 0.900 |
Physical activity (h/d) | 1550 | 0.38 (0.52) | 0.42 (0.57) | 0.33 (0.46) | 0.001 |
Adequate physical activity (≥1 h/d) | 1550 | 173 (11.2%) | 101 (12.6%) | 72 (9.4%) | 0.046 |
Recreational screen exposure (h/d) | 1527 | 1.48 (1.38) | 1.57 (1.42) | 1.40 (1.34) | 0.017 |
Limited screen exposure (<2 h/d) | 1527 | 410 (26.9%) | 235 (29.4%) | 175 (22.9%) | 0.004 |
Sleep duration (h/d) | 1287 | 8.91 (1.07) | 8.90 (1.07) | 8.92 (1.08) | 0.756 |
Adequate sleep duration a | 1287 | 978 (76.0%) | 498 (62.3%) | 480 (62.9%) | 0.960 |
Frequency of dining out (times/week) | 1294 | 2.12 (2.43) | 2.09 (2.36) | 2.16 (2.50) | 0.598 |
Low frequency of dining out (≤2) | 1294 | 1012 (78.2%) | 519 (78.4%) | 493 (78.0%) | 0.918 |
Urinary iodine concentration (μg/L) | 1562 | 217.09 (154.06) | 214.78 (148.92) | 219.51 (159.33) | 0.545 |
UIC (μg/L) | 1562 | 0.020 | |||
<100 | 252 (16.1%) | 120 (15.0%) | 132 (17.3%) | ||
100–199 | 621 (39.8%) | 347 (43.4%) | 274 (35.9%) | ||
200–299 | 392 (25.1%) | 184 (23.0%) | 208 (27.3%) | ||
≥300 | 297 (19.0%) | 148 (18.5%) | 149 (19.5%) | ||
Tvol (mL) | 1562 | 4.75 (2.90) | 4.72 (2.94) | 4.79 (2.86) | 0.628 |
Goiter | 1562 | 168 (10.8%) | 77 (9.6%) | 91 (11.9%) | 0.168 |
Thyroid-Related Indicators | Variables | Mean (SD) | Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | p | β | SE | p | β | SE | p | |||
Tvol (mL) | UIC (μg/L) | 4.75 (2.90) | 0.0005 | 0.0005 | 0.264 | −0.0001 | 0.0004 | 0.806 | −0.00005 | 0.0004 | 0.909 |
UIC (μg/L) | |||||||||||
<100 | 4.65 (2.53) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||
100–199 | 4.80 (2.69) | 0.086 | 0.217 | 0.691 | −0.233 | 0.198 | 0.240 | −0.222 | 0.196 | 0.257 | |
200–299 | 4.74 (2.77) | 0.159 | 0.234 | 0.498 | −0.101 | 0.213 | 0.636 | −0.093 | 0.211 | 0.658 | |
≥300 | 4.81 (3.43) | 0.150 | 0.249 | 0.545 | −0.367 | 0.228 | 0.107 | −0.333 | 0.226 | 0.140 | |
N (%) | OR | 95%CI | p | OR | 95%CI | p | OR | 95%CI | p | ||
Goiter | UIC (μg/L) | 168 (10.8%) | 0.998 | 0.996–0.999 | 0.002 | 0.998 | 0.997–1.00 | 0.015 | 0.998 | 0.997–1.00 | 0.022 |
UIC (μg/L) | |||||||||||
<100 | 40 (15.9%) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
100–199 | 67 (10.8%) | 0.64 | 0.42–0.98 | 0.039 | 0.71 | 0.46–1.11 | 0.123 | 0.71 | 0.45–1.11 | 0.126 | |
200–299 | 41 (10.5%) | 0.62 | 0.39–0.99 | 0.045 | 0.73 | 0.45–1.19 | 0.202 | 0.75 | 0.46–1.22 | 0.237 | |
≥300 | 20 (6.7%) | 0.38 | 0.21–0.67 | 0.001 | 0.48 | 0.26–0.85 | 0.014 | 0.49 | 0.27–0.88 | 0.018 |
Thyroid-Related Indicators | UIC (μg/L) | Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | p | β | SE | p | β | SE | p | ||
Tvol (mL) | <100 | −0.210 | 0.217 | 0.334 | −0.370 | 0.181 | 0.042 | −0.225 | 0.182 | 0.216 |
100–199 | −0.372 | 0.155 | 0.017 | −0.301 | 0.139 | 0.030 | −0.307 | 0.138 | 0.027 | |
200–299 | −0.250 | 0.270 | 0.356 | −0.137 | 0.271 | 0.614 | −0.117 | 0.270 | 0.664 | |
≥300 | −0.628 | 0.217 | 0.004 | −0.694 | 0.183 | <0.001 | −0.595 | 0.173 | <0.001 | |
OR | 95%CI | p | OR | 95%CI | p | OR | 95%CI | p | ||
Goiter | <100 | 0.62 | 0.40–0.95 | 0.027 | 0.57 | 0.36–0.91 | 0.019 | 0.66 | 0.40–1.07 | 0.092 |
100–199 | 0.77 | 0.57–1.06 | 0.112 | 0.78 | 0.56–1.09 | 0.152 | 0.78 | 0.56–1.09 | 0.144 | |
200–299 | 0.84 | 0.55–1.30 | 0.446 | 0.86 | 0.55–1.36 | 0.523 | 0.87 | 0.55–1.36 | 0.535 | |
≥300 | 0.28 | 0.15–0.54 | <0.001 | 0.29 | 0.15–0.55 | <0.001 | 0.28 | 0.14–0.56 | <0.001 |
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Mao, G.; Zhou, C.; Huang, L.; Mo, Z.; Su, D.; Gu, S.; Guo, F.; Wang, Y.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, R.; et al. Role of Iodine Status and Lifestyle Behaviors on Goiter among Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study in Zhejiang Province, China. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2910. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172910
Mao G, Zhou C, Huang L, Mo Z, Su D, Gu S, Guo F, Wang Y, Chen Z, Zhang R, et al. Role of Iodine Status and Lifestyle Behaviors on Goiter among Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study in Zhejiang Province, China. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2910. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172910
Chicago/Turabian StyleMao, Guangming, Changyuan Zhou, Lichun Huang, Zhe Mo, Danting Su, Simeng Gu, Fanjia Guo, Yuanyang Wang, Zhijian Chen, Ronghua Zhang, and et al. 2024. "Role of Iodine Status and Lifestyle Behaviors on Goiter among Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study in Zhejiang Province, China" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2910. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172910
APA StyleMao, G., Zhou, C., Huang, L., Mo, Z., Su, D., Gu, S., Guo, F., Wang, Y., Chen, Z., Zhang, R., Lou, X., Wang, X., Hu, J., Gu, F., & Dong, B. (2024). Role of Iodine Status and Lifestyle Behaviors on Goiter among Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study in Zhejiang Province, China. Nutrients, 16(17), 2910. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172910