Frequency and Quantity of Egg Intake Is Not Associated with Dyslipidemia: The Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (HNNHS)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Subjects
2.2. Clinical, Dietary and Anthropometric Data
2.3. Egg Quantification
2.4. Egg Frequency
2.5. Egg frequency X Quantity
2.6. Clinical and Anthropometrical Data
2.7. Data Management
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Component 1: Health Component | Component 2: Behavior Component |
---|---|---|
BMI | 0.369 | 0.325 |
Hypertension | 0.527 | |
Type 2 Diabetes | 0.479 | |
Smokers | 0.513 | |
Age | 0.513 | |
Total Energy | 0.547 | |
IPAQ score | −0.575 | |
KMO = 0.776 |
Parameter | Total (N = 3558) | No dyslipidemia (N = 2807) | Dyslipidemia (N = 751) | p–value (by lipid status) * |
Age (years), mean (sd) | 43.9 (18.2) | 40.2 (17.1) | 57.6 (15.5) | <0.001 |
Sex, % males | 1371 (40.3) | 1084 (40.4) | 287 (40.0) | 0.840 |
Egg intake (grams/day), 75th–95th percentile | 13.9–55.2 | 14.4–56.2 | 12.6–54.4 | 0.289 |
Frequency of egg consumption, n (%) | 0.001 | |||
0–<1 time a month** | 259 (10.7) | 192 (9.8) | 67 (14.5) | - |
1–3 times a month | 525 (21.6) | 411 (20.9) | 114 (24.7) | |
1 per week** | 789 (32.5) | 646 (32.8) | 143 (31.0) | 0.045 |
2–4 per week ** | 686 (28.2) | 568 (28.9) | 118 (25.5) | 0.020 |
>5 per week ** | 172 (7.1) | 152 (7.7) | 20 (4.3) | 0.002 |
Total Energy intake (kcal/day), mean (sd) | 1971.8 (1141.6) | 2016 (1174.4) | 1804.7 (992.7) | <0.001 |
Total SFA (% energy), mean (sd) | 12.4 (5.1) | 12.5 (5.2) | 12.2 (4.7) | 0.216 |
Total fiber, median (25th–75th percentile) | 17.1 (10.8–31.8) | 17.1 (10.8–33.0) | 16.6 (10.6–26.9) | 0.0296 |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (sd) | 25.5 (4.8) | 25.0 (4.7) | 27.6 (4.7) | <0.001 |
Educational Status (level), n (%) | <0.001 | |||
Low | 415 (12.2) | 234 (8.7) | 181 (25.2) | |
Medium | 1188 (35.0) | 948 (35.4) | 240 (33.4) | |
High | 1793 (52.8) | 1496 (55.9) | 297 (41.4) | |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.245 | |||
Smokers (daily or occasional) | 1147 (33.7) | 918 (34.2) | 229 (31.9) | |
Physical activity status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
Sedentary | 224 (6.7) | 160 (6.1) | 64 (9.2) | |
Low | 463 (13.9) | 338 (12.9) | 125 (17.9) | |
Moderate | 1301 (39.1) | 1039 (39.5) | 262 (37.8) | |
Active | 1338 (40.2) | 1092 (41.5) | 246 (35.3) | |
Other comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
Hypertension 1 | 561 (16.5) | 285 (10.6) | 276 (38.4) | <0.001 |
Diabetes | 146 (4.3) | 66 (2.5) | 80 (11.2) | <0.001 |
Population subsample | Total (N = 1051) | Males (N = 402) | Females (N = 649) | p–value for sex |
Serum cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (sd) | 5.0 (1.1) | 4.8 (1.0) | 5.6 (1.1) | <0.001 |
Serum HDL-c (mmol/L), mean (sd) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.4) | 0.004 |
Serum LDL-c (mmol/L), mean (sd) | 3.0 (0.9) | 2.8 (0.9) | 3.4 (1.0) | <0.001 |
Fasted glucose (mmol/L), mean (sd) | 5.5 (1.0) | 5.5 (0.9) | 5.7 (1.1) | <0.001 |
Models | Frequency of Egg Consumption | Quantity of Egg (g/day) * | Frequency × QUANTITY (g/day) * |
---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | |||
Presence of dyslipidemia ** | |||
Sex adjusted | 0.83 (0.752, 0.904) | 0.91 (0.809, 1.017) | 0.87 (0.796, 0.963) |
Multivariable 1 | 0.83 (0.755, 0.915) | 0.93 (0.831, 1.055) | 0.88 (0.801, 0.974) |
Multivariable 2 | 0.83 (0.752, 0.911) | 0.92 (0.821, 1.041) | 0.88 (0.796, 0.968) |
Multivariable 3 | 0.80 (0.718, 0.887) | 0.91 (0.798, 1.040) | 0.85 (0.759, 0.945) |
Linear Regression | |||
Models | b-coefficient (95% CI) | b-coefficient (95% CI) | b-coefficient (95% CI) |
Cholesterol levels *** | |||
Age & sex adjusted | −0.11 (−0.183, −0.038) | −0.10 (−0.187, −0.009) | −0.11 (−0.190, −0.044) |
Multivariable 1 | −0.10 (−0.178, −0.031) | −0.10 (−0.190, −0.007) | −0.10 (−0.178, −0.028) |
Multivariable 2 | −0.11 (−0.178, −0.031) | −0.10 (−0.193, −0.010) | −0.11 (−0.180, −0.031) |
Multivariable 3 | −0.08 (−0.149, −0.009) | −0.09 (−0.175, 0.004) | −0.07 (−0.143, 0.002) |
LDL-c levels *** | |||
Age & sex adjusted | −0.10 (−0.163, −0.029) | −0.13 (−0.217, −0.052) | −0.12 (−0.187, −0.056) |
Multivariable 1 | −0.09 (−0.160, −0.023) | −0.15 (−0.236, −0.067) | −0.11 (−0.182, −0.047) |
Multivariable 2 | −0.09 (−0.160, −0.024) | −0.15 (−0.239, −0.070) | −0.12 (−0.184, −0.049) |
Multivariable 3 | −0.07 (−0.138, −0.009) | −0.15 (−0.239, −0.070) | −0.08 (−0.147, −0.155) |
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Magriplis, E.; Mitsopoulou, A.-V.; Karageorgou, D.; Bakogianni, I.; Dimakopoulos, I.; Micha, R.; Michas, G.; Chourdakis, M.; Chrousos, G.P.; Roma, E.; et al. Frequency and Quantity of Egg Intake Is Not Associated with Dyslipidemia: The Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (HNNHS). Nutrients 2019, 11, 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051105
Magriplis E, Mitsopoulou A-V, Karageorgou D, Bakogianni I, Dimakopoulos I, Micha R, Michas G, Chourdakis M, Chrousos GP, Roma E, et al. Frequency and Quantity of Egg Intake Is Not Associated with Dyslipidemia: The Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (HNNHS). Nutrients. 2019; 11(5):1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051105
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagriplis, Emmanuella, Anastasia-Vasiliki Mitsopoulou, Dimitra Karageorgou, Ioanna Bakogianni, Ioannis Dimakopoulos, Renata Micha, George Michas, Michail Chourdakis, George P. Chrousos, Eleftheria Roma, and et al. 2019. "Frequency and Quantity of Egg Intake Is Not Associated with Dyslipidemia: The Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (HNNHS)" Nutrients 11, no. 5: 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051105