Common Habits, Adverse Events, and Opinions Regarding Pre-Workout Supplement Use Among Regular Consumers
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Survey
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Survey Question | Answers | All | Males | Females | χ2 | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
When ingesting a pre-workout supplement, how many serving sizes do you typically ingest? | One | 746 (85.6%) | 533 (83.9%) | 212 (91.0%) | 7.815 | 0.050 |
Two | 118 (13.5%) | 97 (15.3%) | 20 (8.6%) | |||
Three | 3 (0.3%) | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | |||
Four | 3 (0.3%) | 3 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
Do you follow the recommended serving size or dosing instructions on the pre-workout label? | Yes | 553 (63.4%) | 396 (62.4%) | 157 (67.4%) | 1.886 | 0.389 |
Sometimes | 257 (29.5%) | 194 (30.6%) | 61 (26.2%) | |||
No | 60 (6.9%) | 45 (7.1%) | 15 (6.4%) | |||
Do you ingest pre-workout on non-training days? | Yes | 39 (4.5%) | 29 (4.6%) | 10 (4.3%) | 0.056 | 0.972 |
Sometimes | 120 (13.8%) | 87 (13.7%) | 33 (14.2%) | |||
No | 711 (81.5%) | 519 (81.7%) | 190 (81.5%) | |||
Do you ever ingest a pre-workout supplement more than once during a single day? | Yes | 156 (17.9%) | 127 (20.0%) | 29 (12.4%) | 6.597 | 0.010 |
No | 714 (81.9%) | 508 (80.0%) | 204 (87.6%) | |||
Do you ever ingest your pre-workout supplement with other caffeine-containing products? | Yes, but not always | 265 (30.4%) | 190 (30.0%) | 75 (32.3%) | 0.630 | 0.730 |
Yes, all the time | 39 (4.5%) | 30 (4.7%) | 9 (3.9%) | |||
No | 563 (64.6%) | 413 (65.2%) | 148 (63.8%) | |||
Do you feel as though consuming a pre-workout supplement in general is safe? | Yes | 764 (87.6%) | 561 (88.5%) | 202 (87.4%) | 0.176 | 0.675 |
No | 103 (11.8%) | 73 (11.5%) | 29 (12.6%) | |||
Do you feel as though consuming a pre-workout supplement, at the dose you regularly consume, is safe? | Yes | 740 (84.9%) | 548 (86.4%) | 192 (82.8%) | 6.291 | 0.043 |
No, so I don’t on a regular basis | 52 (6.0%) | 29 (4.6%) | 21 (9.1%) | |||
No, but I continue to do it anyway | 76 (8.7%) | 57 (9.0%) | 19 (8.2%) | |||
Do you feel as though consuming a pre-workout supplement improves your workout? | Definitely yes | 474 (54.5%) | 353 (55.7%) | 121 (52.2%) | 4.302 | 0.367 |
Probably yes | 264 (30.3%) | 194 (30.6%) | 69 (29.7%) | |||
Might or might not | 112 (12.8%) | 76 (12.0%) | 35 (15.1%) | |||
Probably not | 13 (1.5%) | 7 (1.1%) | 6 (2.6%) | |||
Definitely not | 5 (0.6%) | 4 (0.6%) | 1 (0.4%) | |||
Would you recommend, or have you recommended to others, that they should consume a pre-workout supplement before exercise? | Yes | 532 (61.0%) | 394 (62.2%) | 137 (59.3%) | 3.175 | 0.204 |
Maybe | 203 (23.3%) | 152 (24.0%) | 51 (22.1%) | |||
No | 131 (15.0%) | 87 (13.7%) | 43 (18.6%) | |||
Have you ever experienced any side-effects or adverse events following pre-workout supplement ingestion? | Yes | 471 (54.0%) | 328 (51.8%) | 141 (61.0%) | 5.8 | 0.016 |
No | 395 (45.3%) | 305 (48.2%) | 90 (39.0%) | |||
If you have experienced any adverse events following pre-workout ingestion, which of the following occurred? | Light-headedness | 167 (19.2%) | 126 | 39 | ||
Dizziness | 128 (14.7%) | 95 | 32 | |||
Nausea | 223 (25.6%) | 158 | 64 | |||
Heart abnormalities (e.g., rapid heart rate, palpitations) | 204 (23.4%) | 147 | 55 | |||
Skin reactions (e.g., flushing, rash, irritation, itchiness) | 299 (34.3%) | 205 | 93 | |||
Other | 116 (13.3%) | 83 | 32 |
Key Ingredients | n | % |
Caffeine | 700 | 80.3 |
Beta-alanine | 505 | 57.9 |
Creatine | 402 | 46.1 |
Vasodilators | 380 | 43.6 |
Branched-chain amino acids | 30 | 3.4 |
Vitamins | 62 | 7.1 |
Banned stimulants | 50 | 5.7 |
Banned anabolic agents | 30 | 3.4 |
Other | 62 | 7.1 |
Factors Influencing Product Selection | n | % |
Included ingredients | 583 | 66.9 |
Quality of product/independent verification | 458 | 52.5 |
Price | 408 | 46.8 |
Supported benefits from scientific publications | 360 | 41.3 |
Reputable brand | 347 | 39.8 |
Referral from trusted source | 255 | 29.2 |
Brand | Frequency |
---|---|
Cellucor | 132 |
Beyond Raw by GNC | 57 |
Optimum Nutrition | 48 |
Jym Supplement Science | 39 |
ProSupps | 26 |
MusclePharm | 22 |
1st Phorm | 17 |
BSN | 17 |
VPX | 16 |
Redcon1 | 13 |
Advocare | 13 |
Ghost | 13 |
PEScience | 13 |
GAT Sport | 11 |
MyProtein | 10 |
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Jagim, A.R.; Camic, C.L.; Harty, P.S. Common Habits, Adverse Events, and Opinions Regarding Pre-Workout Supplement Use Among Regular Consumers. Nutrients 2019, 11, 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040855
Jagim AR, Camic CL, Harty PS. Common Habits, Adverse Events, and Opinions Regarding Pre-Workout Supplement Use Among Regular Consumers. Nutrients. 2019; 11(4):855. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040855
Chicago/Turabian StyleJagim, Andrew R., Clayton L. Camic, and Patrick S. Harty. 2019. "Common Habits, Adverse Events, and Opinions Regarding Pre-Workout Supplement Use Among Regular Consumers" Nutrients 11, no. 4: 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040855
APA StyleJagim, A. R., Camic, C. L., & Harty, P. S. (2019). Common Habits, Adverse Events, and Opinions Regarding Pre-Workout Supplement Use Among Regular Consumers. Nutrients, 11(4), 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040855