Longitudinal Associations of Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Pregnancy with Neonatal Anthropometry: Results from the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies—Singleton Cohort
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Maternal Biomarker Assessment
2.3. Neonatal Anthropometric Measures
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison with Studies on DHA and Neonatal Anthropometry
4.2. Comparison with Studies on Estimated Δ5-Desaturase Activity and Neonatal Anthropometry
4.3. Biological Plausibility and Implications
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Unweighted Overall (n = 2802) | Weighted Biomarker Sample (n = 321) 1,2,3 | |
---|---|---|
Age, years, median (interquartile range) | 28.0 (24.0, 32.0) | 27.6 (23.2, 31.9) |
Race/ethnicity, % | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 26.8 | 30.9 (23.3, 38.6) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 27.9 | 23.3 (15.6, 31.0) |
Hispanic | 28.7 | 27.2 (21.2, 33.2) |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 16.7 | 18.5 (13.4, 23.7) |
Education, % | ||
High school or less | 29.9 | 25.1 (17.8, 32.4) |
Some college/associate degree | 30.3 | 35.2 (27.7, 42.7) |
College or higher | 39.7 | 39.8 (32.3, 47.3) |
Nulliparous | 47.1 | 51.1 (43.3, 58.9) |
Pre-pregnancy body mass index, kg/m2, % | ||
19.0–24.9 | 55.9 | 51.7 (43.9, 59.6) |
25.0–29.9 | 27.4 | 33.1 (25.3, 40.8) |
30.0–34.9 | 10.7 | 7.2 (3.5, 10.9) |
35.0–44.9 | 6.0 | 8.0 (4.2, 11.8) |
Gestational weight gain, kg, median (interquartile range) | ||
10–14 weeks | 1.9 (0.2, 3.8) | 1.9 (0.4, 3.2) |
15–26 weeks | 4.6 (2.3, 7.3) | 4.5 (1.8, 6.8) |
23–31 weeks | 8.6 (5.9, 11.9) | 8.7 (5.9, 11.4) |
33–39 weeks | 13.5 (10.0, 16.9) | 13.6 (10.9, 17.2) |
Total | 12.2 (8.6, 16.0) | 12.3 (8.5, 15.6) |
Gestational diabetes, % | 3.8 | 3.9 (2.9, 4.8) |
Preeclampsia, % | 3.5 | 2.2 (0, 4.5) |
Preterm delivery, <37 gestational weeks, % | 5.5 | 9.1 (3.6, 14.5) |
Gestational age at delivery, weeks, median (interquartile range) | 39.4 (38.7, 40.3) | 39.3 (38.6, 40.2) |
Neonatal anthropometric measurements | ||
Birthweight z-score, median (interquartile range) | −0.1 (−0.7, 0.5) | −0.1 (−0.7, 0.5) |
Neonatal length, cm, median (interquartile range) | 50.0 (48.5, 51.8) | 50.5 (48.4, 51.8) |
Neonatal fat mass, g, median (interquartile range) | 401.6 (300.3, 515.3) | 417.5 (329.0, 530.3) |
10–14 Weeks | 15–26 Weeks | 23–31 Weeks | 33–39 Weeks | p-for-Trend 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n-3 PUFA | |||||
18:3n-3 (alpha-linolenic acid, ALA) | 0.22 (0.17, 0.26) | 0.25 (0.20, 0.29) | 0.26 (0.20, 0.30) | 0.24 (0.18, 0.29) | <0.0001 |
20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) | 0.33 (0.20, 0.41) | 0.19 (0.14, 0.20) | 0.31 (0.17, 0.38) | 0.28 (0.16, 0.35) | <0.0001 |
22:5n-3 (docosapentaenoic acid, DPA) | 0.69 (0.55, 0.81) | 0.63 (0.50, 0.74) | 0.60 (0.48, 0.68) | 0.52 (0.41, 0.60) | <0.0001 |
22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) | 4.23 (3.26, 4.94) | 4.11 (3.14, 4.94) | 4.06 (3.21, 4.90) | 3.92 (3.04, 4.64) | 0.0571 |
Sum of n-3 PUFA 2 | 5.46 (4.44, 6.30) | 5.18 (4.04, 6.13) | 5.22 (4.22, 6.12) | 4.96 (3.96, 5.69) | 0.0007 |
n-6 PUFA | |||||
18:2n-6 (linoleic acid, LA) | 20.60 (18.76, 22.37) | 21.65 (19.90, 23.33) | 21.73 (19.66, 23.50) | 22.45 (20.88, 24.08) | <0.0001 |
18:3n-6 (gamma-linoleic acid, GLA) | 0.08 (0.06, 0.09) | 0.08 (0.05, 0.09) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.09) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.09) | 0.0514 |
20:2n-6 (eicosadienoic acid, EDA) | 0.51 (0.44, 0.57) | 0.52 (0.44, 0.58) | 0.50 (0.43, 0.55) | 0.44 (0.39, 0.49) | <0.0001 |
20:3n-6 (dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, DGLA) | 3.58 (2.91, 4.15) | 3.56 (2.97, 4.08) | 3.59 (3.02, 4.05) | 3.29 (2.86, 3.76) | 0.0015 |
20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid, AA) | 11.22 (9.63, 12.53) | 10.35 (8.78, 11.85) | 9.98 (8.33, 11.26) | 9.77 (8.60, 11.04) | <0.0001 |
22:4n-6 (docosatetraenoic acid, DTA) | 0.49 (0.34, 0.61) | 0.29 (0.21, 0.33) | 0.48 (0.34, 0.59) | 0.45 (0.32, 0.56) | <0.0001 |
22:5n-6 (docosapentaenoic acid, n6-DPA) | 0.54 (0.38, 0.66) | 0.53 (0.35, 0.64) | 0.59 (0.43, 0.72) | 0.59 (0.43, 0.71) | 0.003 |
Sum of n-6 PUFA 3 | 37.02 (35.46, 38.70) | 36.98 (35.36, 38.69) | 36.96 (35.33, 38.83) | 37.06 (35.73, 38.72) | 0.9405 |
Total PUFA 4 | 42.48 (41.48, 43.86) | 42.15 (40.93, 43.76) | 42.16 (41.06, 43.58) | 42.02 (41.03, 43.42) | 0.0114 |
PUFA ratios | |||||
Δ5-desaturase (20:4n-6/20:3n-6) | 3.39 (2.47, 3.97) | 3.09 (2.31, 3.67) | 2.96 (2.17, 3.47) | 3.14 (2.46, 3.60) | 0.0001 |
Δ6-desaturase (18:3n-6/18:2n-6) | 0.004 (0.0027, 0.005) | 0.0036 (0.0024, 0.0044) | 0.004 (0.0023, 0.004) | 0.0034 (0.0021, 0.0041) | <0.0001 |
DGLA/LA (20:3n-6/18:2n-6) | 0.18 (0.14, 0.21) | 0.17(0.13, 0.19) | 0.17 (0.14, 0.19) | 0.15 (0.12, 0.17) | <0.0001 |
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Wang, E.; Zhu, Y.; Chehab, R.F.; Wu, J.; Hinkle, S.N.; Weir, N.L.; Bremer, A.A.; Yang, J.; Chen, Z.; Tsai, M.Y.; et al. Longitudinal Associations of Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Pregnancy with Neonatal Anthropometry: Results from the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies—Singleton Cohort. Nutrients 2022, 14, 592. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030592
Wang E, Zhu Y, Chehab RF, Wu J, Hinkle SN, Weir NL, Bremer AA, Yang J, Chen Z, Tsai MY, et al. Longitudinal Associations of Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Pregnancy with Neonatal Anthropometry: Results from the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies—Singleton Cohort. Nutrients. 2022; 14(3):592. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030592
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Emily, Yeyi Zhu, Rana F. Chehab, Jing Wu, Stefanie N. Hinkle, Natalie L. Weir, Andrew A. Bremer, Jiaxi Yang, Zhen Chen, Michael Y. Tsai, and et al. 2022. "Longitudinal Associations of Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Pregnancy with Neonatal Anthropometry: Results from the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies—Singleton Cohort" Nutrients 14, no. 3: 592. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030592