Search Results (2,711)

Background/Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of both amyloid and tau pathology. Lifestyle factors, including exercise, have been shown to be protective against dementia and warrant continued exploration. This study used the rTg4510 tauopathy mouse model to specifically explore how anxiety-like, cognitive, and noncognitive behaviors can be potentially improved by a swimming exercise regimen. Methods: Male and female rTg4510 mice and wildtype controls underwent a five-week swimming exercise paradigm and were tested in anxiety-like, cognitive, and noncognitive behavioral tasks, including burrowing and nesting assays. Results: Swimming exercise led to significant effects on locomotion in the open field test (OFT), with those given exercise having reduced total distance and distance traveled in the surround region (p < 0.05). Tau mice given swimming exercise showed significantly decreased latencies in entering the center of the OFT (p < 0.05), indicating improvements in anxiety-like behavior. Swimming exercise had a significant effect on burrowing behavior, where those mice given exercise burrowed significantly more pea gravel than those not exercising both after two hours and overnight (p < 0.001). We also report significant associations between anxiety-like behavior measures from the OFT and burrowing activity seen specifically in Tau mice. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential effectiveness of aerobic exercise to affect anxiety-like and noncognitive behaviors. Despite swimming exercise not specifically affecting tau mice, this study highlights the importance of including noncognitive measures and both sexes when studying the connection between lifestyle factors and behavior. Full article

Background: Modern lifestyles characterized by artificial light exposure, screen use, and altered sleep routines may be related to eating behaviors and dietary patterns relevant to the gut microbial environment. Although these factors have been investigated individually, limited evidence has examined self-reported light-exposure behaviors, sleep, eating behavior, and gut microbiota-related dietary patterns simultaneously within a single analytical framework. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine associations between five self-reported light-exposure behaviors and the global PSQI score, eating-behavior domains, and FFQ-GM-derived gut microbiota-related dietary pattern scores among adults in the recruited sample. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 518 adults aged 18–64 years recruited in Amman, Jordan, between April and May 2026 using convenience sampling. Participants completed the LEBA, the Arabic PSQI, the Arabic TFEQ-R18, and an Arabic-adapted gut microbiota-focused food frequency questionnaire (FFQ-GM). Associations were examined using Spearman’s rho and multivariable linear regression; multiplicity across the 25 LEBA factor–outcome coefficient tests was addressed using the Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate. Results: In the analyzed sample, 87.3% of participants had a global PSQI score > 5. Several LEBA factor–outcome coefficients had nominal p values < 0.05. Blue-light-filter use was positively associated with the global PSQI score (β = 0.29, p = 0.020), whereas phone use in bed (β = −0.43, p = 0.002) and light exposure before bedtime (β = −0.51, p = 0.009) were negatively associated with the global PSQI score. After false-discovery-rate adjustment across the 25 individual coefficient tests, most individual associations did not remain below the 0.05 threshold; therefore, these coefficient-level findings are interpreted as exploratory. Conclusions: Self-reported light-exposure behaviors were associated with questionnaire-derived sleep scores, eating-behavior domains, and FFQ-GM-derived gut microbiota-related dietary pattern scores. The cross-sectional design does not establish temporal direction, causality, or biological mechanism. Full article

Background/Objectives: Sleep duration and physical activity are important lifestyle behaviors that may influence adolescents’ academic and Physical Education (PE) performance. However, evidence regarding their associations with Physical Education (PE) performance remains limited, particularly in North African populations. This study aimed to examine the relationships between sleep duration, physical activity, and academic and PE performance among Moroccan adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 439 Moroccan adolescents aged 14–20 years. Data were collected using the Arab Teens Lifestyle Study (ATLS) questionnaire. Sleep duration, physical-activity level (metabolic equivalent minutes per week [MET-min/week]), overall academic average, average grade in science subjects, and final PE grade were assessed. Pearson correlation analyses and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with follow-up univariate analyses were performed, with Games–Howell post hoc comparisons used for PE performance. Results: Sleep duration was positively associated with overall academic average (r = 0.147, p = 0.002) and final PE grade (r = 0.167, p = 0.001), but not with average grade in science subjects (r = 0.080, p = 0.099). Physical activity was positively associated with overall academic average (r = 0.169, p < 0.001) and final PE grade (r = 0.166, p = 0.001), but not with average grade in science subjects (r = −0.009, p = 0.851). Overall academic average was strongly correlated with science average (r = 0.809, p < 0.001) and moderately correlated with final PE grade (r = 0.474, p < 0.001). multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)revealed a significant but small overall difference in combined academic and PE performance across the four sleep-duration and physical-activity groups (Pillai’s Trace = 0.034, F(6, 870) = 2.522, p = 0.020, partial η² = 0.017). Follow-up analyses showed no significant group differences in overall academic average (F(3, 435) = 1.460, p = 0.225, partial η² = 0.010), whereas PE performance differed significantly across groups (F(3, 435) = 4.040, p = 0.007, partial η² = 0.027). Conclusions: Sleep duration and physical activity showed weak but significant positive associations with overall academic average and PE performance among Moroccan adolescents, whereas neither was significantly associated with average grades in science subjects. Combined sleep-duration and physical-activity groups differed significantly in PE performance, but not in overall academic average, with small effect sizes. These findings suggest that sleep duration and physical activity are associated with adolescent performance, although the magnitude of these associations is modest and should not be interpreted as causal. Further longitudinal research using objective measures of sleep and physical activity is warranted to clarify these relationships. Full article

Background: Health-promoting behavior is central to healthy aging, and digital platforms are an increasingly important channel through which older adults encounter health information. This study examined demographic, health-status, and health-related social media use factors associated with health-promoting behavior among older adults in Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand, a small province with a disproportionately large share of older residents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 402 community-engaged, functionally independent adults aged ≥ 60 years, recruited through a mixed multistage procedure with convenience recruitment at the individual level in the final stage, at community gathering points. Health-related social media use (22 items, four proposed content domains) and health-promoting behavior (31 items, six domains, adapted from the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II) were measured using structured, pilot-tested questionnaires. Associations were assessed with Spearman correlation and simultaneous multiple linear regression. Because regression diagnostics indicated heteroscedasticity, HC3 heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors, 95% confidence intervals, and p-values were used as the primary regression inference. Results: Overall health-related social media use (M = 2.58, SD = 0.55) and health-promoting behavior (M = 3.34, SD = 0.48) were both classified as “high” under the pre-specified four-band descriptive convention. The adjusted model explained 54.65% of the variance in health-promoting behavior (R² = 0.5465; adjusted R² = 0.5349). Under HC3 robust inference, overall health-related social media use (β = 0.715, p < 0.001), marital status, bachelor’s-degree-or-higher education (inverse association), chronic condition status, and average monthly income (small inverse association, p = 0.032) were independently associated with the outcome. In a domain-specific sensitivity model, general/recreational use (B = 0.439, HC3 95% CI: 0.345 to 0.533, p < 0.001) and diverse types of use (B = 0.112, HC3 95% CI: 0.040 to 0.184, p = 0.002) were independently associated with health-promoting behavior, whereas duration of use and interpersonal health communication were not. Conclusions: Greater overall health-related social media use was associated with health-promoting behavior among community-engaged, functionally independent older adults; however, the domain-specific pattern suggests that this association primarily reflects broader digital/social engagement rather than specifically health-focused social media activity. Given the cross-sectional design, weak support for the proposed social-media subdomain structure, and the possibility of common-method variance and construct overlap, the findings should be regarded as hypothesis-generating and require confirmation in longitudinal or intervention studies using psychometrically refined measures. Full article

Background: Lifestyle behaviors and psychosocial factors are key determinants of cardiometabolic health across the life course. Beyond traditional risk factors, emerging evidence suggests that chronic stress and burnout may influence metabolic risk through behavioral pathways such as physical inactivity and poor diet. However, their joint contribution to type 2 diabetes risk in working populations remains insufficiently understood. Objectives: Our objectives were to examine the joint contribution of lifestyle habits, sociodemographic factors, and burnout to type 2 diabetes risk, and to explore potential behavioral pathways linking psychosocial stress to metabolic risk in a large adult population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 92,480 Spanish workers undergoing routine occupational health assessments between 2021 and 2023. Type 2 diabetes risk was assessed using validated tools (FINDRISC, QDScore, CANRISK). Lifestyle indicators included adherence to the Mediterranean diet and physical activity levels; burnout was assessed using the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between determinants and diabetes risk. Mediation analyses were performed to assess the contribution of lifestyle behaviors to the association between burnout and diabetes risk, and predictive performance analyses evaluated the incremental value of burnout. Results: Burnout was independently associated with a higher probability of moderate-to-high diabetes risk across all screening tools. Exploratory cross-sectional mediation analyses indicated that lifestyle behaviors, particularly physical inactivity and low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, statistically accounted for approximately 45% of the observed association. Adding burnout to the models significantly improved discrimination and reclassification of moderate-to-high diabetes-risk classification. In addition, higher diabetes risk was consistently observed among individuals from lower socioeconomic groups and those with unhealthy lifestyle profiles. Conclusions: Lifestyle behaviors and psychosocial stress were associated with estimated diabetes risk across adulthood. Burnout was independently associated with a higher probability of moderate-to-high diabetes-risk classification, with exploratory analyses suggesting that lifestyle behaviors may statistically account for part of this association. These cross-sectional findings highlight the potential relevance of considering both behavioral and psychosocial factors when studying cardiometabolic risk in working populations, while prospective studies are needed to establish temporal and causal relationships. Full article

Purpose: Young adult cancer survivors aged 20–30 years are at increased risk for chronic health conditions, influenced by modifiable lifestyle behaviors. Many do not meet the American Cancer Society’s guidelines for physical activity and healthy eating. Guided by Social Cognitive Theory, this qualitative study explored the facilitators and barriers to healthy lifestyle behaviors among a racially and ethnically diverse sample of young adult cancer survivors aged 20–30 years to inform tailored interventions. Methods: Participants were recruited through the Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology Program at Moffitt Cancer Center in Florida, USA. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed using applied thematic analysis. Transcripts were coded in NVivo 12 Plus and organized into themes reflecting Social Cognitive Theory constructs and intervention preferences. Demographic information was collected via pre-interview surveys. Results: Participants (N = 30) were an average of 26 years (SD = 2.4). Most identified as non-Hispanic (60%), White (60%), unmarried (83%), women (83%), and with annual household income ≥$40,000 (67%). The most common diagnoses were thyroid cancer (20%), lymphoid (17%), and sarcoma (13%). Interviews lasted 30–88 min (M = 52). Five themes emerged: (1) competing demands and time constraints; (2) symptom burden and desire for credible, flexible support; (3) previous habits, self-efficacy, and community building; (4) dual role of social support; and (5) cancer as a catalyst for behavior change. Conclusions: Findings identified facilitators and barriers to physical activity and healthy eating, and intervention preferences among young adult cancer survivors, which can inform the timing, content, and modality of tailored interventions. Implications for Cancer Survivors: Findings can inform tailored, survivor-centered interventions for young adult cancer survivors. Full article

Background/Objectives: Modifiable lifestyle behaviors may be relevant to osteoporotic fracture risk, but their cumulative association across different levels of skeletal health remains unclear. This study investigated the association between a cumulative lifestyle score and osteoporotic fracture risk according to baseline bone mineral density (BMD) category in older women. Methods: We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study using Korean National Health Insurance Service data from 541,770 women aged 66 years who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry through the national life-transition health screening program between 2010 and 2016. A cumulative lifestyle score ranging from 0 to 3 was constructed by assigning one point each for regular exercise, non- or ex-smoking status, and non-drinking status. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate associations with any, vertebral, hip, and other osteoporotic fractures across normal BMD, osteopenia, and osteoporosis groups. Results: Higher lifestyle scores were generally associated with lower osteoporotic fracture hazards across BMD categories. For any fracture, the adjusted hazard ratios for lifestyle score 3 versus 0 were 0.746 (95% CI, 0.564–0.987) in the normal BMD group, 0.747 (95% CI, 0.630–0.885) in the osteopenia group, and 0.786 (95% CI, 0.668–0.924) in the osteoporosis group. No statistical evidence of interaction between lifestyle score and BMD category was observed. The incidence-rate differences between scores 0 and 3 for any fracture were 4.49, 6.03, and 5.99 per 1000 person-years in the normal BMD, osteopenia, and osteoporosis groups, respectively. Conclusions: A more favorable cumulative lifestyle profile was associated with lower osteoporotic fracture risk across BMD categories in older women. Although there was no statistical evidence that the relative associations differed by BMD category, larger incidence-rate differences were observed among women with lower BMD. These observational findings support the potential value of integrated lifestyle assessment as a complementary component of fracture-risk assessment and counseling. Full article

Fungal mycoparasitism, where one fungus preys on another, offers a sustainable, eco-friendly alternative to synthetic chemical fungicides in agriculture and conventional antifungal therapies to manage clinical pathogens. The budding yeast Saccharomycopsis schoenii has emerged as a compelling model for contact-dependent, necrotrophic predation. Belonging to the CUG-Ser2 clade, its obligate predatory lifestyle is characterized by extensive genomic restructuring, including the loss of the sulfate assimilation pathway, which couples methionine starvation to a predatory behavioral switch. In this review, we highlight recent comparative genomics and functional studies as they relate to S. schoenii predation. For example, S. schoenii uses rewired mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, actin-based penetration pegs and a large tandem expansion of secreted aspartic proteases (SAPs) to breach prey cell walls. Analysis of its genome reveals structural adaptations, including AT-rich regional centromeres and dispersed mating-type (MAT) loci. The more we learn about S. schoenii’s contact-dependent attack, the greater the opportunities to deploy S. schoenii as a safe, mycotoxin-free biocontrol agent against both multi-drug-resistant Candida auris and post-harvest Penicillium molds. Full article

Background/Objectives: Physical activity and dietary inflammatory potential are modifiable correlates of depressive symptoms. We examined whether oral microbial dysbiosis—an imbalance in oral microbial community structure—was associated with an integrated lifestyle profile and depressive symptoms in U.S. adults. Methods: We analyzed 6519 adults aged 20–69 years from NHANES 2009–2012. The Integrated Lifestyle Score combined standardized Dietary Inflammatory Index and leisure-time physical activity; higher scores indicated higher dietary inflammatory potential and lower physical activity. Oral dysbiosis was assessed using a study-specific genus-level log-ratio index. Survey-weighted regression models were fitted, and indirect associations were evaluated using 5000 bootstrap resamples. Results: A less favorable lifestyle profile, characterized by higher dietary inflammatory potential and lower leisure-time physical activity, was associated with higher PHQ-9 scores (β = 0.314, 95% CI 0.113–0.515, p = 0.005), greater odds of clinically relevant depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10; OR = 1.355, 95% CI 1.159–1.584, p < 0.001), and greater oral dysbiosis (β = 0.191, 95% CI 0.050–0.331, p = 0.011). Greater oral dysbiosis was associated with higher PHQ-9 scores (β = 0.101, 95% CI 0.059–0.144, p < 0.001) and greater odds of clinically relevant depressive symptoms (OR = 1.069, 95% CI 1.035–1.105, p < 0.001). The indirect association for continuous PHQ-9 was 0.0188 (bootstrap 95% CI 0.0033–0.0402), representing approximately 6.0% of the total association. Conclusions: A less favorable lifestyle profile was associated with greater depressive symptom burden and oral microbial imbalance. Oral dysbiosis statistically accounted for a small proportion of this association. Given the cross-sectional design and study-specific indices, these findings should be interpreted as exploratory rather than causal. Full article

Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is increasingly recognized as a condition associated with impaired skeletal health and increased fracture risk. Although osteoporosis is usually considered more clinically relevant after menopause, diabetes-related skeletal alterations may begin earlier in life. This scoping review aimed to map the available evidence on bone-health outcomes in premenopausal women with T1D. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library were searched, supplemented by Google Scholar and manual screening of reference lists. Eligible studies examined bone mineral density (BMD), fracture history or fracture risk, bone turnover markers, quantitative ultrasound parameters, bone microarchitecture, or other skeletal outcomes in premenopausal women or women with T1D. Results: Seven studies met the eligibility criteria. The included studies were mainly observational and varied in sample size, age range, diabetes duration, skeletal sites assessed, and bone-assessment methods. Most studies reported lower BMD or less favorable skeletal parameters in premenopausal women with T1D compared with women without diabetes, particularly at peripheral or hip-related skeletal sites. Quantitative ultrasound studies suggested impaired peripheral skeletal properties, while one MRI-based study identified trabecular microarchitectural deficits. Several studies also reported altered bone turnover markers and associations between poorer glycemic control, adverse health behaviors or diabetes-related complications, and poorer bone outcomes. Fracture data were limited and were based on previous or self-reported fractures. Potential determinants of skeletal health were variably reported across studies, with more consistent consideration of body mass index and selected lifestyle or reproductive factors than of autoimmune, nutritional, medication-related, and detailed reproductive variables. Conclusions: Available evidence indicates that premenopausal women with T1D may exhibit early alterations in skeletal health, including differences in BMD, peripheral bone measures, bone turnover, and microarchitecture. These findings highlight the potential importance of considering bone health before the menopausal transition. However, prospective data on fragility fractures remain limited, and further longitudinal studies incorporating detailed reproductive, metabolic, and clinical factors are needed to clarify the long-term skeletal implications and inform future risk-assessment strategies. Full article

Background/Objectives: Obesity is a well-established risk factor for several cancers, yet few studies have explored survivorship outcomes among obesity-related cancer (ORC) survivors—a growing public health concern. Beyond cancer risk, obesity is associated with poorer health-related quality of life (HRQoL), greater comorbidity burden, and adverse lifestyle behaviors during survivorship. This study examined differences in these outcomes between ORC and non-ORC survivors living in Puerto Rico. Methods: We analyzed 569 cancer survivors aged ≥21 years actively undergoing treatment from the Impact of Social Determinants of Health on the Cancer Care Continuum in Cancer Survivors in Puerto Rico Study, with survey data collected between 2023 and 2025. ORC status was classified based on the presence of a primary ORC (n = 262); all others were classified as non-ORC (n = 307). Outcomes included: (1) HRQoL, assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General overall score and domains; (2) comorbidities; and (3) lifestyle behaviors (i.e., physical activity, alcohol use, and smoking status). Poisson regression models with robust standard errors estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all outcomes except smoking status and comorbidity burden, which were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression models to estimate adjusted relative risk ratios (aRRRs). Results: ORC survivors had a higher relative risk of former smoking (vs. never smoking) than non-ORC survivors (aRRR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.02–2.96). No other differences were observed between groups. Older ORC survivors reported better emotional (aPR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.41–0.85) and physical (aPR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.58–0.95) well-being than older non-ORC survivors. Among male participants, ORC survivors reported a lower prevalence of moderate/exceeded drinking than non-ORC survivors. Conclusions: Findings highlight a higher relative risk of former smoking (vs. never smoking) among ORC survivors compared with non-ORC survivors, with additional sex- and age-specific patterns in alcohol use and emotional/physical well-being. Full article

Background and Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly emerged as a promising tool for delivering personalized interventions in physical activity, exercise prescription, and weight management. AI technologies may facilitate individualized recommendations, behavioral support, and lifestyle modification through adaptive digital health solutions, although their effectiveness remains to be established across different populations and settings. However, the current evidence remains heterogeneous, and the practical implementation of AI in personalized training and weight management requires further evaluation. This scoping review aimed to summarize the current evidence regarding the application of artificial intelligence for the personalization of training and weight reduction, with particular emphasis on the types of AI technologies used, their reported outcomes, practical applications, and current limitations. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following a structured literature search of studies investigating AI-supported interventions related to physical activity, exercise, dietary behavior, and weight management. Eight studies involving diverse populations, intervention designs, and AI technologies were included. Data were extracted on study characteristics, AI technologies, intervention characteristics, reported outcomes, and research gaps. The literature search was subject to access-based restrictions, including the use of “Free full text” in PubMed and “Open Access” in Web of Science, as well as language restrictions. Results: The included studies investigated a wide range of AI technologies, including conversational chatbots, natural language processing systems, machine learning algorithms, computer vision applications, knowledge-based systems, and large language models. Selected studies reported favorable or modest changes in exercise adherence, physical activity participation, dietary behaviors, user engagement, and weight-related outcomes; however, the magnitude and consistency of these findings varied across studies. Personalized coaching, real-time feedback, and continuous behavioral support were common features of interventions reporting favorable outcomes. However, considerable heterogeneity existed across study designs, participant populations, intervention protocols, AI technologies, and outcome measures, and evidence regarding long-term effectiveness remains limited. The findings should be interpreted in the context of the adopted search strategy, including access-based restrictions and the inability to retrieve eight of 57 reports sought for retrieval, which may have contributed to availability bias. Conclusions: Current evidence suggests that artificial intelligence may have potential as a tool for supporting the personalization of training and weight management interventions, particularly through individualized behavioral support, feedback, and user engagement. However, the available evidence is heterogeneous and does not yet allow firm conclusions regarding the effectiveness or mechanisms of AI-supported interventions. AI should currently be viewed as a complement rather than a replacement for healthcare and exercise professionals. Future large-scale randomized controlled trials with longer follow-up periods and standardized outcome measures are needed to clarify the effectiveness, sustainability, and practical implementation of AI-supported interventions. Full article

Background: Age-related cognitive decline is a major public health challenge, and modifiable lifestyle factors such as physical exercise and sleep have emerged as promising targets for preserving cognitive health. Our review aimed to synthesize evidence on the relationships between physical exercise, sleep, and cognitive performance in adults aged ≥60 years, with particular emphasis on the potential mediating or moderating role of sleep. Methods: Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify studies published between 2015 and 2025. Eligible studies evaluated structured exercise interventions or habitual physical activity and reported at least one sleep outcome alongside at least one cognitive outcome. Results: Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising randomized controlled trials, non-randomized intervention studies, and observational studies. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, multicomponent training, and mind–body interventions were the most frequently investigated exercise modalities. Across studies, exercise was generally associated with improved sleep quality and maintenance or enhancement of cognitive performance. Several studies identified sleep quality or sleep efficiency as potential mediators or moderators of exercise-related cognitive benefits; however, heterogeneity in study designs, interventions, sleep assessments, and cognitive outcomes precluded conclusions regarding causality. Conclusions: Current evidence suggests that sleep may represent an important behavioral pathway through which exercise contributes to cognitive health in older adults. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials incorporating objective sleep measures and mechanistic biomarkers are warranted to clarify these relationships. Full article

Background: Academic pressure during examination periods is frequently reported alongside irregular lifestyle behaviors. The study aimed to explore the interplay between habitual eating behaviors, sleep quality, and self-reported stimulant use and coping adaptations specifically during examination periods among healthcare university students. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 265 university students (Mage = 22.00, SD = 4.46). Dietary behaviors and sleep quality were assessed using the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively. Behavioral profiles, substance-use patterns, and attitudes toward academic pressure were examined using bivariate analyses, multivariate logistic regression, and TwoStep cluster analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0. Results: A high prevalence of poor sleep quality was observed, with 72.8% (n = 193) of participants meeting the clinical criterion for poor sleep (PSQI > 5.0; M = 7.79 ± 3.53), and high sleep disturbances were significantly associated with smoking, energy drink use, coffee escalation, general dietary supplement utilization, and smart-drug use. Multivariate analysis revealed that poor sleep quality (OR = 1.118, 95% CI [1.022, 1.222]) and younger age (OR = 0.843, 95% CI [0.735, 0.967]) were independently associated with higher odds of energy drink use. A distinct cognitive disconnect was observed in tobacco usage: conventional smoking was negatively associated with self-perceived health (OR = 0.401, 95% CI [0.182, 0.884]), whereas electronic cigarette use showed no significant association. TwoStep cluster analysis identified three distinct student typologies during exams: non-users (32.6%), poly-substance users (34.5%), and OTC supplement/caffeine users (33.0%), with active substance-utilizing profiles displaying significantly worse sleep quality and higher emotional eating. Conclusions: These findings highlight distinct cross-sectional lifestyle and coping patterns among healthcare students, emphasizing the need for targeted institutional interventions that support healthy behavioral adaptations and stress management during academic challenges. Full article

Background and Objectives: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasingly recognized as a lifespan neurodevelopmental condition with far-reaching consequences for functioning and health that extend well beyond its core signs and symptoms. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on the real-world impact of ADHD across the lifespan, with a focus on academic and occupational outcomes, interpersonal and family functioning, risk-taking and behavioral outcomes, accidental and sport-related injuries, physical and medical health burdens, substance use disorders, sexual health risks, and mortality. Materials and Methods: A structured search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science supplemented by reference-list screening was conducted to identify relevant clinical studies, epidemiological studies, longitudinal investigations, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published between 2000 and 2025. Evidence was synthesized narratively, with greater interpretive weight given to systematic reviews and meta-analyses, large epidemiological datasets, longitudinal studies, and investigations accounting for important potential confounding factors. Results: Findings indicate that ADHD is associated with substantial impairments across functional, behavioral, and health domains. However, the strength and magnitude of these associations vary and may be influenced by symptom presentation, neurocognitive characteristics, psychiatric comorbidities, lifestyle behaviors, and broader clinical and contextual factors, with evidence of bidirectional relationships for some outcomes. These findings caution against uniformly interpreting adverse outcomes as direct causal consequences of ADHD and support interconnected neurocognitive, reward/motivational, emotional, and environmental pathways linking ADHD features with downstream impairment. Clinically, the evidence underscores the importance of assessing functional impairment alongside ADHD signs and symptoms. Conclusions: Overall, ADHD is associated with substantial and heterogeneous burdens across the lifespan, highlighting the need for multidimensional assessment, further longitudinal and mechanistic research, and timely access to evidence-based interventions. Full article